Hasil untuk "Psychology"

J. Piaget

Maria Nilde Mascellani

En psicología, de modo genérico, se define juventud por la relación entre la edad del individuo y el desarrollo de su personalidad. Es en las redes de sociabilidad que los jóvenes construyen sus valores. En países del Tercer Mundo hay que pensar en clases distintas de juventud. Una de ellas reúne un contingente numéricamente expresivo de marginalizados de la economía y de la cultura. El que no estudia y tampoco trabaja es considerado un paria de la sociedad; o excluido. Desde la perspectiva de los medios de comunicación, ese individuo casi siempre está asociado a la idea de criminalidad y pobreza, además de se le imputar la culpa por la violencia colectiva. Son muchas las gangs: skinheads, punks, anarco-punks, white power, y en ellas se observa la prevalencia del contenido cultural sobre el económico. En Brasil, la mayoría de los jóvenes se halla fuera de la escuela, agrandando el contingente de excluidos. La “ola” de gangs es planetaria y su ideario, _mundial. El “enemigo” - objeto de su ataque — es el “diferente” considerado un privilegiado. En el caso brasileño, ?cual la capacidad del Estado y de la sociedad civil de crear un proyecto nacional que garantiza la ciudadanía de las mayorías?

Rüya Su Şencan, Batja Mesquita, Katie Hoemann et al.

Cultural fit is thought to benefit immigrants’ wellbeing and integration. Previous research on cultural fit focused on explicit attitudes (e.g., how individuals identify with their heritage and host cultures) at the expense of psychological processes (e.g., the extent to which individuals make meaning in similar ways with their surrounding culture). We examined cultural fit in meaning-making in emotional contexts in two complementary ways: first, based on patterns of emotion endorsement (emotional fit), second, based on patterns of word use describing emotional situations (language fit). Dutch-speaking Belgians and Turkish migrants in Belgium (Ns = 100) described two positive and two negative emotional situations, and rated the intensity of their experience on a set of emotion terms. Language patterns in the descriptions, as quantified by the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, distinguished between cultures more effectively than rating patterns. The two fit measures did not converge; they were in fact negatively associated in some analyses, particularly for Turkish migrants’ emotional fit and language fit with Belgian culture, suggesting that when these migrants felt similar emotions, they attended to different aspects of their experience. Future research should disentangle the implications of various types of cultural fit on outcomes relevant to immigrant minorities.

Daria Chernova, Artem Novozhilov, Natalia Slioussar et al.

Although all healthy adults have advanced syntactic processing abilities in their native language, psycholinguistic studies report extensive variation among them. However, very few tests were developed to assess this variation, presumably, because when adult native speakers focus on syntactic processing, not being distracted by other tasks, they usually reach ceiling performance. We developed a Sentence Comprehension Test for the Russian language aimed to fill this gap. The test captures variation among participants and does not show ceiling effects. The Sentence Comprehension Test includes 60 unambiguous grammatically complex sentences and 40 control sentences that are of the same length, but are syntactically simpler. Every sentence is accompanied by a comprehension question targeting potential syntactic processing problems and interpretation errors associated with them. Grammatically complex sentences were selected on the basis of the previous literature and then tested in a pilot study. As a result, six constructions that trigger the largest number of errors were identified. For these constructions, we also analyzed which ones are associated with the longest word-by-word reading times, question answering times and the highest error rates. These differences point to different sources of syntactic processing difficulties and can be relied upon in subsequent studies. We conducted two experiments to validate the final version of the test. Getting similar results in two independent experiments, as well as in two presentation modes (reading and listening modes are compared in Experiment 2) confirms its reliability. In Experiment 1, we also showed that the results of the test correlate with the scores in the verbal working memory span test.

Barbora Jurková, Lukáš H. Zámečník

Stať pojednává o některých nedostatečně prozkoumaných vazbách mezi pojmovými systémy logiky u Kurta Gödela, teorie automatů u Alana Turinga a teorie sebe-reprodukujících se automatů u Johna von Neumanna. Stranou jsou ponechány tradiční polemiky (především opozice Gödela a Turinga v pojetí mysli) a pozornost je soustředěna na podobnosti mezi všemi třemi autory. V jednotlivých kapitolách se text věnuje postupně: podobě odlišení syntaxe a sémantiky formálního systému u Gödela, Turinga a von Neumanna; von Neumannově variantě Gödelova důkazu a von Neuma-nnově a Gödelově pojetí Turingova stroje; a konečně stejnému základu pojetí vztahu mezi myslí a strojem u všech tří autorů.

Moh. Faizin, Maslihan Maslihan, Afi Rizqiyah

The era of digitalization has a real and broad effect from various walks of life, one of which demands in governance and the education system is clear evidence that this era is a new challenge in the world of education. Education is expected to be able to produce full quality human seed products, which are called 21st century competencies. 21st century competence is the main ability that must be pocketed by students in order to collaborate in real life in the 21st century. In the 21st century, the challenge is given to be able to create education that can participate in producing thinkers who are qualified in the development of economic and social order and are aware of how to become a decent citizen of the world in the 21st century. This study aims to describe 21st century students and look for relationships or relevance to Al Ghazali's thoughts regarding students in the book of Ayyuhal-Walad. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative. The results of the study indicate that Imam al-Ghazali's thoughts in his book, have relevance to the perspectives of 21st century students related to character education until now the main focus in education. and the 21st century teaches them to judge the good and the bad of all things. In accordance with the thoughts of Imam Al Ghazali in his book Ayyuhal-Walad which contains advice and suggestions to do good things and consider bad things.

Stefania Cerutti

Book Review of Contemporary Christian Travel, Pilgrimage, Practice and Place, by Amos S. Ron and Dallen J. Timothy.

Yacouba Sanon

This article examines Psalm 137 in the light of reggae songs by two Ivorian Rastas. The main objective is to demonstrate that the Psalm participates in the construction of a subversive identity by insisting on the transformative power of lament and collective memory. The article is arranged into three main sections: (1) the socio-historical context of the birth of Psalm 137; (2) the literary and canonical context; and (3) socio-theological and comparative analysis. The comparative reading of the different texts makes it possible to highlight the subversive and protest character of Psalm 137. It also makes it possible to highlight the need for reflection on the past, the value of decision making in the present and the need to desire a future built on justice.   https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n3a13

Wisnu Pudji Pawestri, Siti Kholifah

The diversity of religious practices forms a new pattern, where each community is challenged to be 'in tune' with the current trend and situation. The pattern challenges each community to compete with others to provide good bargaining power so the audience is in the discourse that they produced. To propagate hijrah discourse, Taubah Muslim (Community’s name is disguised) community uses fashion as a strategy in da’wah activism. Taubah Muslim hijrah community is a community that persuades millennials to hijrah through da'wah. Fashion in this context is positioned as a medium as well as a 'new way' to approach the da'wah target. This article puts fashion as a social practice in which there are forms of representation and expression of Islamic values. Using a descriptive qualitative method, this article highlights how fashion is used and chosen by agents in da’wah arena as a strategy to reproduce hijrah discourse. Based on Pierre Bourdieu's social practice theory, the results of the analysis conclude that fashion is used as a placement strategy to encourage perceptions of shared identity. Furthermore, fashion functionally is used as an acculturation technique to approach the da'wah target (young generation). The choice of fashion as a da'wah strategy is based on habitus and capital owned by agents in the da'wah arena. Then, Fashion is treated as a representation of other meanings that are presented by agents to create reality, which is based on their habitus and capital. The existence of capital becomes an important thing for the community to maintain, strengthen, and differentiate (distinction) with others in achieving a dominant position, namely in terms of propagative hijrah discourse

Juan José Herrera

Entre los textos de Tomás consagrados a la simplicidad divina, la cuestión disputada De simplicitate divine esse sobresale por su original enfoque. Esta obra no se limita a probar la ausencia de toda clase de composición en Dios, sino que también muestra el impacto de ese atributo en el campo del lenguaje teológico. En efecto, la simplicidad cumple un papel fundamental a la hora de precisar el verdadero alcance de los nombres absolutos y relativos atribuidos a Dios. La temática está lejos de ser irrelevante puesto que la imagen que el teólogo se forme de Dios y enseñe a los demás depende de la correcta comprensión de esos predicados. Nuestro trabajo ofrece una introducción a este texto medieval con el doble propósito de despertar o acrecentar el interés por su estudio y de descubrir que Tomás de Aquino tiene todavía mucho que decir sobre el Dios absolutamente simple.

Regina Alves, José Precioso, Elisardo Becoña

R. Ornstein

S. C. Chang

Hedgar Lopes Castro

A retórica é uma questão central no Górgias de Platão. Por meio da discussão com três de seus praticantes, Sócrates visa definir o objeto da retórica, qual a sua relação com a justiça e com a felicidade dos cidadãos da pólis. A partir do diálogo entre Sócrates e os três oradores, que sempre partem da dóxa para falar ou discursar, intento evidenciar como essa instância relaciona intrinsecamente os cidadãos e os oradores, tanto na vida na pólis como no governo político. Os exames socráticos das afirmações e crenças retóricas, contidos ao longo do Górgias, são úteis para apresentar o rumo de seus discursos e como eles não se comprometem com a Justiça e com o Bem na vida política e ética da pólis. Esse compromisso, estando ausente, deflagra a ameaçadora relação entre oradores e cidadãos.

Rakefet Ackerman

Metacognitive research aims to explain how people regulate their effort when performing cognitive tasks, to expose conditions that support reliable monitoring of chance for success, and to provide a basis for developing improvement guidelines. The essence of the domain is that monitoring drives control: people continually self-assess their chance for success before, during, and after performing a cognitive task, and use these judgments to guide their effort-allocation decisions (e.g., whether to reconsider an answer option, change strategy, seek help, or give up). Thus, factors that underlie metacognitive judgments affect the efficiency with which people perform cognitive tasks. This paper focuses on meta-reasoning – the monitoring and control processes that apply to reasoning, problem-solving, and decision-making tasks. So far, relatively little is known about heuristic cues used for inferring meta-reasoning judgments. This paper reviews the known heuristic cues and offers methodological guidelines for a critical reading of existing research and for designing high-quality studies that will advance this important domain.

Beatriz Eugenia Contreras Tasso

Nous nous référerons dans cet article à la mémoire de l’homme, incarné et historique, déterminé par les médiations spatio-temporelles et exposé aux dilemmes éthiques que doit affronter l’ipséité dans sa capacité d’accueillir l’autre telle que la définit Ricœur. Notre réflexion vise la mémoire inquiétée par des médiations propres à la condition existentielle et corporelle du soi moderne, dans un contexte d’ébullition culturelle et technologique. Un tel contexte a en effet des conséquences qui affectent aussi bien l’identité personnelle et collective, que l’exercice des capacités du soi agissant et souffrant – et tout spécialement celui de sa mémoire. Nous examinerons la dimension tant réceptive que dynamique de la mémoire exposée aux fragilisations qui affectent l’identité narrative humaine, en déterminant ses pouvoirs qui laissent des traces au niveau de la conscience et du corps. Nous terminerons enfin notre réflexion par une analyse des effets volontaires et involontaires qui mettent en question la capacité même de la mémoire, en influant sur l’imagination et sur la réponse éthique du soi.

J. Matarazzo

J. Sammet

T. Leahey