Hasil untuk "Lexicography"

G. M. Vasilyeva, M. V. Vinogradova

This article aims to identify the dynamics of the semantic scope of the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green] based on dictionary definitions and modern associative experiments. In the dictionaries of the XX century, the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green] was not associated with the semantic field of “Ecology”. However, in XXI century dictionaries, there is a tendency for the semantic derivative of this word to enter the sphere of designations for various phenomena related to environmental protection. A comparison of dictionaries’ associative norms from different years and modern associative experiments revealed a noticeable dynamic in the ecological component of the associative field of “Zelenyy” [Green]. Correlations between the dynamics of semantic processes and the linguistic consciousness of Russian students are traced. It is established that there is a leading expansion of the ecological component in linguistic consciousness compared to the dynamics of the word’s semantic scope. The differences found can be explained not only by external factors (ecological processes and changes in the state’s environmental policy) but also by value changes in the consciousness of the younger generation. The analysis of associative fields reveals a conceptual shift in the content of the word, namely, a transformation of its content from the sphere of physical objects and processes to the sphere of evaluative relationships. The ambivalent evaluation of the stimulus recorded in the modern experiment reflects the contradictory characteristics of the “green movement” and allows for predicting further derivational trends in the semantics of the lexeme ‘zelenyy’ [green].

Daria S. Derbilova, Priscia Oliva, David Sebag et al.

The impact of human activity on soil carbon stock and soil fertility is at the forefront of scientific research. In the past, human practices improved soil fertility and increased carbon storage over long periods of time. Studying the resulting anthrosols provides access to their evolution over time scales that are unavailable otherwise. These archeological Anthrosols have been extensively investigated in Amazonia and Europe, but are virtually unknown in Siberia. Here we examined four soil profiles from two archeological sites in western Siberia, along with two corresponding control profiles. The first site, Ketskii Ostrog, is an ancient 18th century fortress occupied by an agricultural population. The second site, Shaitan III, is a historical settlement of metallurgists and horse-breeders active from the 10th through the 17th century. We aimed to understand whether human activity at these two sites modified soil carbon and chemical fertility, and to compare these soils with other studied global anthrosols. We revealed a contrasting impact of human activity for these two sites. At Ketskii Ostrog, ancient agricultural practices improved soil chemical fertility, with the effects persisting until present day. Human activities exhibited a beneficial influence on deep horizons through improvements in their cation exchange capacity, pH and nutrient (P and Ca) concentrations. The Ketskii Ostrog soils were similar to plaggic soils documented in Northern Europe, which are characterized by the addition of fresh organic matter (OM) in the form of manure which was purposefully added to improve soil fertility. At Shaitan III, chemical fertility has also been improved, but to a lesser extent. In contrast to Ketskii Ostrog, Shaitan III soils are rich in charred organic matter and strongly resemble Amazonian Dark Earths with their physico-chemical properties. The Shaitan III soils also have a different origin, as the result of unintentional human impact. Anthropisation has increased carbon stocks in the soil at both sites; however, Shaitan III soils prove to be a more effective carbon sink than at Ketskii Ostrog. This two-fold dichotomy (intentional/unintentional vs. fresh OM/charred OM) is not limited by geographical borders (Amazonia, Europe, or Siberia) and soil typology as currently proposed in the WRB. This highlights the need for concerted studies on anthropised archaeological soils in regard to their importance for both soil fertility and carbon storage.

Katja Dobrić Basaneže

Milena Todorova, Victoria Lazova

The Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre is a constituent part of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, responsible for the compilation and publication of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference books. Its work follows the tradition of encyclopedic knowledge in Bulgarian culture dating back to medieval collections from the court of Tsar Simeon I in the 9th to 10th centuries. Encyclopedic content is also contained in the first Bulgarian schoolbook, published in 1824, and in the growing interest in reference publications before and after the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire in 1878. The first Bulgarian general encyclopedia, the Encyclopedic Dictionary, was published in 1899–1907, followed by the popular Bulgarian Encyclopedia A-Ya in 1936. A specialised unit for the preparation of encyclopedias and encyclopedic reference literature was established at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1955 under the name Bulgarian Encyclopedia, and was renamed the Bulgarian Encyclopaedia Scientific Information Centre in 2003. The Centre’s mission is to disseminate scientific knowledge widely and in an accessible form. The Centre’s main activities include the compilation and preparation of general one-volume and multi-volume encyclopedias, the development of methodological guidelines and technologies for new publications, the preparation of thematic vocabularies of the articles and illustrations of the editions, and editorial and compiling work. The publications of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia Scientific Information Centre are of a high academic level, and the editorial and compilation work is carried out by experienced scientific encyclopedic editors, which guarantees the high professional standards of the publications. Multiple editions of the Bulgarian Encyclopedia have been published, covering a wide range of topics such as history, science, culture, and more. The Centre has also published thematic encyclopedias and electronic versions of its work, and collaborates with various organisations and publishers to continue its responsible activity of national importance.

Agnieszka A. Niekrewicz

In compliance with the classification by Bogdan Walczak, the article categorizes the qualifiers employed to specify the distinctive features of the words registered in the Polish version of Wiktionary, consisting both of the Polish Language Dictionary and Polish-foreign language dictionaries. On the basis of the selected examples, an attempt was made to reproduce the rules of selection of qualifiers and the consistency of their compliance was verified.

Yevheniia Terniievska

The article analyzes the cognitive process of conceptualization, which is the process and the result of the mental construction of objects and phenomena. Conceptualization consists of the structuring of knowledge the awareness of specific information. Concepts, which are the result of conceptualization, form a separate system of interrelationships and subordination and thus compose the conceptosphere of national culture. A single concept can be expressed in several ways and at the same time a single word can express different concepts. The article emphasizes that the study of conceptualization strengthens the understanding of the role of concepts in forming a picture of the world. The result of conceptualization is not just a list of formed concepts, but also a conceptosphere as a system which includes both concepts and the connections between them.

Jógvan í Lon Jacobsen, Zakaris Svabo Hansen

E. I Rogaleva, L. S. Golovina, I. M. Mikhailova

The practical experience of the vocabulary representation of the mechanisms of game phraseology is described, the difficulties of lexicography of phraseological units built on the game paradox are listed, the ways to solve the problem of etymologization of phraseological games in the educational dictionary are showed. The main positions of the innovative technology for constructing educational phraseological dictionaries in paper format are presented. The relevance of the research is due to the great developmental impact of phraseological games on the addressee-child and the need to improve the system of their lexicographic description for educational purposes. The novelty of the research lies in the appeal to the unexplored problematic of describing phraseological games and the development of a technique for etymological paraphrasing, including interpretive and plot-compositional techniques, which are implemented in a twolevel configurative structure of etymological paraphrase. Special attention is paid to lexicographic techniques that allow revealing the specifics of phraseological games built on false imagery, as well as phraseological games, the content plan of which is not opposed to the expression plan, and their actual meaning is logically justified and motivated. Examples of dictionary entries of new phraseographic projects of the Experimental Laboratory of Educational Lexicography of Pskov University are given — a quest dictionary and a phraseological puzzle dictionary, the genres of which adequately reveal the specifics of phraseological games.

Yu. N. Ilyina

The material for the article was the author’s dictionary of a resident of the Ust-Tsilemsky district of the Komi Republic. The author of the article dwells on the characteristics of the verbs grouped on the basis of a common meaning ‘to change a neutral facial expression to denoting negative emotions’. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that the considered group of dialectal verbs has not previously attracted the attention of researchers. The author notes that the form of the headword of the verbs in the author’s dictionary is conditioned both by the structure of a person’s memory and by their very lexical meaning, which contains a qualitative shade of perfect meaning. It is emphasized that the verbs are either not recorded in “professional” dialectal dictionaries, or their other meanings are noted in them. The author proceeds from the fact that dictionaries compiled by non- professional lexicographers are valuable in determining the lexical composition of a dialect and clarifying the meanings of dialectisms. It is concluded that the verbs of this group are differently active in the memory of the dialect speaker: the word istravitsya is recorded in the vocabulary variants several times and turns out to be used for a large number of situations, other lexemes turn out to be less frequent and more specific in their relevance to the described circumstances. It has been proven that verbs have a transparent inner form, including specially described motivational features of words that are thematically related to the means of one code — culinary and gastronomic.

Christian Schmidt, Chen Jien-shou

Oana Aurelia GENCĂRĂU, Ștefan GENCĂRĂU

The Prefacial Discourse of the bilingual French-Romanian/ Romanian-French 19th Century Dictionaries. We systematically return to our 19th century bilingual lexicography, and this time we turn towards textual sequences preceding the respective lexicographic body; these are interesting for those seeking to understand how the practice of dictionary compilation has evolved; these textual sequences, be they the preface or the inscription, show the way the configuration discourse of a lexicographical work comes, little by little, to confirm the presence of the model, to claim the method and to subordinate the undertaking of the interest of one or several categories of addressees. Rezumat. Discursul prefațial al dicționarelor bilingve francezo-române/ româno-franceze din secolul al XIX-lea. Revenim sistematic la lexicografia noastră bilingvă din secolul al XIX-lea și ne îndreptăm de data aceasta spre secvențe textuale ce precedă corpul lexicografic respectiv ; acestea prezintă interes pentru cel ce dorește să înțeleagă cum au evoluat practicile de alcătuire a dicționarelor; aceste secvențe textuale, fie că e vorba de prefață, fie că e vorba de dedicații, arată cum discursul de configurare a unei opere lexicografice ajunge, încetul cu încetul, să confirme prezența modelului, să reclame metoda și să-și subordoneze întreprinderea interesului unui sau unor categorii de destinatari. Cuvinte cheie: vocabular, dicționar bilingv, prefață, dedicație, lexicografie bilingvă.

Dominika Topa-Bryniarska

The use of archimetaphor as an evaluative device of persuasion in the genre of journalistic commentary The present study explores the cognitive use of archimetaphor belonging to the evaluative devices of persuasion in emotional argumentation. The corpus consists of forty editorials taken from the Internet French newspapers and magazines. The subject matter of the gathered texts includes two thematic groups of reforms concerning the higher education system and the special retirement plan for public sector employees. Thanks to the archimetaphor the addresser may highlight or hide chosen aspects of the described problem in order to activate vital values concerning our life and existence. Therefore, the concept of “conflict” described in the analysed textes is conceptualised by means of four natural forces (elements) such as fire, air (wind), water and earth (soil) which leads both to the mechanism of naturalisation and axiological polarisation of the presented reality. The mechanism itself stems from two opposing relations: identification and differentiation, allowing the grouping of presented facts to the class of US (protagonists) and THEM (antagonists). In consequence, such axiological persuasion aims at influencing the addressees’ will and decisions and allows for nearly absolute acceptance of the opinions presented by the addresser.   Użycie archimetafory jako perswazyjnego środka wartościującego w dziennikarskim gatunku komentarza Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza kognitywnego użycia archimetafory, należącej do perswazyjnych środków służących wartościowaniu w argumentacji emocjonalnej. Korpus składa się z czterdziestu artykułów wstępnych zaczerpniętych ze stron internetowych francuskich magazynów i czasopism. Problematyka zebranych tekstów dotyczy dwóch tematycznych grup opisujących reformę szkolnictwa wyższego oraz specjalnego systemu emerytalnego dla pracowników sektora publicznego. Dzięki archimetaforyzacji nadawca może odpowiednio uwypuklić lub ukryć wybrane aspekty opisywanego zagadnienia w celu aktywowania wartości witalnych związanych z naszym życiem i egzystencją. To właśnie dlatego konceptualizacja pojęcia „konfliktu” poruszanego w analizowanym materiale odnosi się do czterech sił natury (żywiołów), takich jak: ogień, powietrze (wiatr), woda i ziemia (gleba), co z kolei prowadzi do naturalizowania i aksjologicznej polaryzacji opisywanej rzeczywistości. Mechanizm ów opiera się na dwóch typach relacji: identyfikacji i dyferencjacji (odmienności), pozwalających na pogrupowanie prezentowanych faktów do klasy MY (protagoniści) i ONI (antagoniści). Taka aksjologiczna perswazja ma za zadanie wpływać na wolę i decyzje odbiorcy, co skutkuje niemal bezwarunkową akceptacją prezentowanych przez nadawcę poglądów.

Yalemisew Abgaz, Amelie Dorn, Barbara Piringer et al.

Extensive collections of data of linguistic, historical and socio-cultural importance are stored in libraries, museums and national archives with enormous potential to support research. However, a sizable portion of the data remains underutilised because of a lack of the required knowledge to model the data semantically and convert it into a format suitable for the semantic web. Although many institutions have produced digital versions of their collection, semantic enrichment, interlinking and exploration are still missing from digitised versions. In this paper, we present a model that provides structure and semantics to a non-standard linguistic and historical data collection on the example of the Bavarian dialects in Austria at the Austrian Academy of Sciences. We followed a semantic modelling approach that utilises the knowledge of domain experts and the corresponding schema produced during the data collection process. The model is used to enrich, interlink and publish the collection semantically. The dataset includes questionnaires and answers as well as supplementary information about the circumstances of the data collection (person, location, time, etc.). The semantic uplift is demonstrated by converting a subset of the collection to a Linked Open Data (LOD) format, where domain experts evaluated the model and the resulting dataset for its support of user queries.

Monika Biesaga

The latest research conducted by De Jong (2014) indicated that only a few European academic dictionaries, among over one hundred and fifty, use pictorial illustrations. On the other hand, it has been mentioned several times in the literature (related to both printed and electronic reference works) that visual content makes a general dictionary more attractive for the user. Therefore a new methodology, enhancing graphical strategy in lexicography, would be proposed. Firstly, a thematic division of meanings will be applied to the authentic multimodal explanations taken from two general dictionaries (verbal definition and graphical facility). As a result, commonly illustrated thematic fields will be shown along with the ones used by lexicographers in a restrained way, as well as the fields left without illustrations for some reasons. The exemplary meanings from these latest, "orphan" groups will be confronted with the query results from the authentic multimodal corpora. Such a procedure will give us some more detailed information about the obstacles connected with illustrating this particular set of senses (for example multimodal denotation and connotation problems).

Mari Carmen Campoy-Cubillo

This article discusses the role of dictionary skills in language learning as part of professional reference skills and as life-long language learning skills. It advocates for the integration of these skills in the language teaching and assessment cycle in a systematic way. Drawing on Nesi’s (Dictionaries in language learning. Recommendations, national reports, and thematic reports from the TNP sub-project 9: dictionaries, 1999) and Lew’s (Electronic lexicography in the 21st century: thinking outside the paper, 2013a) stages of dictionary use skills, it suggests that assessing dictionary skills is necessary if we want to study and analyze these skills in dictionary users under a common framework. Research on the use of dictionary skills in different countries and under several situations as well as responding to different reference needs can only be systematized if dictionary skill assessment is carried out under the same general assessment criteria. Several dimensions for assessing dictionary skills are considered.

Mark Kit, Violetta Koseska-Toszewa

Dialog between a Lexicographer and a Translator The discussion between the authors of the paper concerns the most pressing issues encountered in natural language semantics, as well as in corpus linguistics and computational linguistics. A broad range of knowledge, allowing linguists and information scientists to work together, is required in these areas. The paper describes some primary problems of human and machine translation caused by gaps between different fields of knowledge. The authors suggest that interdisciplinary approach is required when it comes to contrastive studies in linguistics.

Gorbach T., Kupchenko-Grynchuk O.

The article introduces manuscript writings of A. Biletsky and T. Chernyshova into scientific circulation. These writings have been little known so far and are in particular the materials which show the intention of A. Biletsky to publish the collected book of his own articles on lexicography. Among these documents there is a preface to his collected book and its contents. The collected book has never been published, which proves the actuality of this publication. The article «Σαστήρ - vox obscura» is neither mentioned among the lists of A. Biletsky published writings. It is devoted to the problem of interpretation of the word "σαστήρ", which had been used in the text of ChersonesosTaurica citizens’ oath and remained an actual "vox obscura" - "an obscure word" - even despite the attempts to interpret it.

D. Lemire, Owen Kaser, E. Gutarra

Sorting database tables before compressing them improves the compression rate. Can we do better than the lexicographical order? For minimizing the number of runs in a run-length encoding compression scheme, the best approaches to row-ordering are derived from traveling salesman heuristics, although there is a significant trade-off between running time and compression. A new heuristic, Multiple Lists, which is a variant on Nearest Neighbor that trades off compression for a major running-time speedup, is a good option for very large tables. However, for some compression schemes, it is more important to generate long runs rather than few runs. For this case, another novel heuristic, Vortex, is promising. We find that we can improve run-length encoding up to a factor of 3 whereas we can improve prefix coding by up to 80%: these gains are on top of the gains due to lexicographically sorting the table. We prove that the new row reordering is optimal (within 10%) at minimizing the runs of identical values within columns, in a few cases.

Jie Hu, Huaxiong Zhang, Qiang Gao et al.

Wataru Kureishi, Midori Wakabayashi