A controversial taxon, Hipparion plocodus, is reviewed in the present study. Hi. plocodus has been confirmed to be a valid species with definite diagnostic characteristics, represented by cranial specimens from Baode, Shanxi Province. The phylogenetic analysis performed in the present study, with a new matrix, shows that Hi. plocodus forms a monophyletic group with a European species, Hippotherium malpassii. Actually, no close relationship between so-called Hm. malpassii and the genus Hippotherium has been identified, and the record of stratigraphic range of this genus in late stage of Late Miocene is currently absent. Herein previously Hi. plocodus and Hm. malpassii have both attributed into “Hipparion” before the discovery of better material. Evolutionary stages and correlative absolute age showed that these two species should derive independently from some primitive clade. During the late stage of the Late Miocene, the development of the Asian summer monsoon enhanced the humidity of China, with forest and wood habitats expanding considerably under this setting. As the result, one Eurasian closed-habitat lineage thus extended its range into China, which had become very suited for it, give rise to “Hi.” plocodus.
Taxonomy of the Late Cretaceous desmoceratine ammonoid genus “Damesites” and allied taxa is revised and updated based on newly collected population samples from the Yezo Group, Hokkaido, Japan, together with their type specimens. Previously known seven species and subspecies of “Damesites” from the upper Turonian to lower Campanian in the northwest Pacific province are reassigned to one revised species of Damesites and two species of Paradamesites gen. nov. based on clear differences in developmental patterns of ribs and growth lines. The genus Damesites should be strictly applied to the north Pacific Realm’s species like Damesites damesi. On the other hand, the long-established species “Ammonites sugata” (= “Damesites sugata”), ranging from the middle Turonian to Santonian in the African- Indian, European, northwest and northeast Pacific provinces, is re-assigned here to a new genus Paradamesites forming new combination Paradamesites sugata. Late Turonian “Damesites ainuanus” and Coniacian “Damesites sp.” from the Yezo Group are junior synonyms of P. sugata. Paradamesites rectus gen. et sp. nov., previously called “Damesites sugata” from the Santonian–Campanian strata of the Yezo Group is a descendant of P. sugata. The revised species of Damesites and species of Paradamesites gen. nov. co-occur sympatrically in the Late Cretaceous of north Pacific Realm. Both the revised Damesites and its ancestral genus Tragodesmoceroides originated in the north Pacific Realm, and most species during the Turonian–Campanian were endemic to the north Pacific Realm. Paradamesites, in contrast, originated in the African-Indian province and became widespread. Paradamesites sugata appears to have migrated from the African-Indian province to the north Pacific Realm during the latest Turonian–Coniacian and subsequently dispersed as a cosmopolitan species. Similar evolutionary patterns are also recognized in some other ammonoid families (e.g., Gaudryceratidae, Tetragonitidae, Desmoceratidae, and Kossmaticeratidae) during the Late Cretaceous of the northwest Pacific province.
Tritylodontids are close relatives of mammals with specialized teeth adapted for herbivory. Despite their diversification during the Jurassic, the fossil record of this clade suggests they declined significantly in the Cretaceous when they are mainly represented by fragmentary dental remains. The exception is the Early Cretaceous taxon Fossiomanus sinensis Mao et al., 2021. Here we describe a new mandible of this species from the same locality as the holotype specimen. The new specimen provides more complete information on mandible shape and tooth morphology, filling a knowledge gap for this iconic Cretaceous tritylodontid, given that cranial morphology in the holotype of F. sinensis remains insufficiently studied. Additionally, the fossil record of F. sinensis represents the youngest known tritylodontid (~119 Ma, Aptian) and the latest non-mammaliaform cynodont, shedding light on the evolutionary history of early mammalian relatives.
Alexander M. Ishungisa, Joseph A. Kilgallen, Elisha Mabula
et al.
With the objective of informing theoretical accounts of social learning and gendered conflict, we explore the role of prestige in the formation of men’s beliefs about gender in a semi-rural but fast urbanizing community in north-western Tanzania. Using focus groups and participant observation, we contrast the extent to which young men view elders and men from the neighbouring city as prestigious, and the beliefs they ascribe to each category. Elders were viewed as prestigious because of their age and position as preservers and teachers of societal norms. Their prestige was culturally mandated, as evidenced by customs bestowing respect. In contrast, only subcategories of city men were deemed prestigious dependent on individual achievement. Prestige was difficult to distinguish from dominance, as both elders and city men can exert penalties on those with differing views. Elders were viewed as mostly, but not always, unsupportive of women’s empowerment, whereas city men were viewed as mostly, but not always, supportive of women’s empowerment. We conclude that urbanization shifts the distribution of prestige, exposing individuals to novel sources of social influence. However, future studies should be wary not to oversimplify elders as upholders of patriarchal beliefs and city men as universally supportive of women’s empowerment.
In this paper, the author presents the historical background of the period of functioning of the site of Olbia in the Gothic and Hunnic periods. He presents the most important studies on the Goths and Huns in recent decades, reconstructs the course of the Gothic wars (third to sixth centuries) and analyses selected sagas of Germanic mythology. On the basis of this and using the results of the recent archaeological excavations, he formulates the thesis that Olbia, functioning in the Gothic period from the 3rd/4th centuries to the beginning of the 5th century AD, could have been an important administrative centre of pagan Goths who actively fought against their Christianized brethren. He also hypothesizes that it can be identified with the land of Oium (Olbium) and with the Árheimar á Danparstoeðum, the capital of Reiðgotaland, mentioned in the oldest Germanic sagas.
Christian Klug, Stephan N. F. Spiekman, Dylan Bastiaans
et al.
Abstract Marine conservation deposits (‘Konservat-Lagerstätten’) are characterized by their mode of fossil preservation, faunal composition and sedimentary facies. Here, we review these characteristics with respect to the famous conservation deposit of the Besano Formation (formerly Grenzbitumenzone; including the Anisian–Ladinian boundary), and the successively younger fossil-bearing units Cava inferiore, Cava superiore, Cassina beds and the Kalkschieferzone of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland and Italy). We compare these units to a selection of important black shale-type Lagerstätten of the global Phanerozoic plus the Ediacaran in order to detect commonalities in their facies, genesis, and fossil content using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses. Further, we put the Monte San Giorgio type Fossillagerstätten into the context of other comparable Triassic deposits worldwide based on their fossil content. The results of the principal component and cluster analyses allow a subdivision of the 45 analysed Lagerstätten into four groups, for which we suggest the use of the corresponding pioneering localities: Burgess type for the early Palaeozoic black shales, Monte San Giorgio type for the Triassic black shales, Holzmaden type for the pyrite-rich black shales and Solnhofen type for platy limestones.
Marine Durocher, Sandrine Grouard, Violaine Nicolas
et al.
Fragmentation is a recurring feature of archaeological faunal material, and impacts many aspects of zooarchaeological studies from taxonomical identification to biometric studies. It can result from anthropic and natural actions that occurred respectively before and/or after bone deposit. While several bone fragmentation typologies have been described, they are currently based on both macroscopic observations and researcher subjectivity and lack the universality necessary for inter-study comparisons. To fulfill this need we present a standardized landmark-based protocol for the description and quantification of mandibular fragmentation patterns, using two insular rodents of different sizes as models. The rice rats (Oryzomyini tribe) and the agouti (<i>Dasyprocta</i>) from the Lesser Antilles were abundant during the pre-Columbian Ceramic Age (500 BCE-1500 CE). Their mandibles’ shapes were quantified using the coordinates of 13 2D-landmarks. We show that landmark-based measurements can be used to:—assess the preservation differences between taxa of the same taxonomic group (e.g., rodents),—estimate the level of preservation of a skeletal part (e.g., mandible),—describe fragmentation patterns without pre-existing typologies and—facilitate the application of geometric morphometric methods to fragmented archaeological material. Our novel approach, leveraging fragmentation analyses and establishing specific fragmentation patterns, frees itself from existing typologies and could be systematically applied to future research.
The Neolithic and Bronze Age communities that settled the eastern Carpathian Forelands and Carpathian Foothills used a variety of local and non-local siliceous raw materials. Raw materials identified in the archaeological record differ in quality and usefulness for making tools. Obsidian, Jurassic flint from the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland, chocolate flint, or Świeciechów and Volhynian flints represent the best quality. On the other hand, some local raw materials were also in use, most popular among them being siliceous marls and cherts. Sources of siliceous marls and cherts are known from many locations in the Dynów, Strzyżów and Przemyśl foothills. Moreover, systematic field surveys in this area have provided new information on the availability of cherts and siliceous marls at many new locations in the region. They appear in the primary autochthonous, secondary autochthonous, and more rarely in sub-autochthonous or residual, sources. Exposures on steep hill slopes and dissected river valleys provide easy access to the best quality raw materials in the primary autochthonous sources. Raw materials from secondary autochthonous sources in the riverbeds were also available, but they were of lesser quality than those from the exposures. The aim of this paper is to present natural exposures of siliceous marls and cherts and discuss them as a potential source of raw materials for the Neolithic and Bronze Age communities inhabiting loess areas of the eastern Carpathian foreland (Rzeszów Settlement Region).
Rokiah Suriadi, Hasrizal Shaari, Suhaimi Suratman
et al.
This paper documents a database of fossil foraminiferal occurrences from a core sample (2 m) retrieved from offshore southeastern Peninsular Malaysia, in 1993, with additional data on their modern distribution from published source. Five sub-samples were analysed for foraminiferal studies (0.1 m, 0.4 m, 0.6 m, 1.2 m, and 2.0 m), alongside with their diversity indices values. In addition, we also present the lithological description of the core sediment, together with the radiocarbon age of our sample. These data are potentially be reused in other paleoceanography related research, such as reconstructing paleo environments, and for future research on the Late-Quaternary/Holocene sedimentary and sea-level history of Sunda Shelf.
Precarity and care are of central concern to medical and cultural anthropologists today, given global trends in economic inequality and the suffering that results. The authors in this collection join the conversation through the lens of their informants’ ordinary, chronic and not-quite-eventful modes of being in the world. The authors draw attention to small, spontaneous gestures and individual responses to dilemmas as forms of care that are lived amidst threats to livelihood, health and community. Two notions of pace guide the analyses – the pace of lives on the ground and the deliberate pacing of the authors’ own storytelling in order to connect turbulent socio-political events with the kinds of felt insecurity that constitute their informants’ experience, penetrating their personal and collective sensibilities. Since the 1980s, when Clifford (1983) and Clifford and Marcus (1986) published their pathbreaking works about ethnographic authority, experiments with textual representation have proliferated at the same time that ethnographers have turned their attention to what Sherry Ortner describes as “dark anthropology” (2016), that is, “anthropology that emphasizes the harsh and brutal dimensions of human experience, and the structural and historical conditions that produce them” (49). The groundswell in work on the effects of violence (physical, social, structural), poverty, power and oppression on individuals and communities has also been cogently summarized by Robbins (2013) in his discussion of the “moral witnessing” (453) of the “suffering subject.” He describes how vulnerability, trauma, and the empathy inherent in much post-1980s ethnography, a trend he glosses as “humanity without borders” (454), have largely replaced cultural differences and radical otherness as major anthropological projects. Both Ortner and Robbins call for a greater turning toward an anthropology of “the good,” already apparent, they both acknowledge, in work appearing in the 1990s and the new millennium on care and hope, value and morality, imaginative futures and resistance. In short, there has been and continues to be a focus on ways in which people organize their lives “to foster what they think of as good” (Robbins, 457) and to construct, if only through hope, struggle and love, a livable life and world. The authors in this collection take up this theme. In addition, hovering as background in this collection’s conceptual tool kit is the idea of the event, some thing, or series of things, singular in nature, that “catalyze ... actors, things, institutions into a new mode of existence,” into an “assemblage that makes things work in a different manner” (Rabinow 2000:44). Such events trigger and expose the emergence of new forms of knowledge, value, and ethical forms. While the authors in this collection certainly acknowledge and describe the role of large-scale events (political revolution, diminishing sea ice) in generating fear, dis-ease, and precarity, they choose here to turn away from the portrayal of singular events “that boil over” as leading protagonists in their representations. Rather, the authors attend to how precariousness settles in embodied practice and how threatening, unresolved insecurity plays out in the routine pace of everyday life. Politics, existential sensibility and action shape one another and importantly give rise to forms of care within uncertain, unsafe larger environments.
Adaptive interactions in large populations often require honest signals of group membership to structure interactions. However, limitations to a simple mapping of groups onto stylistic and ethnosomatic variation suggest that new ways of measurement are needed to describe the work that objects do to facilitate social coordination. Means to measure the benefits to coordinating on specific objects, here called signaling value, would transition inquiry from general statement that signals play a role, to which signals play what roles in what contexts. This study introduces a method to measure the signaling value of specific objects using classification tasks. After mathematically showing how social coordination leads to greater associations in object classification, a statistical approach is derived to estimate the signaling value of objects from a triad classification task. The approach is then applied to a study of culturally salient motifs in the Pacific Island nation of Tonga and a comparison group in the US. The statistical estimates suggest a large role for social coordination for the full set of motifs, although there is a substantial range of signaling values among motifs. In light of the estimates, the cultural history of individual motifs is discussed as well as the future of this approach.
Elizabeth A. C. Rushton, Bronwen S. Whitney, Sarah E. Metcalfe
The environmental impact of the ancient Maya, and subsequent ecological recovery following the Terminal Classic decline, have been the key foci of research into socio-ecological interactions in the Yucatán peninsula. These foci, however, belie the complex pattern of resource exploitation and agriculture associated with post-Classic Maya societies and European colonisation. We present a high-resolution, 1200-year record of pollen and charcoal data from a 52-cm short core extracted from New River Lagoon, near to the European settlement of Indian Church, northern Belize. This study complements and extends a previous 3500-year reconstruction of past environmental change, located 1-km north of the new record and adjacent to the ancient Maya site of Lamanai. This current study shows a mixed crop production and palm agroforestry management strategy of the ancient Maya, which corroborates previous evidence at Lamanai. Comparison of the two records suggests that core agricultural and agroforestry activities shifted southwards, away from the centre of Lamanai, beginning at the post-Classic period. The new record also demonstrates that significant changes in land-use were not associated with drought at the Terminal Classic (ca. CE 1000) or the European Encounter (ca. CE 1500), but instead resulted from social and cultural change in the post-Classic period (CE 1200) and new economies associated with the British timber trade (CE 1680). The changes in land-use documented in two adjacent records from the New River Lagoon underline the need to reconstruct human–environment interactions using multiple, spatially, and temporally diverse records.
Rocío Celeste Gambaro, Melisa Mantella, Analía Seoane
et al.
Dado que la anemia afecta el normal crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría recomienda la suplementación preventiva diaria con sulfato ferroso. Sin embargo, el tratamiento diario puede llevar a la sobrecarga tisular de hierro provocando daño sobre proteínas, lípidos y ADN. Con el propósito de eludir estos efectos no deseados, ha surgido como alternativa la posibilidad de implementar un tratamiento alternativo que consiste en la suplementación semanal. Por otra parte, la vitamina E, es el antioxidante no enzimático liposoluble más importante y esencial en la defensa celular. A raíz de esto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la vitamina E sobre el sulfato ferroso en sus dos formas de administración (semanal y diaria) en linfocitos de sangre periférica humana cultivados in vitro. Se llevó a cabo el ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis, y se realizaron 8 tratamientos que incluyen los respectivos controles y tratamientos combinados de sulfato ferroso diario y semanal con dos dosis de vitamina E. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la frecuencia de micronúcleos (F= 840,04; p= 0,0). Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demostraron un efecto protector de la vitamina E, disminuyendo el daño que el sulfato ferroso ocasiona. Sumado a esto, se corroboró que la administración del mismo en dosis únicas semanales provoca menor daño cromosómico que en dosis diarias.
Injunctive social norms are behaviours that one is expected to follow and expects others to follow in a given social situation; they are maintained by the threat of disapproval or punishment and by the process of internalization. Injunctive norms govern all aspects of our social life but the understanding of their effects on individual and group behaviour is currently rather incomplete. Here I develop a general mathematical approach describing the dynamics of injunctive norms in heterogeneous groups. My approach captures various costs and benefits, both material and normative, associated with norm-related behaviours including punishment and disapproval by others. It also allows for errors in decision-making and explicitly accounts for differences between individuals in their values, beliefs about the population state, and sensitivity to the actions of others. In addition, it enables one to study the consequences of mixing populations with different normative values and the effects of persuasive interventions. I describe how interactions of these factors affect individual and group behaviour. As an illustration, I consider policies developed by practitioners to abolish the norms of footbinding and female genital cutting, to decrease college students’ drinking, and to increase pro-environmental behaviours. The theory developed here can be used for achieving a better understanding of historical and current social processes as well as for developing practical policies better accounting for human social behaviour.
A’ãma mrémé, or a’ãma speech, spoken by incumbents of a special ceremonial role within central Brazilian A’uwẽ-Xavante society, illustrates Joel Sherzer’s argument regarding the centrality of speech play to both linguistic and social analysis. A’ãma mrémé is a ludic code variant, a system of lexical substitution primarily at the level of nouns and verbs, spoken exclusively by a’ãma. Morphological analysis of of a’ãma mrémé reveals the existence of conceptual categories and perceptions that are not otherwise linguistically transparent. Further, a’ãma, who indexically make their ceremonial identity and role salient through the everyday practice of ãma speech, add an additional layer of complexity to A’uwẽ-Xavante’s complicated dualistic system of social organization. This complexity, heretofore overlooked by anthropologists of A’uwẽ-Xavante, becomes apparent through attention to socially situated discourse and verbal arts. A’ãma mrémé enriches and adds complexity to understandings of A’uwẽ-Xavante language, thought, and social organization. It is, as Sherzer contends, a place where language, cognition, perception, worldview and social structure come together in distilled form. A’ãma mrémé, or a’ãma speech, spoken by incumbents of a special ceremonial role within central Brazilian A’uwẽ-Xavante society, beautifully illustrates Sherzer’s argument about the significance of speech play to both linguistic and social analysis, and demonstrates the importance of ethnographic attention to contextually situated discourse, especially speech play and verbal art. Sherzer (2002:1) observes that speech play “provides implicit and explicit metacommentary – in the form of both the praxis of everyday life and artistic performance – on systems and structure, social and cultural as well as interactional and (socio)linguistic.” A’ãma mrémé elucidates how understandings of speech play contribute in important ways to broader understandings of A’uwẽ-Xavante linguistic, cognitive/conceptual, and social processes. To appear in Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, Accepted manuscript February 23, 2019 2 Sherzer notes that, like play in general, speech play has tended to be trivialized within both anthropology and linguistics. A significant body of Sherzer’s work (eg., 1975, 2002) counters this marginalization underscoring ways that attention to speech play reveals local understandings of language structure, topics that are salient to speakers, and dimensions of social organization. In this essay, I show that morphological analysis of of a’ãma mrémé reveals the existence of conceptual categories and perceptions that are not otherwise transparent within Xavante language (A’uwẽ mrémé). I also show that a’ãma, who indexically make their ceremonial identity and role salient through the everyday practice of a’ãma speech, add a further layer of complexity to Xavante’s immensely complicated dualistic social organization. This layer, heretofore overlooked by anthropologists of A’uwẽ-Xavante, becomes apparent when one pays attention to socially situated discourse and verbal arts. A’uwẽ-Xavante A’uwẽ, known in Portuguese as Xavante, are a central Brazilian Gê speaking people. Today approximately 18,000 A’uwẽ-Xavante reside in over 200 autonomous communities located in legally demarcated Indigenous Territories (TIs) dispersed across eastern Mato Grosso state. A’uwẽ-Xavante are well-known within social anthropology for their complex, intersecting systems of dual organization (Maybury-Lewis 1974). Their society consists of multiple crosscutting binaries: an agamous moiety system comprised of eight alternating age-sets cross cuts a patrilineal exogamous moiety system. For men only, a further set of binaries within the Wai’a complex further cross-cuts the agamous and exogamous moieties. An individual thus belongs to either the exogamous poridza’õno or öwawẽ moieties by virtue of patrilineal descent and, along with members of both exogamous moieties, to one of eight age sets that is nested within one of two agamous moieties. Boys are further assigned to one of two Wai’a groupings according to To appear in Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, Accepted manuscript February 23, 2019 3 physical and spiritual attributes. Various activities, including expressive practices such as song and dance, bring these groupings into being and create social and affective ties among members (Graham 1995). Practices at each organizational level establish connections that mitigate divisions at other levels. Most A’uwẽ-Xavante are monolingual speakers of A’uwẽ mrémé (Xavante speech) but bilingualism in Portuguese, Brazil’s national language, is steadily increasing. A’uwẽ mrémé – a branch of the central Gê linguistic family -is, in fact, a rich heteroglossia characterized by a variety of artistic verbal styles, age-graded expressive practices, and sets of grammatical features associated with life cycle phases, particularly the transition to adult status -initiation for boys, birth of the first child for girls – which is marked by the use of honorific person marking and some lexical variants (Graham 1990; also 1995). Linguistic (and social) variation also exists across communities. There are, for example, distinct regional accents and lexical variants, forms of youth slang, and differences in song (da-ño’re) performance style. A’ãma Mrémé A’ãma mrémé is a ludic code variant recognized by all adult (and many children) A’uwẽ across Xavante TIs (see Graham 1983). Its use is restricted to a’ãma although many adults can, when asked, supply some a’ãma words. People generally defer to a’ãma, however. Some variation within the a’ãma lexicon exists across communities. Without exception, A’uwẽXavante people find a’ãma mrémé to be extremely funny. It is as if, by speaking a’ãma mrémé, a’ãma tickle their interlocutors’ ears. A’uwẽ find it especially hilarious when I, a non-native speaker, use a’ãma mrémé. The production of a’ãma mrémé, which already stands out against the backdrop of everyday speech and is thus poetic in Jakobson’s sense (1960), is totally unexpected from someone who is not A’uwẽ. My dropping a’ãma words into discourse is not To appear in Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, Accepted manuscript February 23, 2019 4 taken to be a violation or offensive. Rather it is uproariously funny; sometimes people provoke me to utter a’ãma words and phrases for comedic entertainment. As a system of lexical substitution primarily at the level of nouns and verbs, a’ãma mrémé is somewhat analogous to the Djirbal “Mother-in-Law” code, Dyalnuy (Dixon 1972).1 Like Dyalnuy, a’ãma mrémé has a reduced lexicon; not every A’uwẽ mrémé noun and verb has a corresponding a’ãma mrémé equivalent. Its use involves no syntactical alternations. Unlike most play languages, a’ãma mrémé is not generated by a series of definable rules (see Sherzer 1975; 2002). A’ãma speech does however have distinctive phonetic regularity in that all a’ãma mrémé words begin with [a]; many begin with [ai], [aiwa], [ats] or its phonological variant [adz].2 The phonetic regularity of word initial [a] together with the unique a’ãma lexicon, draws attention to language form, causing the poetic function of a’ãma speech to be so prominent that its distinctive acoustic shape becomes a focus of attention. Characteristic of speech play as a form of verbal art, in a’ãma mrémé language itself is on display (Sherzer 1975:19, 2002:9). The a’ãma role, effectively a ceremonial parent or guardian to the pre-initiate boys who reside in the bachelors’ hut, is elected, not inherited, and passes across generations, generally between individuals within the same family.3 Taking on the a’ãma role is considered to be a generous act and something of a burden. Both males and females can be a’ãma, but today women a’ãma are rare. Since I began my research in 1981, I have met only one female a’ãma.4 Most individuals learn the special code by living in close proximity to senior a’ãma who use it in everyday interactions. Exposure thus dates to early childhood. Goiâno, an a’ãma who lives in Pimentel Barbosa, grew up listening to his MM who, according to Xavante’s uxorilocal residence pattern, lived in the same household. Rômulo, an a’ãma in Idzö’uhu (Abelinha, TI Sangradouro), learned a’ãma mrémé listening to his FB who also lived in the same household. To appear in Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, Accepted manuscript February 23, 2019 5 Rômulo’s F, Top’tiro, who did not assume the a’ãma role, is also knowledgeable since he heard it, as did his a’ãma brother, spoken by his F, an a’ãma. Of the a’ãma I know, only Lino (TI São Marcos) has no direct relationship with an ascendant a’ãma kin, and no elder a’ãma (a’ãma‘rada) lived in his natal household. Lino learned listening to elder a’ãma “speaking here and there.” He paid close attention so that “someday he could become an a’ãma.” Lino reported that elder a’ãma support new ones and “sometimes gather together to teach the code to successors.” Learning and perfecting competence extends well into adulthood. To answer some of the questions I posed, both Romûlo and Lino, who are in their forties and fifties, consulted with senior a’ãma and Top’tiro, an a’ãma’s son. Formal characteristics and revelation of conceptual categories Some a’ãma lexical items bear some formal morphological resemblance to their A’uwẽ mrémé equivalents.5 Among these for instance are: ‘retsu (atsu, palm frond); uiwede (aiwede, buriti palm, Mauritia flexuosa); aipró (wedepró, black/coffee); aiwa (höiwa, sky); aiprépé (ĩpré, red); ai’udza (da-udza, clothing); aiwahuré (upuré, mosquito); adzö (nodzö, corn); adömhi (uhi, bean); aibutuhi (wahi, snake); aiwa’u (u, still water); aibu’wa (tibu’wa, bloodletting); ané (poné, deer), aiwaprédzu (ẽtẽprédzu, money). A great number of a’ãma words bear no resemblance to their everyday equivalents. Among a’ãma nouns that do not resemble words they substitute, for example, are: atsi’ridi (dzö, nut); ö (ai’wã’u,
Aim and Objective: The philtrum plays a key role in appearance of upper lip and nostril. Present study aims to determine and compare the philtrum and other nasal parameters of male and female Nepalese, and to provide a comprehensive data for use by anthropologists and medical practitioners. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study involves 400 medical students aged 17-25 years (200 males and 200 females) at Kathmandu Medical College Nepal. Results: The test of significance was done using independent t-test and ANOVA. It was observed that the parameters of nose height (50.813 mm ± SD 4.53), nose length (49.38 mm ± SD 4.56), nose depth (19.81 mm ± SD 2.21), Philtrum length (13.63 mm ± SD 2.35), philtrum width (11.53 mm ± SD 1.23) and columella width (6.323 mm ± SD 0.64) were significant (p-0.001) whereas nose width (49.38 mm ± SD 4.56) was not significant (p= 0.295) among male and female. In general, philtrum and Nasal parameters analyzed are larger in males. Conclusion: The study population has mesorrhine type of nose. All aspects of nose and philtrum, at least those considered here, are highly sexually dimorphic. These findings can be utilized for various purposes in physical anthropology, forensic science and clinical practice and will also provide a future framework for the evaluation of other craniofacial variables in same population. Keywords: Anthropometry; Forensic Science; Face; Nose; Philtrum; Columella; Mesorrhine; Nepal
The present study reviews the taxonomy of Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous oysters from the Northern and the Subpolar Urals (Western Siberia) and northern East Siberia. Previous studies have documented 10 species from the genus Liostrea (L. delta, L. cucurbita, L. praeanabarensis, L. anabarensis, L. plastica, L. gibberosa, L. planoconvexa, L. siberica, L. uralensis, L. lyapinensis), and 3 species from the genus Gryphaea (G. borealis and 2 species in open nomenclature). Liostrea gibberosa, L. planoconvexa, L. uralensis, and L. cucurbita are transferred in this study to the genus Pernostrea. Furthermore, two new species of Pernostrea are described: P. mesezhnikovi sp. nov. and P.? robusta sp. nov. Liostrea siberica is transferred to the genus Praeexogyra. Liostrea praeanabarensis and L. anabarensis are attributed to the subgenus Boreiodeltoideum (genus Deltoideum) as well as L. delta sensu Zakharov (1966) which is described here as new species Deltoideum (Boreiodeltoideum) borealis sp. nov. The similar shell morphology of the genera Deltoideum and Pernostrea provides a basis to establish the new tribe Pernostreini trib. nov. in the subfamily Gryphaeinae. Three species are recorded for the first time from Siberia: Nanogyra? cf. thurmanni, “Ostrea” cf. moreana and Gryphaea (Gryphaea) curva.
The fossiliferous Upper Varswater Formation at Langebaanweg (South Africa) produced remains of at least five species of owls (Strigiformes). Tyto richae sp. nov. is the first palaeospecies of Tytonidae described from an African fossil site, though indeterminate remains referable to the genus Tyto are known from the Middle Miocene of Morocco, the early Pliocene of Ethiopia, and the Pliocene of Tanzania. Athene inexpectata sp. nov. is not only the earliest documented fossil evidence for the genus worldwide, but also the first record of a species of Athene in Africa south of the Sahara. Proportions of its hind limb indicate that At. inexpectata sp. nov. probably has been as terrestrial as its modern relative At. cunicularia. A few additional remains represent the earliest fossil evidence for the genera Asio and Bubo on the African continent, though the poor preservation of these bones prevents more detailed identifications. A distal tibiotarsus of a small owl about the size of At. inexpectata sp. nov. indicates the presence of a fifth, as yet indeterminate, species of owl at Langebaanweg. Biogeographical and palaeoecological implications of this assemblage of owls are discussed.
Lomaglio, Delia Beatriz, Carrillo, Rafael, Mesa Saturnino, María Soledad
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Desde una perspectiva bioantropológica las mediciones antropométricas en adultos son exhaustivamente utilizadas en la evaluación morfológica de poblaciones argentinas extintas. La mayoría de los estudios antropométricos en adultos argentinos contemporáneos se limitan a la evaluación de talla, peso e IMC. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir otras variables antropométricas en adultos del Noroeste argentino (NOA) y compararlas con una referencia internacional. Los datos de peso, talla, perímetros (brazo, muslo, pierna, cintura) y pliegues (tríceps, subescapular) proceden de 881 individuos (526 mujeres; 355 varones) sanos de 20-60 años de edad de distintas localidades de Catamarca y Jujuy. Se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos (media y DS) por sexo y dos PALABRAS CLAVE adultos; Noroeste Argentino; perímetros; pliegues; antropometría grupos de edad: 20-39 y 40-60 años. Las comparaciones se establecieron con adultos de EEUU de origen mejicano (Centers for Disease Control, CDC 2003-2006) con la prueba t. Se calcularon los percentilos con el método LMS. En ambos sexos y grupos de edad los adultos del NOA presentaron valores significativamente inferiores a los de la referencia en todas las variables consideradas, excepto para pliegues tricipital y subescapular en varones de 40-60 años. No se han encontrado antecedentes antropométricos comparables semejantes para poblaciones argentinas y del NOA. El perfil antropométrico de los adultos del NOA difiere significativamente con respecto a la población de referencia con un origen étnico afín.