Hasil untuk "Natural history (General)"

R. Parisi, I. Iskandar, E. Kontopantelis et al.

Abstract Objective To systematically review and provide information on the incidence of psoriasis and quantify global, regional, and country specific estimates of its prevalence. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Medline, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO, Korean Journal Databases, Russian Science Citation Index, WPRIM, SaudiMedLit, Informit, IndMed, and HERDIN were searched systematically from their inception dates to October 2019. Methods Studies were included if they reported on the incidence or prevalence of psoriasis in the general population. Incidence data were summarised descriptively, whereas bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to estimate the global, regional, and country specific prevalence of psoriasis. Results 41 164 records were identified and 168 studies met the inclusion criteria. In adults, the incidence of psoriasis varied from 30.3 per 100 000 person years (95% confidence interval 26.6 to 34.1) in Taiwan to 321.0 per 100 000 person years in Italy. The prevalence of psoriasis varied from 0.14% (95% uncertainty interval 0.05% to 0.40%) in east Asia to 1.99% (0.64% to 6.60%) in Australasia. The prevalence of psoriasis was also high in western Europe (1.92%, 1.07% to 3.46%), central Europe (1.83%, 0.62% to 5.32%), North America (1.50%, 0.63% to 3.60%), and high income southern Latin America (1.10%, 0.36% to 2.96%). Conclusions Eighty one per cent of the countries of the world lack information on the epidemiology of psoriasis. The disease occurs more frequently in adults than in children. Psoriasis is unequally distributed across geographical regions; it is more frequent in high income countries and in regions with older populations. The estimates provided can help guide countries and the international community when making public health decisions on the appropriate management of psoriasis and assessing its natural history over time. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42019160817.

D. Deublein, A. Steinhauser

S. Sogard

M. Felson, R. Boba

R. Sampson, J. Laub

Robert O. Gjerdingen

C. Woodcock, R. Allen, Martha C. Anderson et al.

Ö. Gustafsson, F. Haghseta, Charmaine Chan et al.

M. Lopes‐Lima, L. Burlakova, A. Karatayev et al.

Fenik Sherzad Hussen, Helin Sabir Kadir, Ayoub Ibrahim Ahmed et al.

The scorpion genus <i>Hemiscorpius</i> Peters, 1861 is renowned for its medically important species, particularly <i>Hemiscorpius lepturus</i> Peters, 1861, the type species of the genus and only species previously recorded in Iraq. However, the scorpion diversity of the rugged, arid landscapes of the Kurdistan Region, especially Erbil Governorate, in northern Iraq, remains largely unknown. Extensive fieldwork in Erbil Province in 2024 resulted in the discovery of a previously unknown species, described herein as <i>Hemiscorpius kurdistanus</i> sp. n. The Halgurd-Sakran Mountains in the Bradost Region, to which it appears to be endemic, probably played a role in its speciation, providing a barrier that contributed to geographical isolation. The new discovery supports the hypothesis that Kurdistan represents an area of endemism for arthropods due to its isolation and unique environmental conditions. The addition of a new, potentially medically important scorpion species to the Iraqi fauna emphasizes the need for continued studies on the systematics of <i>Hemiscorpius</i> and other scorpion taxa as well as updated public health awareness and envenomation management strategies across the Middle East.

Yebao Wang, Wenhao Liu, Chuntao Chen et al.

Typhoons pose a significant threat to China’s coastal regions, resulting in substantial economic losses and casualties. Understanding the vulnerability of these areas to typhoon stress is crucial for effective disaster management and risk mitigation. This study assesses the vulnerability of China’s coastal provinces to typhoon disasters by integrating three key factors: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptability. The primary methodologies employed are the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. A comprehensive risk assessment framework is developed using 17 indicators, with AHP applied for indicator weighting and GIS used for spatial analysis and visualization of vulnerability patterns. The findings indicate considerable spatial variation in vulnerability, with southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan exhibiting high vulnerability due to frequent typhoons, dense populations, and lower adaptive capacity. Southeastern regions, like Fujian and Zhejiang, show moderate to high vulnerability, while northern provinces such as Jiangsu, Hebei, and parts of Shandong and Liaoning experience lower vulnerability, attributed to reduced exposure and stronger disaster preparedness systems. These results underscore the importance of targeted disaster management strategies tailored to the specific vulnerabilities of each region.

Leena Riekkola, Simon Childerhouse, Rochelle Constantine et al.

Abstract Long‐term monitoring programs based on individual identification have provided a sound basis for monitoring the status of endangered and recovering species. However, the impact of such research needs to be understood relative to the benefit gained. Here, we present a case study of a population that has been studied using genetic monitoring since 1995, the New Zealand southern right whale (Eubalaena australis; tohorā). Tissue samples for genetic monitoring were collected using a remote biopsy system, an approach used widely in marine mammal research. Under most ethical frameworks, this is considered a minor impact of short duration, but perceived or potential impact limits sampling of some demographic classes (e.g., calves). We used data collected during surveys from 2020 to 2022 to measure short‐term behavioral impact of biopsy sample collection, with 748 responses collected over 52 days in the field from 524 individual whales. Biopsy sampling was overwhelmingly of minimal impact: the majority (90%) of biopsy responses were classified as either ‘no response’ (46%, n = 341) or ‘weak response’ (44%, n = 326). This study also supports previous work that calves do not show a greater reaction to biopsy sampling than adults. The behavior of the whales prior to being approached for biopsy sampling significantly affected the response elicited, but there was no measurable cumulative impact of multiple sampling, based on within‐year (n = 113) or between‐year (n = 21) comparisons. Genetic data from this monitoring project has been used to revise the conservation status of the population, to demonstrate the effectiveness of conservation polices and to understand circumpolar stock structure. Overall, this study confirms that biopsy sampling is a minimally invasive, data‐rich collection method that provides a wealth of information for conservation and management of whales. It typically causes only a minor, short‐term behavioral disturbance with wounds that, based on other studies, heal quickly and without discernible adverse health effects.

Mi Hae Jeon, Mi Hae Jeon, Jinyoung Jung et al.

Increase in river discharge and seasonal primary production and decline in sea ice coverage in the Arctic Ocean in summer can significantly affect the distribution and composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study aimed to enhance the current available knowledge about the impacts of environmental changes on the characteristics of DOM in the rapidly changing Arctic Ocean. Seawater samples were collected from the western Arctic Ocean during the summer of 2019 and analyzed for fluorescent DOM (FDOM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) content in conjunction with biophysical properties. We identified two humic-like (C1 and C2) and one protein-like (C3) components using fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor (EEM–PARAFAC) analysis. Remarkably high intensities of humic-like FDOM were found in the upper halocline layer (32 &lt; salinity &lt; 33.5 psu, at depths between 50–200 m) with high inorganic nutrient concentrations and low N* values, indicating that the humic-like FDOM was supplied from the shelf sediment. Furthermore, shoaling of the upper halocline layer brought high levels of humic-like FDOM to the euphotic zone, resulting in an increased probability of photodegradation of humic-like FDOM due to exposure to solar radiation in the surface layer. Tryptophan-like FDOM was positively correlated with river water fraction (friver) and riverine DOC but not with chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and heterotrophic bacterial abundance, indicating river discharge as a potential additional source of tryptophan-like FDOM. The correlation coefficients between tryptophan-like FDOM and river water parameters (friver and riverine DOC) differed across the Chukchi Sea, Chukchi Borderland, and East Siberian Sea, implying that the influence of river discharge on tryptophan-like FDOM is region-dependent. An increase in river discharge in future might lead to a greater supply of tryptophan-like FDOM, impacting the dynamics of DOM cycling in the western Arctic Ocean.

A. Ciota, Amy C. Matacchiero, A. Kilpatrick et al.

Jiahao Liu, Jiahao Liu, Jiahao Liu et al.

A 51-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations (DTF) on growth performance, energy metabolism, stress response and gut microbiota of juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain. One control and three fluctuation groups were set up, i.e., constant (28 ± 0°C) (CT), slight (SF) (28 ± 2°C), medium (MF) (28 ± 4°C), and large (LF) (28 ± 6°C) DTF. The survival rate tended to decrease with the intensification of DTF, the survival of rate of CT, SF, MF and LF were 80.6 ± 3.9%, 75.0 ± 6.8%, 33.3 ± 6.8%, and 30.6 ± 10.4% respectively. The crab in SF and MF had a shorter, but LF had a longer molt interval compared with the crab in the CT group. Cortisol, blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels peaked in the LF group. The exacerbation of DTF caused a dramatic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and impacted the antioxidant capacity of juvenile crabs. The relative expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (ampk), heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) genes was significantly increased in MF group. The expression of Ribosomal protein S6 kinase (s6k) and Mechanistic target of rapamycin (tor) genes was significantly up-regulated in the SF group (P&lt; 0.05) but large DTF caused a decrease in the relative expression of a large number of functional genes. DTF affected the structure and function of gut microbes. The bacterial community changed with the intensification of DTF and alpha diversity continued to rise. Five biomarkers were identified, where Rhodobacterales and Rhodobacterac were significantly more abundant in the CT group, Campylobacterales,Vibrionales and erysipelotrichales were more abundant in the SF, MF and LF groups. In addition, SF also enhanced gut microbes interactions compared with other treatments. These results suggest that drastic environmental DTF reduced the growth and survival of young mud crabs, and the effect was mediated by energy metabolism, antioxidant pathways and gut microbes.

Claire K. Yung, Adele K. Morrison, Andrew McC. Hogg

The upwelling of cold water from the depths of the Southern Ocean to its surface closes the global overturning circulation and facilitates uptake of anthropogenic heat and carbon. Upwelling is often conceptualised in a zonally averaged framework as the result of isopycnal flattening via baroclinic eddies. However, upwelling is zonally non-uniform and occurs in discrete hotspots near topographic features. The mechanisms that facilitate topographically confined eddy upwelling remain poorly understood and thus limit the accuracy of parameterisations in coarse-resolution climate models.Using a high-resolution global ocean sea-ice model, we calculate spatial distributions of upwelling transport and energy conversions associated with barotropic and baroclinic instability, derived from a thickness-weighted energetics framework. We find that five major topographic hotspots of upwelling, covering less than 30% of the circumpolar longitude range, account for up to 76% of the southward eddy upwelling transport. The conversion of energy into eddies via baroclinic instability is highly spatially correlated with upwelling transport, unlike the barotropic energy conversion, which is also an order of magnitude smaller than the baroclinic conversion. This result suggests that eddy parameterisations that quantify baroclinic energy conversions could be used to improve the simulation of upwelling hotspots in climate models. We also find that eddy kinetic energy maxima are found on average 110 km downstream of upwelling hotspots in accordance with sparse observations. Our findings demonstrate the importance of localised mechanisms to Southern Ocean dynamics.

Minkyoung Kim, Jeomshik Hwang, Guebuem Kim et al.

The East Sea (also known as the Japan Sea; hereafter, EJS) is a semi-enclosed marginal sea surrounded by the Korean Peninsula, Russia, and the Japanese Islands. The EJS is connected to the Pacific through shallow straits. Thus, the EJS has its own thermohaline circulation and the characteristic biogeochemistry. The deep overturning circulation plays a critical role in carbon cycling including absorption of atmospheric CO2 and its sequestration into the interior of the sea. The turnover time of the deep EJS (&gt;1000 m) is ~ hundred years and probably varies depending on physical climate forcing. Thus, the effect of climate change on oceanic processes may be more easily detected in the EJS. In this paper, we summarize the current understanding of carbon cycling in the EJS. We focus especially on the Ulleung Basin in the southwestern EJS, from which more extensive data are available. Notable features of carbon cycling in the EJS include the following: primary productivity and the export/production ratio are higher than in the adjacent Pacific; the EJS is a net sink of atmospheric CO2 and anthropogenic CO2 content is ~1% of the dissolved inorganic carbon inventory; dissolved inorganic carbon in the sea interior is mostly supplied by organic matter decomposition rather than CaCO3 dissolution and thus, the deep waters are vulnerable to acidification; N:P molar ratio of the deep waters is ~13, lower than the Redfield ratio; concentration of dissolved organic carbon is significantly higher than in the oceans; and sediment resuspension and lateral transport is an important component of sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) flux. Another important feature is the temporal trends observed for the last few decades. For example, pH, calcium carbonate saturation status, and dissolved oxygen concentration in the sea interior have decreased, whereas dissolved inorganic carbon and likely, the inventory of anthropogenic CO2 have increased. These temporal trends have an implication on better understanding of the processes occurring more slowly in the oceans. Brief suggestions for future research that will improve our understanding of carbon cycling and its variability are provided at the end of the paper.

Qiaoling Liang, Zhengtao Shi, Yuehao Chen et al.

[Objective] The current level of ecological environmental change in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley from 2000 to 2020 was determined, and the dynamic monitoring and driving force of the regional ecology were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for ecological environmental protection and sustainable development of the dry-hot valley. [Methods] Three Landsat TM/OIL image datasets were selected to calculate the greenness (NDVI), humidity (WET), dryness (NDBSI), and heat (LST) indexes to construct the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) evaluation system. The ecological environmental factors affecting the region were quantified and analyzed by geographic detector. [Results] ① The mean values of RSEI in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 0.628, 0.609, and 0.684, respectively, showing a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing. ② During the 20-year study period, the area of ecological environmental improvement accounted for 29.58% of the total area, mainly located on both sides of the river valley. The area of ecological deterioration accounted for 21.45% of the total area, and was mainly scattered around agricultural areas and residential areas. ③ The driving force analysis of 10 factors affecting RSEI in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley showed that NDVI and land use had the strongest explanatory power for the spatial differentiation characteristics of RSEI. [Conclusion] The interaction results of multiple factors showed that the ecological environment of the Yuanmou dry-hot valley was the result of multiple factors, and all factors produced synergistic enhancement effects under the interaction. NDVI and land use were the main driving factors of eco-environmental quality in the study area. Therefore, in the exploration of Yuanmou ecological environmental restoration and protection, we should rationally plan and use land resources, and implement vegetation protection and restoration policies and measures.

Yuanmin Sun, Yuanmin Sun, Yuanmin Sun et al.

The release of pollutants in sediment often causes secondary pollution of seawater. In this paper, marine aquaculture sediment was added to seawater in a coastal land–based mesocosm, and the changes in microbial and physicochemical parameters were measured to study the influence of sediment disturbance on seawater. The results showed that sediment disturbance had adverse effects on seawater. After adding and stirring the aquaculture sediment, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) gradually decreased, and those of nutrients gradually increased; in particular, the concentrations of ammonia and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) increased most sharply. After day 9, a bloom dominated by Chaetoceros occurred. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) increased, and two obvious Chl-a peaks were observed; the trends of DO and pH were similar to that of Chl-a during the bloom period; and DIP and ammonia were exhausted during periods of Chl-a peaks. During the extinction of algal blooms, the concentrations of Chl-a and DO decreased, whereas those of DIP and ammonia increased. The variation trends of bacteria and viruses were similar to that of Chl-a, with two obvious peaks, which were later than those of Chl-a. There were close connections between Chl-a and nutrients, bacteria and viruses and they showed a trend of changes in turn from nutrients to phytoplankton to bacteria to viruses during the experiment. We concluded that bloom formation was mainly affected by nutrients and weather, and the main reason for bloom decline was the depletion of nutrients. The increase in zooplankton, bacteria, and virus abundance was the ecological effect after the occurrence of algal blooms, and they affected the development of algal blooms.

Gesche Krause, Gesche Krause, Christine Wolf et al.

In order to advance ongoing efforts in the (still emerging) field of marine restoration, different forms of knowledge must be combined: not only the biological and technical aspects, but also the social and cultural dimensions of marine restoration efforts. This calls for a newly combined array of methods that allows for a bridging of these different knowledge dimensions. Drawing on our experiences from the ongoing knowledge transfer processes of the INTERNAS project (Scientific Transfer of the results of INTERNational Assessments in the field of Earth and Environmental Research into the German policy context), we provide an overview of methods that were used to link global recommendations with localized marine restoration schemes and policy options. Using a mixed methods approach, we were able to capture and understand the pathways of knowledge transfer from globally synthesized scientific knowledge to local realities related to protecting and enhancing marine biodiversity in Germany. With this structured knowledge transfer approach, actionable solutions for marine conservation and restoration activities could be tailored to the specific national and regional circumstances. Using participatory methods, framework conditions like ecological, social, legal, and sectoral value judgment dimensions can be identified. This allows for the development of concerted solutions and creates a common ground for good governance towards marine restoration. When scientists engage not only as experts but also as reflexive facilitators in such participatory processes, it is ensured that more inclusive forms of knowledge are fostered that are necessary to better anticipate the potentials and likely pitfalls that marine restoration efforts may encounter. We conclude that existing knowledge on ecosystems, their goods and services as well as societal expectations need to be understood from the onset in any kind of marine restoration effort.