Hasil untuk "Physical geography"

M. Budyko

P. Burrough, A. Frank

Current geographical information systems GIS deal almost exclusively with well-defined, static geographical objects ranging from physical landscapes to towns and transport systems. Such objects, exactly located in space, can easily be handled by modern GIS, yet form only a small proportion of all the possible geographical objects.; This book challenges the assumption that the world is compsed of exactly defined and bounded geographic objects such as land parcels, rivers and countries. ignoring the essential complexity of the world, current GIS do not adequately address problems as diverse as the resolution of crime between national boundaries, or the interpretation of views of people from different cultures. This work, bringing together a range of specialists from fields such as linguistics, computer science, land surveying, cartography and soil science, examines current research into the challenges of dealing with geographical phenomena that cannot easily be forced into one of the two current standard data models.

Håkan Berg, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Thai Huynh Phuong Lan et al.

This study compares the food-production efficiencies of integrated rice-fish farming and rice monoculture and evaluates how these farming systems contribute to sustainable food production in the Mekong Delta. The study explores how food-production efficiencies are influenced by the systems’ ecological connectivity by comparing more integrated systems that apply integrated rice-fish farming and integrated pest management (IPM) with less integrated systems farming only rice. Rice-fish farmers with plenty of fish had significantly higher rice yields than farmers with less or no fish, especially during the second crop when the rice was grown together with the fish. A positive correlation between the fish and rice yields, indicated synergistic effects between the fish and rice, due to strengthened ecological connectivity and trophic interactions within the rice-field ecosystem. Overall, rice-fish farmers had higher rice yields than rice farmers, despite using lower amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. They also had lower rice production costs compared to rice farmers, partly because the fish helped fertilize the rice and control rice pests. They had a significantly higher profit and benefit cost ratio than rice farmers because of lower production costs, and high rice and fish yields. The results indicate that food-production efficiencies in the Mekong Delta can be enhanced through diversification and increased ecological connectivity, leading to a more efficient use of rice field ecosystem services that support a long-term and healthy production of food.

Xuelian Zhang, Aiqing Kang, Qingxin Song et al.

Study RegionGuangzhou, ChinaStudy FocusOur research, based on the meticulous collection and rigorous statistical analysis of ground monitoring records for the entire year of 2022 in Guangzhou, delves into the spatio-temporal distribution patterns, evolution processes, flood formation mechanisms, and corresponding disaster mitigation strategies of urban surface flooding related to the capacity of drainage system in the region. New Hydrological Insights: The urban surface flooding (USF) in Guangzhou in 2022 provides key insights for flood risk management. The overall spatial distribution of USF risk in Guangzhou is stable, but specific flood locations during rainstorms vary due to factors such as rainfall conditions and drainage efficiency. This complexity highlights the diverse nature of USF challenges. The frequency of USF events varies significantly across months and dates, with a higher occurrence during the flood season. However, there is a noticeable extension of flood risk into the non-flood season, challenging traditional flood season concepts. USFs peak within 50 minutes, demanding urgent action within 25 minutes, underscoring the need for an efficient emergency response. Certain areas, times, and processes contribute more to the overall flood risk, emphasizing the importance of focusing on these high-risk factors for effective management and resource allocation. The study also reveals the prevalence of Surface Runoff-type Floods, challenging existing USF simulation methods and necessitating a reevaluation and improvement in the maintenance and design of urban rainwater inlets. The study suggests vigorously promoting private proactive flood mitigation behavior and proposes a hierarchical, classification-based approach to urban flood risk control. Comprehensive intervention in the urban runoff formation process is emphasized for effective flood risk management.

Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Xavier Bodin, Reynald Delaloye et al.

This is a correction for Kellerer-Pirklbauer et al (2024 Environ. Res. Lett. 19 034022).

Stephen E. Ekwok, Anthony M. George, Asuquo A. Omori et al.

The Middle Benue Trough (MBT) in Northcentral Nigeria is a geologically significant area with vast mineral resource potential. Employing airborne magnetic and radiometric data, this study utilized the Centre for Exploration Targeting on enhanced total magnetic intensity data to reveal geologic structures, lithological units and mineralization zones. Lineaments predominantly trended in NE-SW direction, with noteworthy orientations in NNE-SSW and E-W. Radiometric anomalies correlated with distinct lithological units, pinpointing granitic gneiss, alluvium, shale, siltstone and sandstone. A magnetically concentrated and potassium-rich area indicated potential polymetallic-magnetic mineralization. The 2D model illustrated igneous intrusions influencing prevalent geologic structures, such as sediment baking and doming. Thorough analysis, including source parameter imaging, standard Euler deconvolution and 2D forward modelling, revealed sediment thicknesses below 1500 m. This research enhances understanding of the MBT’s geological features, offering valuable insights for mineral exploration and resource assessment in the region.

PETRA TONAROVÁ, THOMAS J. SUTTNER, OLLE HINTS et al.

The end of the Ordovician witnessed major perturbations in the ecosystem, seriously affecting global marine biodiversity. Nevertheless, some marine organism groups and their crisis-bound palaeogeographic distribution are still understudied. Among the outliers are eunicid polychaetes, even though they flourished and diversified extensively during the Ordovician. A collection of seven genera of jaw-bearing polychaetes, including the new ramphoprionid genus Spitiprion Tonarová, Suttner, & Hints, with type new species of Spitiprion khannai Tonarová, Suttner, & Hints, is described here from Katian (Upper Ordovician) deposits of Spiti, northern India. The new species is preserved as isolated maxillae and a jaw cluster, and 3D models of the maxillary apparatus are reconstructed based on submicron-CT. Along with the scolecodonts, a low-diversity assemblage of chitinozoans was recovered, comprising five genera. The most common chitinozoan species are Acanthochitina cf. cancellata and Spinachitina suecica.

Julia Prüter, Rhena Schumann, Wantana Klysubun et al.

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable nutrient for arable crops, but at the same time, contributes to excessive eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Knowledge about P is essential to assess the possible risks of P being transported towards vulnerable aquatic ecosystems. Our objective was to characterize P along a catena from arable and wetland soils towards aquatic sediments of a shallow lagoon of the Baltic Sea. The characterization of P in soil and sediment samples included a modified sequential P fractionation and P <i>K</i>-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The concentrations of total P ranged between 390 and 430 mg kg⁻¹ in the arable soils, between 728 and 2258 mg kg⁻¹ in wetland soils and between 132 and 602 mg kg⁻¹ in lagoon sediments. Generally, two sinks for P were revealed along the catena. The wetland soil trapped moderately stable P, Al-P and molybdate-unreactive P (MUP), which are most likely organically bound phosphates. Sediments at the deepest position of the catena acted as a sink for, MUP compounds among the lagoon sediments. Thus, wetlands formed by reed belts can help to prevent the direct transfer of P from arable soils to adjacent waters and deeper basins and help to avoid excessive eutrophication in shallow aquatic ecosystems.

Everaldo Batista da Costa

Esta entrevista integra el vol. 5, núm. 10 de PatryTer, que rinde homenaje al profesor Francisco Capuano Scarlato por su dedicación y aportación a la Geografía desde el año de 1964, o sea, cumplirán seis décadas junto a la Facultad de Filosofía, Letras y Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Geografía de la Universidad de São Paulo (FFLCH-DG-USP). La entrevista fue realizada en su residencia, en la calle Joaquim Eugenio de Lima, transversal a la Avenida Paulista, barrio Jardins, São Paulo, el 11 de julio de 2022. A los 83 años vida, el profesor Scarlato (figura 1) demuestra su vigor intelectual, lectura crítica del mundo y clarividencia, propias de quien continua su primordial misión existencial docente. 

Mehari Mariye, Li Jianhua, Melesse Maryo

The rapid expansion of agriculture and human settlements has simplified natural ecosystems and harmed the earth’s biodiversity. The current study was conducted in south-central Ethiopia to identify LULC change dynamics, and analysis of their driving force using geospatial technology. A supervised maximum likelihood image classification method was employed in combination with the visual interpretation of satellite images to categorise and map LULC classes of the study landscape. Semi-structured interviews, field observations, key informants, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were employed to identify major driving forces, periodic LULC changes and impacts. The classification result showed a considerable decline in forestland from (43.1%) in 1973 to (13.1%) in 2000. Similarly, grasslands declined from (45.5%) in 1973 to (6.3%) in 2018. On the other hand, cropland has increased from (9.24%) in 1973 to (32.04%) in 1986 likewise between 2000 and 2018 its coverage was augmented from 45.4% to 51.1%, respectively. . Local communities perceived population growth, settlement, urbanisation, expansion of farmlands, and fuel wood collection as dominant drivers of LULC changes in the study area in thewatershed. The respondents also observed that the decline in forest LULC triggered the loss of biodiversity, soil fertility, and water availability.   Hence, local and national regimes must take adequate measures to minimise the rapid shift in land use and to balance the protection of the human livelihood with the environment.

Samuel Owusu Yeboah, Isaac K. Amponsah, James S. Kaba et al.

Change in land use affects the conservation of medicinal plants. We assessed the abundance and richness of medicinal plants under different land-use systems in Ghana. The land-use types consisted of protected area (PA), Fallowed Land (FL) and Farmed area (FA). A total of 45 quadrats (30 m × 30 m) were laid randomly and medicinal plants identified. Soil samples (0–15 cm) were also collected from nested quadrats for physiochemical analysis. Additionally, ethnobotanical survey of 210 key informants was carried out using Snowball sampling method to identify plant parts used and ailments treated. The result identified 107 species of medicinal plants, and the roots (34.4%) and bark (33.3%) were mostly used. PA had higher (P < 0.05) abundance (81.75 ± 6.74) and richness (19.80 ± 0.96) while FA had the least. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that PC1 accounted for 48.7% of the variance with abundance (0.8092), richness (0.9168), TN (0.9312) and ECEC (0.7789) positively loaded on it. The PC2 accounted for 24.1% of the variance in the soil physical properties. We established that integrating medical plants into crops as Agroforestry system can improve their conservation. Our findings have implications for the attainment of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) 3 , 13 and 15 .

B. Diep, G. Stone, Li Basuino et al.

S. Archer‐Nicholls, N. L. Abraham, Y. M. Shin et al.

Abstract We document the implementation of the Common Representative Intermediates Mechanism version 2, reduction 5 into the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosol model (UKCA) version 10.9. The mechanism is merged with the stratospheric chemistry already used by the StratTrop mechanism, as used in UKCA and the UK Earth System Model, to create a new CRI‐Strat mechanism. CRI‐Strat simulates a more comprehensive treatment of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and provides traceability with the Master Chemical Mechanism. In total, CRI‐Strat simulates the chemistry of 233 species competing in 613 reactions (compared to 87 species and 305 reactions in the existing StratTrop mechanism). However, while more than twice as complex than StratTrop, the new mechanism is only 75% more computationally expensive. CRI‐Strat is evaluated against an array of in situ and remote sensing observations and simulations using the StratTrop mechanism in the UKCA model. It is found to increase production of ozone near the surface, leading to higher ozone concentrations compared to surface observations. However, ozone loss is also greater in CRI‐Strat, leading to less ozone away from emission sources and a similar tropospheric ozone burden compared to StratTrop. CRI‐Strat also produces more carbon monoxide than StratTrop, particularly downwind of biogenic VOC emission sources, but has lower burdens of nitrogen oxides as more is converted into reservoir species. The changes to tropospheric ozone and nitrogen budgets are sensitive to the treatment of NMVOC emissions, highlighting the need to reduce uncertainty in these emissions to improve representation of tropospheric chemical composition.

D. R. Brown, H. Marotta, H. Marotta et al.

<p><span id="page2528"/>Hypersaline tidal flats (HTFs) are coastal ecosystems with freshwater deficits often occurring in arid or semi-arid regions near mangrove supratidal zones with no major fluvial contributions. Here, we estimate that organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were buried at rates averaging 21 (<span class="inline-formula">±6</span>), 1.7 (<span class="inline-formula">±0.3</span>) and 1.4 (<span class="inline-formula">±0.3</span>) <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="unit"><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn></mrow></msup><mspace linebreak="nobreak" width="0.125em"/><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">yr</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo><mn mathvariant="normal">1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="d56bb1a870d4b5859c1aa633400a5bee"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-18-2527-2021-ie00001.svg" width="50pt" height="15pt" src="bg-18-2527-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, respectively, during the previous century in three contrasting HTF systems, one in Brazil (eutrophic) and two in Australia (oligotrophic). Although these rates are lower than those from nearby mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass systems, the importance of HTFs as sinks for OC, TN and TP may be significant given their extensive coverage. Despite the measured short-term variability between net air–saltpan <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> influx and emission estimates found during the dry and wet season in the Brazilian HTF, the only site with seasonal <span class="inline-formula">CO₂</span> flux measurements, the OC sedimentary profiles over several decades suggest efficient OC burial at all sites. Indeed, the stable isotopes of OC and TN (<span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹³C</span> and <span class="inline-formula"><i>δ</i>¹⁵N</span>) along with <span class="inline-formula">C:N</span> ratios show that microphytobenthos are the major source of the buried OC in these HTFs. Our findings highlight a previously unquantified carbon as well as a nutrient sink and suggest that coastal HTF ecosystems could be included in the emerging blue carbon framework.</p>

C. Jansen, N. Beebe

M. Damiani, E. Bertino, B. Catania et al.

M. Potschin, R. Haines-Young

E. Leslie, B. Saelens, L. Frank et al.

Matilda Annerstedt, P. Östergren, J. Björk et al.

BackgroundPoor mental health is a major issue worldwide and causality is complex. For diseases with multifactorial background synergistic effects of person- and place- factors can potentially be preventive. Nature is suggested as one such positive place-factor. In this cohort study we tested the effect of defined green qualities (Serene, Space, Wild, Culture, Lush) in the environment at baseline on mental health at follow-up. We also studied interaction effects on mental health of those place factors and varied person factors (financial stress, living conditions, and physical activity).MethodsData on person factors were extracted from a longitudinal (years 1999/2000 and 2005) population health survey (n = 24945). The participants were geocoded and linked to data on green qualities from landscape assessments, and stored in the Geographical Information System (GIS). Crude odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, and multivariate logistic analyses were performed.ResultsMental health was not affected by access to the chosen green qualities, neither in terms of amount nor in terms of any specific quality. However, we found a reduced risk for poor mental health at follow-up among women, through a significant interaction effect between physical activity and access to the qualities Serene or Space. For men the tendencies were similar, though not significant. Regarding the other three green qualities, as well as amount of qualities, no statistically certain synergistic effects were found. Likewise, no significant synergies were detected between green qualities and the other person-factors. Only advanced exercise significantly reduced the risk for poor mental health among women, but not for men, compared to physical inactivity.ConclusionsThe results do not directly support the hypothesis of a preventive mental health effect by access to the green qualities. However, the additive effect of serene nature to physical activity contributed to better mental health at follow-up. This tendency was equal for both sexes, but statistically significant only for women.Objective landscape assessments may be important in detangling geographic determinants of health. This study stresses the importance of considering interaction effects when dealing with disorders of multifactorial background.

Boubacar Solly, El Hadji Balla Dieye, Issa Mballo et al.

Forest landscapes located of southern Senegal, particularly in the department of Velingara, are increasingly subject to deforestation. As a result, there is a strong tendency to "savanise" them, hence the Senegalese authorities' major concern to take the problem in charge. In such a situation, the study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of the vegetation cover becomes relevant for a sustainable management of the forest resources. This is the purpose of this study which aims to analyze the evolution of the forest landscapes of the department of Velingara and the factors of their dynamics. The methodology adopted is based on the exploitation of Landsat satellite imagery acquired in 1987, 2003 and 2018, and on field work. The results indicate a "savanization" linked to a significant deforestation and a growth of agricultural areas in the north and center of the department. This evolution is all the more marked according to an east-west gradient. Between 1987 and 2003, the forest lost 93642 ha of its area (17 %), against a progression of the savannah (+59717 ha) and cultivation areas (+26380 ha) associated with the zones of habitat and bare grounds. The period 2003-2018 is marked by the regression of the forest and the savannah; 34149 and 6108 ha respectively, to the benefit of a significant increase in agricultural area (+35055 ha) and the habitats (+10466 ha). This dynamic results from the combination of several factors: clearing for agricultural needs, bush fires, population increase, uncontrolled logging, changes in rainfall conditions, among others.