Hasil untuk "International relations"

Joe Kwon, Stephen Casper

Frontier AI regulations primarily focus on systems deployed to external users, where deployment is more visible and subject to outside scrutiny. However, high-stakes applications can occur internally when companies deploy highly capable systems within their own organizations, such as for automating R&D, accelerating critical business processes, and handling sensitive proprietary data. This paper examines how frontier AI regulations in the United States and European Union in 2025 handle internal deployment. We identify three gaps that could cause internally-deployed systems to evade intended oversight: (1) scope ambiguity that allows internal systems to evade regulatory obligations, (2) point-in-time compliance assessments that fail to capture the continuous evolution of internal systems, and (3) information asymmetries that subvert regulatory awareness and oversight. We then analyze why these gaps persist, examining tensions around measurability, incentives, and information access. Finally, we map potential approaches to address them and their associated tradeoffs. By understanding these patterns, we hope that policy choices around internally deployed AI systems can be made deliberately rather than incidentally.

Giuseppe Romeo

L’Europa nella sua storia millenaria, nelle sue alterne, e quasi mai indolori vicende, nel tentativo di risolvere una complessità dettata dall’autorevolezza delle diverse leadership che si sono succedute e riconfigurate man mano nel tempo, secondo capacità di conquista del potere o attraverso presunti diritti dinastici, rappresenta un buon laboratorio tra ciò che è un susseguirsi e un sovrapporsi di storie di imperi e ciò che è l’effetto della crescita di un impero spesso sotteso al concetto di imperialismo. Nel loro evolversi come modelli di governance e di pianificazione territoriale, gli imperi si sono presentati nella storia dell’umanità, ed europea, non solo quali formule concentrate di potere e di potenza ma anche quali veicoli di distribuzione di idee e di valori, creando contaminazioni decisive nei popoli che li compongono sino a provocarne sia l’ascesa che lo stesso declino, entrambi dovuti alle condizioni economiche di supporto o alla tenuta interna, in termini di consenso, dell’autorità imperiale e della sua riconosciuta o meno legittimità. Ottone d’Asburgo-Lorena (o Ottone von Habsburg-Lothringen), deputato al parlamento europeo nel 1979 per l’Unione cristiano-sociale tedesca (CSU), e riconfermato sino al 1999, non mise mai da parte il significato “europeo” dell’impero sovranazionale austroungarico. Parole chiave: Aristide Briand, Ausgleich, Confederazione germanica, Conferenza di Berlino, continentalismo, Europa dei popoli, europeismo, Francesco Giuseppe, Grande Guerra, Guerra dei Trent’anni, Gustav Stresemann, Impero ottomano, liberalismo, liberismo, machtpolitik, Orbis Europeus Christianus, ordine continentale, Ottone von Habsburg, Pace di Augusta, Pace di Carlowitz, Pace di Vestfalia, Paneuropa, Parlamento europeo, Questione d’Oriente, Richard Nikolaus Graf Coudenhove-Kalergi, Totalitarismi, Vienna, Weimar

Juan Andrés Gascon Maldonado, Blanca Marabini San Martín

Um-e- Rubbab, Muhammad Irshad, Sidra Abid et al.

There has been an increase in ethical misconduct among employees of service organizations which has fostered the need for awareness about such ethical practices that may promote employees’ constructive behaviors. The current study aims to extend the work on Islamic work ethics by studying its impact on influencing employee voice behavior through the underlying link of employee felt obligation for constructive change. It is proposed that employee sanctification may further serve as a boundary condition and enhance the positive relationship between Islamic work ethics and felt obligation for constructive change. Data (n = 343) felt obligation for constructive change, and both dimensions of voice behavior were collected from employees working in the health sector of Pakistan in three-time lags through questionnaires. Results of the study supported the mediation of felt obligation for constructive change between Islamic work ethics and employee voice behavior. Employee sanctification moderates the relationship between Islamic work ethics and felt obligation for constructive change. The findings of the study provide theoretical and practical implications. Limitations of the research and future directions have also been discussed.

Suzette A. Haughton, Cush Sewell Lewis

Colombia and Venezuela share a geographi­cal border of 1,274 miles. Although both countries have historically had contentious border crossings, the antagonistic nature of migration across the borderlands has increased following Venezuela’s current in­ternal political crisis. The article argues that Venezuela’s political climate has led to further securitisation of migration across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. It sup­ports this argument in three ways. First, the article discusses the border as both a geo­graphical and a man-made border. It also examines the similarities and differences that exist across the Colombian-Venezuelan border. The countries share the same lan­guage, Spanish, which unites the region and its diverse peoples with a shared history. Nevertheless, socio-economic, environmen­tal and cultural differences widen the divid­ing lines between these two nations. Second, the article explores the bor­der crossing (migration) trends. The article further discusses the effects and reasons for such border crossings. Third, it explains the securitisation theory and uses it to discuss how the border has become increasingly se­curitised by local and international actors. Finally, the article calls for a de-securitised approach to cross-border migration. In this regard, the article supports greater bilateral, regional and international cooperation to address the plight of people crossing the border and living in border regions

Enrico Pontelli, Stefania Costantini, Carmine Dodaro et al.

This volume contains the Technical Communications presented at the 39th International Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP 2023), held at Imperial College London, UK from July 9 to July 15, 2023. Technical Communications included here concern the Main Track, the Doctoral Consortium, the Application and Systems/Demo track, the Recently Published Research Track, the Birds-of-a-Feather track, the Thematic Tracks on Logic Programming and Machine Learning, and Logic Programming and Explainability, Ethics, and Trustworthiness.

Boris S. Maryshev, Lyudmila S. Klimenko

We have generalized the semi-analytic approach of special flow to the description of flows of passive particles taking into account internal noise. The model is represented by a series of recurrence relations. The recurrence relations are constructed by numerically solving the Langevin equations in the presence of a random force, for an ensemble of passive particles during transport through a secluded cell. This approach allows us to estimate the transit time dependence near stagnation points for fluid elements carried by the flow. Such estimates are obtained for the most important types of stagnation points. It is shown that macroscopic transport of an ensemble of particles through such a lattice is possible only when internal noise is taken into account. For Gaussian and non-Gaussian noise at low intensity the transit time has one peak, which is a consequence of the existence of vortices of one stagnation point. Increase of noise intensity leads to slowing down of particle transport.

A. S. Ayvazyan

The author analyzes the policy of non-recognition implemented by Georgia, Azerbaijan and Moldova in relation to the separatist conflict territories. The policy of non-recognition designates both the refusal to recognize de facto existing political entities, and other measures that accompany it and are associated with the need to build relations with self-proclaimed states. Comparative analysis of the three depicted models shows that, despite the permanent essence of the non- recognition policy, there are significant differences in its practical implementation. Although the policy of non-recognition does not bring the parent states closer to resolving the conflict, in its various manifestations it can both contribute to the gradual disappearance of enmity and intensify existing contradictions. Factors that influence non-recognition politics include political narratives surrounding the conflict, dominant state-building patterns, patron state policies, perceived identity threats, experience of historical trauma and war.

Louis Martini, Sebastian Wolf

The goal of this article is to develop the theory of presentable categories and topoi internal to an arbitrary $\infty$-topos $\mathcal{B}$. Our main results are internal analogues of Lurie's and Lurie-Simpson's characterisations of presentable $\infty$-categories and $\infty$-topoi. In the process, we introduce a theory of internal filteredness and accessible internal categories and establish a number of structural results about presentable $\mathcal{B}$-categories such as adjoint functor theorems and the existence of an internal analogue of the Lurie tensor product. We also compare these internal notions with external variants. We show that $\mathcal{B}$-modules embed fully faithfully into presentable $\mathcal{B}$-categories and prove that there is an equivalence between topoi internal to $\mathcal{B}$ and $\infty$-topoi over $\mathcal{B}$. We also include a number of applications of our results, such as a general version of Diaconescu's theorem for $\infty$-topoi and a characterisation of locally contractible geometric morphisms in terms of smoothness.

Taikan Suehara

The pair productions of leptons and quarks at $e^+e^-$ Higgs factory are an important probe for new physics via precise measurements. The discovery and exclusion limits of $Z^\prime$ models at the International Linear Collider with $\sqrt{s} = 250$, 500 and 1000 GeV are calculated with selection efficiencies estimated in the existing full simulation studies. It shows a large potential of BSM searches with precise measurements at future energy-frontier $e^+e^-$ colliders.

A. L. Klymenko

The preconditions and directions of improving legal regulation of telecommuting have been studied. The author has found out the specifics of the legal nature of the concepts of “work from home” and “telecommuting” in terms of the approach to the possibilities of various forms of labor organization and labor relations regarding the events related to the pandemic (COVID-19) and consequences for the Ukrainian labor market. Based on the application of general and special methods of scientific cognition, the author has clarified the essence and has expanded the content of two independent types (forms of work): telecommuting and work from home in the context of amendments in domestic labor legislation (draft Law No. 4051: Articles 601 and 602). The institutional nature of the concepts of “remote work”, “teleworking”, “telecommuting”, “work from home” from the standpoint of international experience has been revealed. It has been concluded that work from home is considered more sustainable concept, while telecommuting is remote work from anywhere, with a flexible schedule. It has been clarified that the term of “work from home” in the context of the pandemic (COVID-19) is used in the legislation of a number of foreign countries to denote only remote work at home as a temporary alternative workplace. The author has characterized the mechanism of the organization of telecommuting and work from home according to the draft Law No. 4051, in particular, the author has revealed characteristic features, adaptation mechanism, obligations and responsibilities of the parties, features of measuring the productivity of employees. Based on studying the experience of foreign countries in matters of legislative provision of telecommuting (Austria, the Netherlands, Poland, USA) and the practice of domestic companies, it has been concluded that the home workplace is nothing more than an “extension” or “superstructure” of the employer’s workspace within the organization of the work from home. The author has substantiated the rational approaches based on the current state of affairs at the labor market and in the economy of Ukraine regarding the most correct interpretation of these norms by both parties – employees and the employer to minimize any misunderstandings and risks. Given the risks of the external environment as a possible danger, it has been suggested an in-depth rethinking of approaches to legal support for the work from home and telecommuting, taking into account international practice and recommendations of the International Labor Organization. The emphasis has been placed on the need to find alternative solutions that are in the plane of social responsibility of the employer in matters of protecting labor rights of employees and the prevention of any discrimination.

Sachin Pawar, Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Girish K. Palshikar

Relation Extraction is an important task in Information Extraction which deals with identifying semantic relations between entity mentions. Traditionally, relation extraction is carried out after entity extraction in a "pipeline" fashion, so that relation extraction only focuses on determining whether any semantic relation exists between a pair of extracted entity mentions. This leads to propagation of errors from entity extraction stage to relation extraction stage. Also, entity extraction is carried out without any knowledge about the relations. Hence, it was observed that jointly performing entity and relation extraction is beneficial for both the tasks. In this paper, we survey various techniques for jointly extracting entities and relations. We categorize techniques based on the approach they adopt for joint extraction, i.e. whether they employ joint inference or joint modelling or both. We further describe some representative techniques for joint inference and joint modelling. We also describe two standard datasets, evaluation techniques and performance of the joint extraction approaches on these datasets. We present a brief analysis of application of a general domain joint extraction approach to a Biomedical dataset. This survey is useful for researchers as well as practitioners in the field of Information Extraction, by covering a broad landscape of joint extraction techniques.

Mike Thelwall

Since the Covid-19 pandemic is a global threat to health that few can fully escape, it has given a unique opportunity to study international reactions to a common problem. Such reactions can be partly obtained from public posts to Twitter, allowing investigations of changes in interest over time. This study analysed English-language Covid-19 tweets mentioning cures, treatments, or vaccines from 1 January 2020 to 8 April 2021, seeking trends and international differences. The results have methodological limitations but show a tendency for countries with a lower human development index score to tweet more about cures, although they were a minor topic for all countries. Vaccines were discussed about as much as treatments until July 2020, when they generated more interest because of developments in Russia. The November 2020 Pfizer-BioNTech preliminary Phase 3 trials results generated an immediate and sustained sharp increase, however, followed by a continuing roughly linear increase in interest for vaccines until at least April 2021. Against this background, national deviations from the average were triggered by country-specific news about cures, treatments or vaccines. Nevertheless, interest in vaccines in all countries increased in parallel to some extent, despite substantial international differences in national regulatory approval and availability. The results also highlight that unsubstantiated claims about alternative medicine remedies gained traction in several countries, apparently posing a threat to public health.

Vivian Letícia Aguero Godoy, Eliana Lamberti

O desafio para compreender a dinâmica maquiladora materializada nas empresas instaladas em Pedro Juan Caballero (PJC) exigiu buscar alguns contornos teóricos capazes de explicar a nova dinâmica industrial global, bem como analisar os pressupostos da Lei da Maquila. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o referencial teórico correspondeu às abordagens conceituais oferecidas pela geografia (especialmente em sua vertente econômica e política) e pela sociologia. A pesquisa empírica alimentou-se na coleta de dados secundários e primários. As Empresas Maquiladoras instaladas neste território fronteiriço são expressão da divisão regional do trabalho com características da industrialização periférica pautadas nos recursos vantajosos de produção como mão-de-obra barata, incentivos fiscais pela Lei de Maquila, água e energia elétrica. O que poderia ser uma oportunidade para se industrializar, acaba sendo mais uma forma de sobrevivência do mecanismo local e global, organizando-se de acordo com as exigências empresariais externas.

Haiyan Guo, Bo Zhou

For a vertex $u$ of a tree $T$, the leaf (internal, respectively) status of $u$ is the sum of the distances from $u$ to all leaves (internal vertices, respectively) of $T$. The minimum (maximum, respectively) leaf status of a tree $T$ is the minimum (maximum, respectively) leaf statuses of all vertices of $T$. The minimum (maximum, respectively) internal status of a tree $T$ is the minimum (maximum, respectively) internal statuses of all vertices of $T$. We give the smallest and largest values for the minimum leaf status, maximum leaf status, minimum internal status, and maximum internal status of a tree and characterize the extremal cases. We also discuss these parameters of a tree with given diameter or maximum degree.

Igor Filibi

En este artículo se sostiene que el camino político de la integración europea pasa, entre otras cuestiones, por desarrollar la integración de subregiones europeas (Consejo Nórdico, Consejo Báltico, Visegràd, etc.) que completen el proceso central de integración, y por incorporar plenamente a las regiones constitucionales a los procesos de toma de decisiones de la Unión, particularmente al puñado de regiones que tienen una conciencia nacional distintiva, amplias competencias legislativas y mayorías políticas distintas de las del Estado del que forman parte. Estos desarrollos parece que podrían jugar un papel importante, tanto para conseguir una gobernanza de la UE más eficaz, como para que la UE mejore su legitimidad. Recibido: 17 diciembre 2018 Aceptado: 14 enero 2019 Publicación en línea: 30 abril 2019

Gustavo Aguilar, Yuan Ling, Yu Zhang et al.

Knowledge distillation is typically conducted by training a small model (the student) to mimic a large and cumbersome model (the teacher). The idea is to compress the knowledge from the teacher by using its output probabilities as soft-labels to optimize the student. However, when the teacher is considerably large, there is no guarantee that the internal knowledge of the teacher will be transferred into the student; even if the student closely matches the soft-labels, its internal representations may be considerably different. This internal mismatch can undermine the generalization capabilities originally intended to be transferred from the teacher to the student. In this paper, we propose to distill the internal representations of a large model such as BERT into a simplified version of it. We formulate two ways to distill such representations and various algorithms to conduct the distillation. We experiment with datasets from the GLUE benchmark and consistently show that adding knowledge distillation from internal representations is a more powerful method than only using soft-label distillation.

Ulisses Levy Silvério dos Reis, Gustavo César Machado Cabral

Finda a Segunda Guerra Mundial, diversos líderes nazistas fugiram para países do hemisfério sul para escapar da responsabilização pelos seus atos. Um dos mais famosos, Franz Stangl, veio viver no Brasil. Com a descoberta do seu paradeiro, governos estrangeiros pediram a sua extradição, gerando um dos mais famosos julgamentos do Supremo Tribunal Federal. Busca-se neste trabalho problematizar as principais questões apresentadas pela defesa de Franz Stangl perante o judiciário. A pesquisa é relevante por ser um caso que colocou o Brasil no centro das atenções acerca da cooperação jurídica internacional para a punição de nazistas. A metodologia investigativa foi a historiográfica. A análise baseou-se no material empírico e literário da época. Na primeira seção, foi avaliada a possibilidade extradicional com relação à necessidade de comutação de eventual penalidade perpétua em temporária; em seguida, discutiu-se o argumento do tribunal no tocante à possibilidade de extraditar o responsável pelo cometimento do crime de genocídio quando o Brasil ainda não havia tipificado tal conduta em seu ordenamento; por último, teceram-se considerações sobre a pertinência da alegação defensiva de Franz Stangl ter agido com base no seu dever de obediência hierárquica. É possível concluir que, no tocante aos argumentos de necessidade de comutação de pena perpétua em temporária e dupla tipificação criminal, o Supremo Tribunal Federal apresentou conclusão problemática frente à ordem jurídica nacional; já com relação ao argumento de obediência hierárquica, agiu bem a corte ao não se imiscuir na materialidade e autoria do comportamento dito delituoso.

Juan Mendez

En español Este trabajo aborda el problema en torno a la responsabilidad de los perpetradores de violaciones masivas a los derechos humanos, y sobre la experiencia en América Latina y otras partes, sobre los intentos de restablecer la verdad y la justicia. El autor propone encontrar los medios para que la comunidad internacional pueda apoyar los esfuerzos políticos para consolidar la responsabilización, así como también revisar el marco teórico bajo el cual se han debatido estos temas hasta el momento. En inglés This work is concerned with the issue of responsiblity for mass violations of human rights, the Latin American and other experiences, and the attempts to reestablish truth and justice. The author proposes to find the means to ensure that the international community will be able to support those political efforts tending to consolidate the assignment of responsibilities. He also suggests revising the theoretical framework under which these issues have been discussed up to now.

Matheus Augusto Soares

Partindo de uma perspectiva crítica pós-moderna baseada na arqueologia do saber de Michel Foucault, tal trabalho se dispõe a fazer uma análise tangenciando a produção historiográfica sobre as relações internacionais da África, mais especificamente no concernente às teorias de relações internacionais baseadas no realismo, liberal-institucionalismo e no marxismo. Ao evidenciar a relação saber-poder negativa existente no domínio epistemológico dos estudos africanos afro-pessimistas, mostrar-se-á que uma das formas de resistência contra esse arranjo relacional de saber é por meio da utilização de uma perspectiva africanista sobre a África.