Hasil untuk "Plant culture"

A. Demirbaş, M. Demirbas

H. Flor

G. Strobel, Bryn Daisy, Uvidelio F. Castillo et al.

M. Petersen, M. Simmonds

S. Whatmore

D. Andow

T. Nagata, Y. Nemoto, S. Hasezawa

H. Bais, R. Fall, J. Vivanco

N. Bodenhausen, Matthew W Horton, J. Bergelson

Diverse communities of bacteria inhabit plant leaves and roots and those bacteria play a crucial role for plant health and growth. Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model to study plant pathogen interactions, but little is known about its associated bacterial community under natural conditions. We used 454 pyrosequencing to characterize the bacterial communities associated with the roots and the leaves of wild A. thaliana collected at 4 sites; we further compared communities on the outside of the plants with communities in the endophytic compartments. We found that the most heavily sequenced bacteria in A. thaliana associated community are related to culturable species. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes are the most abundant phyla in both leaf and root samples. At the genus level, sequences of Massilia and Flavobacterium are prevalent in both samples. Organ (leaf vs root) and habitat (epiphytes vs endophytes) structure the community. In the roots, richness is higher in the epiphytic communities compared to the endophytic compartment (P = 0.024), while the reverse is true for the leaves (P = 0.032). Interestingly, leaf and root endophytic compartments do not differ in richness, diversity and evenness, while they differ in community composition (P = 0.001). The results show that although the communities associated with leaves and roots share many bacterial species, the associated communities differ in structure.

S. Duff, G. Sarath, W. Plaxton

R. Pierik

C. Cotton, M. Balick, P. Cox

Michael D. Casler

Abstract Background Meadow fescue (Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P.Beauv.) is highly adapted to managed rotational grazing systems with sufficient rest periods to promote regrowth and sward longevity. It is not well adapted to intensive grazing with set stocking that results in limited regrowth periods and defoliation heights less than 10 cm. Methods Six populations were identified on farms that used relatively intensive grazing with a combination of set stocking and rotational grazing and a relatively sparse population density of meadow fescue plants. These populations were subjected to three cycles of selection for persistence on their farm of origin and on an experimental research farm where the plots were frequently mowed with a residual sward height of 5 cm. Original and selected populations were evaluated under both defoliation regimes. Results Five of the six populations responded to selection with increased persistence under grazing, but four of these had correlated selection responses toward reduced forage accumulation, suggesting selection for a more prostrate growth habit. Conclusions Selection under frequent mowing led to some increases in persistence, but the increases were significantly less than for the selections under grazing pressure, strongly indicating selection pressure for different plant traits between grazing and mowing.

M. Dirr

Yinbo Ma, Jing Tang, Xiaoyuan Wang et al.

The <i>calmodulin-binding protein 60</i> (<i>CBP60</i>) family comprises essential Ca²⁺-responsive transcription factors that orchestrate salicylic acid (SA)-mediated immunity and broader stress responses. Despite being extensively characterized in model species, the <i>CBP60</i> family remains poorly understood in watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>), a globally significant cucurbit crop highly susceptible to aphid infestation and fusarium wilt. In this study, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide identification and characterization of the <i>CBP60</i> gene family in watermelon, identifying 16 putative <i>ClaCBP60</i> members, all of which harbor the conserved calmodulin-binding domain. These genes are non-randomly distributed across chromosomes, featuring a prominent cluster of 10 members on chromosome 3. Phylogenetic analysis across seven cucurbit species categorized the CBP60 proteins into four distinct subfamilies, revealing both evolutionary conservation and lineage-specific diversification. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses revealed shared core domains with subfamily-specific variations, indicative of functional divergence. Furthermore, synteny analysis showed strong collinearity with cucumber and melon, reflecting the evolutionary stability of key <i>CBP60</i> loci. Transcriptional profiling under <i>F. oxysporum</i> infection and aphid infestation revealed dynamic expression patterns, with <i>ClaCBP60_01</i> and <i>ClaCBP60_16</i> exhibiting rapid and robust induction during the early stages of both stresses. These findings indicated that <i>ClaCBP60</i> genes operate in a coordinated yet diversified manner to modulate defense signaling against <i>F. oxysporum</i> and aphid attack. This study provides a systematic insight into <i>CBP60</i> family members in watermelon, establishing a foundation for validation and molecular breeding aimed at enhancing biotic tolerance.

Michael T. Olexa, Weizhe Weng, Sean M. Olevnik

This handbook is designed to provide a summary of the principal federal and state (Florida) laws that directly or indirectly relate to agriculture. Because these laws are subject to constant revision, portions of the handbook could become outdated at any time. The reader should use it as a means to determine areas in which to seek more information and as a brief directory of agencies that can help answer more specific questions. Accessibility Summary: In accordance with Title II regulations this content meets all points of exemption as Archived web content and/or Preexisting conventional electronic documents.

Anna Elisa Sdao, Nazim S. Gruda, Barbara De Lucia

Environmental concerns drive the search for sustainable organic alternatives in horticultural substrates. This review critically examines three agro-industry renewable byproducts—wood fiber, coffee silverskin, and brewer’s spent grain—as partial peat substitutes. We aimed to comprehensively analyze their origin, processing methods, current applications, and key physical, hydrological, and chemical properties relevant to horticultural use. In soilless culture, wood fiber can be used as a stand-alone substrate. When incorporated at 30–50% (<i>v</i>/<i>v</i>) in peat mixtures, it supports plant growth comparable to peat; however, higher proportions may restrict water and nutrient availability. Coffee silverskin demonstrates high water retention and nutrient content, but its inherent phytotoxicity requires pre-treatment (e.g., co-composting); at concentrations up to 20%, it shows promise for potted ornamental crops. Brewer’s spent grain is nutrient-rich but demands careful management due to its rapid decomposition and potential salinity issues; inclusion rates around 10% have shown beneficial effects. In conclusion, when used appropriately in blends, these bio-based byproducts represent viable alternatives to reduce peat dependence in vegetable and ornamental cultivation, contributing to more sustainable horticultural practices. Future research should optimize pre-treatment methods for coffee silverskin and brewer’s spent grain, investigate long-term stability in diverse cropping systems, and explore novel combinations with other organic waste streams to develop circular horticultural substrates.

Zifen Lao, Jiali Mao, Runan Chen et al.

IntroductionBASIC PENTACYSTEINE (BPC) is a small transcription factor family known for its role in various developmental processes in plants, particularly in binding GA motifs and regulating flower and seed development. However, research on the functional characteristics and target genes of BPCs in coconut (Cocos nucifera) is limited.MethodsIn this study, we systematically characterized the gene structure, conserved protein domains, gene expansion, and target genes of CnBPCs in the coconut genome. We conducted yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase assay to explore gene interactions. We identified genes with the GA motif in their promoter regions and combined this information with a weighted gene co-expression network to identify the target genes of CnBPCs.ResultsEight CnBPCs were identified, including three Class I CnBPCs from triplication, four Class II CnBPCs (with CnBPC6A and CnBPC6B resulting from segmental duplication), and one Class III CnBPC (CnBPC7). Three conserved DNA-binding motifs were detected, exhibiting variation in certain sites. Widespread BPC gene expansion was detected in coconut and other plant species, while only three BPCs were found in the most basal extant flowering plant. Notably, 92% of protein-coding genes contained at least one GA motif, with the (GA)3 motif being most prevalent. Genes containing the GA motif that exhibit a high expression correlation with CnBPCs, tend to interact strongly with the corresponding CnBPCs. Additionally, promoters rich in the GA motif tend to interact with all members of CnBPC. The dual-luciferase assay showed that CnBPCs could activate or repress the transcriptional activities of promoters containing either (GA)3 or (GA)11 motif but with a bias toward certain genes. Furthermore, we constructed co-expressed networks identifying 426 genes with GA motifs as potential CnBPC targets.DiscussionOur findings suggest that CnBPCs may play significant roles in seed germination, flower development, and mesocarp development by interacting with genes such as CnAG1, CnAG2, CnSTK, CnMFT, and CnCS. This study characterized CnBPCs’ binding motif and possible target genes, laying a theoretical foundation to reveal CnBPCs’ function in flower and seed development.

Long T. Tran, Koichi Sugimoto, Koichi Sugimoto et al.

In flowering plants, pollination, pollen tube growth, and fertilization are regarded as the first hierarchical processes of producing offspring. However, their independent contributions to fruit set and development remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of three different types of pollen, intact pollen (IP), soft X-ray-treated pollen (XP) and dead pollen (DP), on pollen tube growth, fruit development and gene expression in “Micro-Tom” tomato. Normal germination and pollen tube growth were observed in flowers pollinated with IP; pollen tubes started to penetrate the ovary at 9 h after pollination, and full penetration was achieved after 24 h (IP24h), resulting in ~94% fruit set. At earlier time points (3 and 6 h after pollination; IP3h and IP6h, respectively), pollen tubes were still in the style, and no fruit set was observed. Flowers pollinated with XP followed by style removal after 24 h (XP24h) also demonstrated regular pollen tubes and produced parthenocarpic fruits with ~78% fruit set. As expected, DP could not germinate and failed to activate fruit formation. Histological analysis of the ovary at 2 days after anthesis (DAA) revealed that IP and XP comparably increased cell layers and cell size; however, mature fruits derived from XP were significantly smaller than those derived from IP. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between seed number and fruit size in fruit derived from IP, illustrating the crucial role of fertilization in the latter stages of fruit development. RNA-Seq analysis was carried out in ovaries derived from IP6h, IP24h, XP24h and DP24h in comparison with emasculated and unpollinated ovaries (E) at 2 DAA. The results revealed that 65 genes were differentially expressed (DE) in IP6h ovaries; these genes were closely associated with cell cycle dormancy release pathways. Conversely, 5062 and 4383 DE genes were obtained in IP24h and XP24h ovaries, respectively; top enriched terms were mostly associated with cell division and expansion in addition to the ‘plant hormone signal transduction’ pathway. These findings indicate that full penetration of pollen tubes can initiate fruit set and development independently of fertilization, most likely by activating the expression of genes regulating cell division and expansion.

V Varsha, S Mishra, H B Lingaiah et al.

The magnitude of heterosis over commercial check and better parent was estimated to identify best crosses for growth and yield traits in bell pepper. Experimental material included 21 F1 hybrids developed by crossing seven diverse parents in half diallel mating design. The findings revealed that Arka Mohini X CW308 showed best heterotic cross combinations, recorded significantly higher heterosis and high per se value over commercial check with respect to number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to first harvest, fruit length, fruit width, number of lobes per fruit, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight. The cross Arka Mohini X CW308 also showed high heterobeltiosis for traits like fruit length, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight and average yield per plant. Hence, this hybrid with high per se value and heterosis can be utilized to obtain desirable segregates for development of superior genotype for improvement of horticultural traits in bell pepper.