is paper examines the principle of equality through the lens of the uniform interpretation of the law, with particular reference to the notions of judicial precedent and ‘living law’ within the Italian legal tradition. Following a brief historical overview of the development of the Supreme Court’s nomophylactic function, the analysis focuses on the increasingly prominent role of precedent, as well as on the hierarchical understanding of ‘living law’ that emerges from settled constitutional case law, according to which it is conceived as the direct and exclusive expression of the Supreme Court. is perspective allows for some preliminary reflections on the «dialectic between certainty and change» within the legal system, in order to assess whether a balance can be identified between the (at least tendential) stability of statutory interpretation and the evolutionary dimension inherent in adjudication.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political theory
La justicia transicional constituye una herramienta normativa esencial en el proceso de paz de aquellos conflictos marcados por la violación sistemática de derechos humanos, siendo este el caso del enfrentamiento que ha venido sacudiendo durante décadas Irlanda del Norte. Si bien, tras la firma del Acuerdo de Viernes Santo, se implementaron medidas alineadas con los cuatro ejes fundamentales de este modelo de justicia (verdad, justicia, reparación y garantías de no repetición), estas no han resultado suficientes para afirmar la existencia de un sistema integral de justicia transicional en el proceso de paz norirlandés. En consecuencia, Irlanda del Norte se encuentra en la actualidad en un punto de estancamiento político que genera una sociedad fragmentada, basada en una paz superficial e incompleta.
Recibido: 15 mayo 2025; Aceptado: 13 octubre 2025; Artículos en Prensa: 27 octubre 2025
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Comparative law. International uniform law
Abstract
L’articolo, a partire dalla recente sentenza del Consiglio di Stato, sez. VI, n. 5054 del 2024, in materia di abuso di posizione dominante da parte di una Federazione Sportiva Nazionale, si propone di ripercorrere l’evoluzione amministrativa e giurisprudenziale europea in materia di rapporto tra ordinamento sportivo e concorrenza, e di confrontare i principi consolidatisi davanti alla Corte di Giustizia UE sia rispetto all’impostazione data dall’AGCM al provvedimento sanzionatorio impugnato, sia rispetto alla decisione di annullamento assunta dal Consiglio di Stato. Alla luce di questa analisi, si concluderà per la coerenza della decisione con i precedenti europei e per la sua innovatività nel panorama giurisprudenziale italiano, e si individueranno alcuni accorgimenti che l’Autorità potrebbe adottare in futuro per impostare le istruttorie che riguardino l’esercizio di poteri normativi e regolamentari da parte dei soggetti esponenziali dell’ordinamento sportivo nazionale.
Abstract
The article, starting from the recent ruling of the Council of State, section. VI, n. 5054 of 2024, regarding the abuse of a dominant position by a National Sports Federation, aims to retrace the European administrative and jurisprudential evolution regarding the relationship between the sports system and competition, and to compare the principles consolidated before the Court of EU Justice both with respect to the approach given by the AGCM to the contested sanction measure and with respect to the annulment decision taken by the Council of State. In light of this analysis, I will conclude on the consistency of the decision with European precedents and on its innovativeness in the Italian jurisprudential panorama, and I’ll identify some measures that the Authority could adopt in the future to set up investigations regarding the exercise of normative and regulatory powers on the part of the exponential subjects of the national sports system.
Drawing on an evocative letter her grandfather wrote her in the mid-1950s, the Author dwells on the dangers of a looming new Cold War, which makes Calamandrei’s concerns in the aftermath of the Hiroshima bombing, as well as his vote against the Atlantic Pact in the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1949, highly topical. Despite his isolation, he strenuously defended a position of neutrality and weaved a dialogue, a network of communication among peoples, fostering their interdependence. His journeys to Mexico and particularly to China – a source of several publications on the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Italy and the People’s Republic of China – fairly witness it.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political theory
El artículo analiza el sector de las empleadas de hogar y de cuidados en España. Muestra las dificultades de acceso a derechos sociales y el impacto de la crisis del covid sobre sus ingresos y acceso a una vivienda. Analiza la eficacia de las garantías sobre sus derechos sociales, tanto generales, como más específicos: subsidio extraordinario e ingreso mínimo vital. En ambos planos se identifican problemas de eficacia. Ello contrasta con la eficacia aportada por las estrategias de autotutela, desplegadas desde las propias organizaciones de empleadas de hogar. Todo ello permite reflexionar sobre los cambios que debe introducir el derecho en la categorización de grupos sociales y en su orientación hacia un determinado tipo de sujeto para recuperar una eficacia en declive.
Fear of death is necessary and like death itself is one of the wisdom of God. Philosophical and existential reasons based on actual and ultimate causes, which are the characteristics of Mulla Sadra, are his two main reasons for explaining this fear. The soul is the cause of fear because it is the lover of God and the attribute of His immortality, and it dislikes worldly decline due to the dominance of the bodily rules. The existential end of this fear inherent in the soul is also the protection of the body to attain the perfection it deserves. Sadra's non-existent reasons for the soul's fear of the death of the body are axiological (moral), epistemological, and psychological. The solutions inferred from his work to overcome fear are epistemological; because, in principle, the fear of death is useless and escaping from it is useless. To overcome this fear, one must understand the knowledge of God and the secret of divine destiny. There are many similarities between Ibn Sina and Mulla Sadra in presenting non-existent reasons. The cure for this fear, from Ibn Sina's point of view, is totally epistemological, and from Mullah.
Philosophy. Psychology. Religion, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Este texto constituye una breve reflexión sobre la dimensión política de la amistad. Basándose fundamentalmente en obras de Aristóteles, Cicerón, La Boétie, Montaigne, Weil y Arendt, se elaboran algunas características de la amistad que permiten pensarla como estrechamente relacionada con la ciudadanía, y a partir de ella con nociones como la igualdad, la pluralidad o el valor del disenso. Las enseñanzas de Javier de Lucas han servido como el hilo conductor que orienta el convulso recorrido por estos conceptos.
La aplicación de la Criminología en los diferentes problemas sociales afines con el delito es necesaria con el propósito de entender, explicar y abordar un fenómeno particular. Cotidianamente esta ciencia ha sido desplazada o subdelegada a otra superior, como al Derecho, Psicología, Medicina u otras. En el presente artículo se propone la sistematización de estudios relacionados con el desarrollo humano con un enfoque criminológico, con la finalidad que la Criminología recoja y reúna los conocimientos a las etapas del desarrollo para llegar al entendimiento criminal para su tratamiento clínico, así como preventivo social. Dicha propuesta consiste en una Criminología del Desarrollo, para lo cual en las siguientes líneas, se colocan marcos de referencia para sentar las bases de los estudios en esta área. Este trabajo se divide en cuatro partes, introducción al desarrollo y la conducta, factores que influyen en el desarrollo tanto general como criminal, la especialización de la Criminología, y estudiosos del desarrollo criminal.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
We consider finite graphs whose vertexes are supersingular elliptic curves, possibly with level structure, and edges are isogenies. They can be applied to the study of modular forms and to isogeny based cryptography. The main result of this paper is an upper bound on the modules of the eigenvalues of their adjacency matrices, which in particular implies that these graphs are Ramanujan. We also study the asymptotic distribution of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrices, the number of connected components, the automorphisms of the graphs, and the connection between the graphs and modular forms.
We consider the $U(1)$ gauge theory on a four-dimensional torus, where the instanton number is restricted to an integral multiple of $p$. This theory possesses the nontrivial higher-group structure, which can be regarded as a generalization of the Green--Schwarz mechanism, between $\mathbb{Z}_q$ $1$-form and $\mathbb{Z}_{pq}$ $3$-form symmetries. Here, $\mathbb{Z}_q$ is a subgroup of the center of~$U(1)$. Following the recent study of the lattice construction of the $U(1)/\mathbb{Z}_q$ principal bundle, we examine how such a structure is realized on the basis of lattice regularization.
Presidential government system has its own disadvantages, one of them is the possibility a minority president presence in this system, namely a president who is not supported by a parliamentary majority, even though the President has a strong mandate from public, but with a minority position, the government’s agenda which carried out by the president could be hampered by parliament or the legislature, therefore it is needed a coalition government. The combination of a presidential system with a multi-party system is difficult to implement because whoever the president is elected will be encountered with a certain condition that it is impossible to support him in parliament without forming a coalition. In order to respond the problem in strengthening the presidential system in Indonesia, the author offers a majority general election system or district system (first Past the Post) as an effort to create an effective and responsible government. This is a legal study which used two approaches, namely statutory approach and conceptual approach. Based on the results of study, it can be concluded that the majority system was more appropriate for creating an effective and responsible government because it could encourage the simplification of political parties and the responsibilities of people’s representatives to the voters in each district.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Проблема организации противодействия террористической деятельности и иным деструктивным явлениям в образовательных организациях сегодня представляется как никогда актуальной.По всей стране отмечается рост статистики актов применения в образовательных учреждениях огнестрельного либо холодного оружия (акты скулшутинга), вследствие чего растет уровень тревожности среди учащихся и преподавателей образовательных организаций, не имеющих возможности либоне знающих правил поведения в подобных нештатных ситуациях. Можно отметить, что в перспективе подобные действия могут привести к подрыву духовно-нравственных скреп общества, ослаблениюРоссии на внутриполитической и международной арене. Сегодня в рамках гибридно-информационной войны ведется массированная атака на один из важнейших социальных институтов — образование. Система профилактики распространения идеологии терроризма в образовательных организациях не закреплена на законодательном уровне. Указанная ситуация является проблемной и требуетразрешения.Именно сеть университетов может стать флагманом формирования антитеррористической идеологии и навыков противодействия терроризму и околотеррористическим деструктивным явлениям.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
This paper generalizes the notion of sufficiency for estimation problems beyond maximum likelihood. In particular, we consider estimation problems based on Jones et al. and Basu et al. likelihood functions that are popular among distance-based robust inference methods. We first characterize the probability distributions that always have a fixed number of sufficient statistics (independent of sample size) with respect to these likelihood functions. These distributions are power-law extensions of the usual exponential family and contain Student distributions as a special case. We then extend the notion of minimal sufficient statistics and compute it for these power-law families. Finally, we establish a Rao-Blackwell-type theorem for finding the best estimators for a power-law family. This helps us establish Cramér-Rao-type lower bounds for power-law families.
The nonlocal bosonic theory obtained from integrating out all anticommuting and auxiliary variables in a globally supersymmetric theory is characterized by the Nicolai map. We present a universal formula for the latter in terms of an ordered exponential of the integrated coupling flow operator, which can be canonically constructed. Also for supersymmetric gauge theories, this allows us to perturbatively construct the Nicolai map explicitly in terms of tree diagrams. For off-shell supersymmetry this works in any gauge, in the on-shell case the Landau gauge is required. The dimensional reduction of $D{=}10$ super Yang-Mills to maximally supersymmetric SU($N$) matrix mechanics (the BFSS model) is known to provide a regularization of the $D{=}11$ supermembrane in light-cone gauge via its incarnation as a one-dimensional gauge theory of area-preserving membrane diffeomorphisms. We show how a well-defined corresponding Nicolai map perturbatively linearizes the supermembrane in the small-tension regime and points the way for a computation of vertex-operator correlators.
Dan Stefan Eniceicu, Raghu Mahajan, Pronobesh Maity
et al.
We compute the ZZ annulus one-point function of the cosmological constant operator in non-critical string theory, regulating divergences from the boundaries of moduli space using string field theory. We identify a subtle issue in a previous analysis of these divergences, which was done in the context of the $c=1$ string theory, and where it had led to a mismatch with the prediction from the dual matrix quantum mechanics. After fixing this issue, we find a precise match to the expected answer in both the $c<1$ and $c=1$ cases. We also compute the disk two-point function, which is a quantity of the same order, and show that it too matches with the general prediction.
Abū Zayd al-Dabūsī (d. 430/1039), one of the leading figures in Hanafite uṣūl al-fiqh, is the first who mentioned the basic and inalienable human rights in the history of jurisprudence. Al-Dabūsī, was the first scholar to introduce the concept of “ahliyya” i.e. the legal and moral capacity of men, as an important issue of uṣūl al-fiqh (the philosophy and methodology of Islamic jurisprudence), as well, he was the first to divide the ahliyya into two categories. This distinction was widely accepted in the Hanafi tradition after him. This tradition acknowledged that the “dhimma”, that is, the legal personality in the modern sense, is the basis of the ahliyyat al-wujub, but unlike modern approaches, they have established a firm relationship between the legal/moral capacity of men end the duties of human beings towards the Supreme Creator. Al-Dabūsī determined the reason/intellect as the principle of understanding the divine speech, and he identified the dhimma as the basis for a person to be under legal and moral obligations. After that he stated that human beings are equipped with three basic and inalienable rights, namely ‘iṣma (immunity of life and property), liberty and property, in order for reason and dhimma to function. Just as reason and dhimma were bestowed on the human being by God, these three basic rights were also bestowed by Him so that man can fulfill his duty towards humanity. Thus, the theory of basic and inalienable rights was expressed for the first time in world history by the Islamic-Hanafi legal theory. The Latin phrase ius naturale covers both “natural law” –which has an ancient history- and “natural rights” in Western legal history. While objective natural rights/classical natural law tradition is centered on duty and obligation, the concept of subjective natural rights/ modern natural law is based on the idea of individual freedom and the sovereignty of the individual. The classical understanding of natural law goes hand in hand with the idea of order of things and the teleological conception of universe. Thus, the universe becomes a purposeful and moral order with all its elements. While some authors argue that modern natural rights are a continuation of classical natural law, others believe that the conception of modern natural rights represents a break with natural law. According to Leo Strauss, this transformation that started with Hobbes and Locke is a fundamental one that requires us to see the two as different doctrines. While Michel Villey started the modern understanding of subjective natural rights with William of Ockham, Brian Tierney started her origins with the works of canon lawyers, who lived during the 12th and 13th centuries, well before William. However, no researcher has established a link between subjective natural rights and the three fundamental rights of al-Dabūsī, who died in the first half of the 11th century. There are approaches that admit the conception of natural human rights is a Western invention, and seek the origins of this understanding in the thought of the 12th and the 13th century medieval Christian law. However, there are also approaches that although admitting that the concept of natural human rights originates from the West, argue that this conception is a modern invention. In the criticism towards the subject-centered conception of modernity, this idea emerges, and in this approach, the understanding of natural human rights is seen as an unacceptable idea as it is perceived as an integral element of subjective individualism. Since rights can only be an issue for individuals who can be conceived as independent individuals, socialist and communitarian thoughts have also seen the natural human rights thought as a characteristic element of liberalism and rejected them. Duties, not rights, are essential for such approaches. Legal positivists, on the other hand, undermined the concept of rights on the grounds that it was loaded with metaphysics. Three basic rights expressed by John Locke (d. 1704) in the Western thought which were the same as the list of al-Dabūsī became in time the core notion of the modern understanding of human rights. John Locke says that in the state of nature before the occurrence of political society, every person has the right to life, liberty and property, equally and inalienably. It seems that the legal-moral capacity (ahliyya) and natural rights theory, which al-Dabūsī expressed for the first time, and which later became the common understanding of Hanafis, was partially secularized and adapted by Locke into his own understanding of liberal rights, whether directly by him or indirectly through medieval lawyers. After him this conception was completely secularized and formed the core of the basic understanding of human rights we know today. Since social and political life is essential in Muslim societies, there is no need for an imaginative state of nature (status naturae) conceived by thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke. The idea of natural rights inspired the great revolutions in the 18th century. In the American Declaration of Independence of 1776, it is stated that all people are created equally and given some inalienable rights by God. In the French Declaration of Human and Citizens’ Rights (Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen), thirteen years after this date, the natural rights understanding is accepted as a clear truth in itself, but no reference are made again to the source of these rights, that is, God. The idea of natural rights fell into disarray in the 19th century due to the dominance of legal positivism, but returned to the agenda of Western legal and political thought in the 20th century due to actual necessities that emerged from the two world wars. Still, there is no longer a metaphysical ground on which natural rights are based, so today, natural human rights are in a philosophical crisis of origin.
The story of positive geometry of massless scalar theories was pioneered in [1] in the context of bi-adjoint $φ^3$ theories. Further study proposed that the positive geometry for a generic massless scalar theory with polynomial interaction is a class of polytopes called accordiohedra [2]. Tree-level planar scattering amplitudes of the theory can be obtained from a weighted sum of the canonical forms of the accordiohedra. In this paper, using results of the recent work [3], we show that in theories with polynomial interactions all the weights can be determined from the factorization property of the accordiohedron. We also extend the projective recursion relations introduced in [4,5] to these theories. We then give a detailed analysis of how the recursion relations in $φ^p$ theories and theories with polynomial interaction correspond to projective triangulations of accordiohedra. Following the very recent development [6] we also extend our analysis to one-loop integrands in the quartic theory.