Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Arnaud Begat, Eduardo Villalobos-Segura, Manuel Amadori et al.

The majority of the fossil records of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, rays, skates) consists of isolated teeth and dermal denticles. Over their long and complex evolutionary history, dental remains are particularly indicative of the group’s plasticity and adaptability, which has hampered the classification of fossil species with highly specialised dental morphologies that deviate from those of extant species. One of such cases is †Synechodus prorogatus recovered from Middle and Late Jurassic deposits in Poland and Germany. Its original description and diagnosis were based on a single complete and two very incomplete teeth, which showed a very peculiar morphology with some features resembling several groups. These similarities resulted in its placement within synechodontiforms. However, subsequent findings showing numerous differences with the type species of the genus, †Synechodus dubrisiensis, cast doubt on its assignment within this group and this genus. Here, we describe new material from Upper Jurassic offshore deposits in SW Germany, which provides additional information about this species. We conducted a comprehensive morphological comparison between †S. prorogatus, various Jurassic selachian taxa and the type species of †Synechodus, †S. dubrisiensis (Late Cretaceous, England), confirming the taxonomic distinctiveness of this Jurassic species, which requires the establishment of a new genus, †Curvorudentis, with †C. prorogatus gen. et comb. nov. being type species. The discovery of this taxon in Late Jurassic deposits of Germany represents its stratigraphically youngest occurrence, extending its chronostratigraphic range and geographical distribution. †Curvorudentis prorogatus is considered here a galeomorph shark, rather than being a member of the stem clade †Synechodontiformes, although its precise systematic position within this group remains ambiguous.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

This Letter presents a constraint on the total width of the Higgs boson (ΓH) using a combined measurement of on-shell Higgs boson production and the production of four top quarks, which involves contributions from off-shell Higgs boson-mediated processes. This method relies on the assumption that the tree-level Higgs-top Yukawa coupling strength is the same for on-shell and off-shell Higgs boson production processes, thereby avoiding any assumptions about the relationship between on-shell and off-shell gluon fusion Higgs production rates, which were central to previous measurements. The result is based on up to 140 fb−1 of proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s = 13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The observed (expected) 95% confidence level upper limit on ΓH is 450 MeV (75 MeV). Additionally, considering the constraint on the Higgs-top Yukawa coupling from loop-induced Higgs boson production and decay processes further yields an observed (expected) upper limit of 160 MeV (55 MeV).

Makary Górzyński

Przedmiotem artykułu jest prezentacja koncepcji nowej instytucji kultury, jaka w oparciu o inspirację tragicznymi losami Kalisza w sierpniu 1914 roku mogłaby powstać nad Prosną. W tekście omówiono zarówno cele, przyświecające powołaniu nowej placówki muzealnej i kulturalnej, jak i jej wstępną koncepcję programową i funkcjonalną, w odniesieniu do konkretnego pomysłu na architektoniczny kształt siedziby Memoriału I wojny światowej. Artykuł zawiera opis funkcjonalny i propozycję tematyki czteroczęściowej wystawy stałej, opowiadającej wielowątkowo dzieje I wojny światowej w kontekście europejskim, polskim i kaliskim. Uzupełnieniem muzeum, biblioteki i centrum kulturalno-wystawienniczego byłyby plenerowe upamiętnienia dotyczące I wojny światowej, także opisane w tekście. Artykuł ma charakter propozycji dyskusyjnej.

Francesca Antonucci, Simona Violino, Loredana Canfora et al.

Anne D [...]

Tomasz Landmann

The article aims to present an outline and analysis of the topics presented in the July and August 1939 issue of “Gazeta Polska w Brazylii” (“Polish Newspaper in Brazil”). These concerned informing the Brazilian Polish community about matters and interests crucial to the Polish state’s security. The article analyses all the issues of “Gazeta Polska w Brazylii” of July and August 1939, the available scientific literature, and other printed sources. It has been shown that “Gazeta Polska w Brazylii” was the leading periodical informing the Brazilian Polonia about matters important to the Polish state’s interests and security. On the eve of the outbreak of World War II, the dominant issues of interest to the Polish community in Brazil included the evaluation of the Brazilian government, Hitler and the Third Reich, and German actions towards the local population in the areas taken over by the German state in 1938 and 1939. The issue of the Free City of Danzig and German militarism in the region, which threatened the interests of the Second Republic and Polish citizens’ position, was also significant.

Yanko M. Hristov

The letters written by Theodore Daphnopates, a high Byzantine dignitary, and sent to Bulgarian Tsar Symeon (r. 893–927; d. May 27, 927) on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos (r. 920–944; d. June 29, 948) in the final phase of the prolonged Byzantine-Bulgarian war of 913–927, are well known. Daphnopates’ correspondence has encouraged, and will probably continue to encourage, research activity due to its focus on both the aspects of Byzantine political ideology and concepts, and on the Bulgarian claims in the early 10th century. This text focuses on information concerning Byzantine civilians and their fate under the pressure of advancing enemy troops. Attention is paid to their capture and abduction. The main focus of this article is on the often overlooked or overtly neglected statements that Daphnopathes offers on enslavement, slave trafficking, and the efforts of the Byzantine authorities to bring at least some of their subjects back to the Empire through the familiar practice of exchanging prisoners of war.

Artur Ginter, Judyta Ginter

In 2020, the Agudat Israel Organisation and the Jewish Religious Community in Łódź came up with an idea to commemorate the once-venerated grave of Israel Joshua Trunk by rebuilding the ohel that had been erected over it. The deceased was one of the most famous rabbis of his time and a commonly known wise man honoured with the title of gaon. In order to implement this idea archaeological excavations began in the Jewish cemetery in Kutno with the aim to find the foundations of the building destroyed during the Second World War and to draw up documentation that would allow it to be rebuilt. The research goals were achieved and the lost ohel was uncovered along with its accompanying buildings, which most likely consisted of a 20th-century tomb of another person and the foundations of a large obelisk and tombstone.

Kamila Plis, Magdalena Niedziałkowska, Tomasz Borowik et al.

Abstract To provide the most comprehensive picture of species phylogeny and phylogeography of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), we analyzed mtDNA control region (610 bp) of 1469 samples of roe deer from Central and Eastern Europe and included into the analyses additional 1541 mtDNA sequences from GenBank from other regions of the continent. We detected two mtDNA lineages of the species: European and Siberian (an introgression of C. pygargus mtDNA into C. capreolus). The Siberian lineage was most frequent in the eastern part of the continent and declined toward Central Europe. The European lineage contained three clades (Central, Eastern, and Western) composed of several haplogroups, many of which were separated in space. The Western clade appeared to have a discontinuous range from Portugal to Russia. Most of the haplogroups in the Central and the Eastern clades were under expansion during the Weichselian glacial period before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), while the expansion time of the Western clade overlapped with the Eemian interglacial. The high genetic diversity of extant roe deer is the result of their survival during the LGM probably in a large, contiguous range spanning from the Iberian Peninsula to the Caucasus Mts and in two northern refugia.

Nina Assorodobraj

Fragments of the book Początki klasy robotniczej published in 1946 (on the base of author’s PhD thesis, Les débuts de la classe ouvrière published originally in 1936) give insight to history of Polish vagabonds in eighteen century. Text based on archival documents, ordinances and fragments from the press depicts the problem from multiple points of view, showing the complex history of this social group and how it was systematically delegalized and assimilated by consequent legal and administrative decisions. Motley population of vagabonds, entertaining miscellaneous ways of living and working was on one hand viewed as a bunch villains or idlers, but on the other constituted a reservoir of workforce, much in need for the nascent industry.

Mark Reybrouck, Mark Reybrouck, Piotr Podlipniak et al.

In this article, we consider music and noise in terms of vibrational and transferable energy as well as from the evolutionary significance of the hearing system of Homo sapiens. Music and sound impinge upon our body and our mind and we can react to both either positively or negatively. Much depends, in this regard, on the frequency spectrum and the level of the sound stimuli, which may sometimes make it possible to set music apart from noise. There are, however, two levels of description: the physical-acoustic description of the sound and the subjective-psychological reactions by the listeners. Starting from a vibrational approach to sound and music, we first investigate how sound may activate the sense of touch and the vestibular system of the inner ear besides the sense of hearing. We then touch upon distinct issues such as the relation between low-frequency sounds and annoyance, the harmful effect of loud sound and noise, the direct effects of overstimulation with sound, the indirect effects of unwanted sounds as related to auditory neurology, and the widespread phenomenon of liking loud sound and music, both from the point of view of behavioral and psychological aspects.

Katarzyna Skowronek

The article is a fragment of the research project Names as the basis of Polish toponyms, conducted in the Department of Onomastics in the Institute of Polish Language in Kraków. It is also a continuation of the discussion on the opportunities of using the category of gender in onomastics. The aim of the text is to highlight the presence of several Christian female names in structures of Polish toponyms, to describe their frequency, chronology and popularity. The author indicates various cultural and social factors facilitating (or not) the use of such toponyms in Poland. She interprets the creation of such toponyms (especially later) as a sign of increasing presence of women in the public and institutional sphere. The interpretation framework of this anthroponymic and toponymic material includes feminist anthropology and historical anthropology (especially the history of women).

M. Aaboud, G. Aad, B. Abbott et al.

A search for decays of the Higgs boson into a pair of new spin-zero particles, H→aa, where the a-bosons decay into a b-quark pair and a muon pair, is presented. The search uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data at s=13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in 2015 and 2016. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are placed on the branching ratio (σH/σSM)×B(H→aa→bbμμ), ranging from 1.2×10−4 to 8.4×10−4 in the a-boson mass range of 20–60 GeV. Model-independent limits are set on the visible production cross-section times the branching ratio to the bbμμ final state for new physics, σvis(X)×B(X→bbμμ), ranging from 0.1 fb to 0.73 fb for mμμ between 18 and 62 GeV.

Monica Marin

The paper analyses the educational policies in Romania for the period 1948-1989. The purpose is to examine the main features that defined the educational system during the communist period, thus providing the background for a better understanding of the strengths and the weaknesses of education during these years. The paper consists of five distinct sections: (i) legislative reforms; (ii) human, material and financial resources; (iii) access and participation; (iv) educational environment; (v) voice of the pupils and students. Whenever data is available, the paper uses a comparative perspective with other communist countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland), particularly regarding the access to and participation in education. Several achievements in the field of education are present in communist Romania: (i) the positive evolution of participation in education, particularly regarding elementary education; (ii) the campaign to eradicate illiteracy was successful, at least in terms of numbers; (iii) vocational education displayed spectacular increases in the communist period; (iv) the number of students enrolled in higher education increased significantly; (v) expansion of support forms to broaden participation, especially in the higher education system. Nevertheless, there are also a series of negative aspects, such as access and participation of particular groups to education – children with disabilities, children from placement centres, pupils, and students of “unhealthy social origin”. A selection of oral history fragments completes the picture about the educational environment.

Mateusz Wyżga

My paper reviews a book on internal migrations and the micromobility of peasants in 18th-century northern Burgundy. Its author set out to demonstrate the significance of geographical mobility and its widespread occurrence, mostly through the statistical analysis of mass sources. The work is an example of the use of mixed methods and diverse sources. Jeremy Hayhoe primarily based his research on the depositions of witnesses in court trials (previously largely unused), the Napoleonic Census (1808–1813), tax registers, and marriage records. Based on these sources, a database of 70,000 records was compiled. The research covered marital exogamy, ratios of local to incoming populations, distances covered, and annual migration rates. The book discusses migrations in terms of their duration, pull and push factors, human motivations, and the ways in which local communities tried to regulate the inflows of people. The research indicates that a majority of the population of rural areas in eighteenth-century northern Burgundy experienced migration in their individual lives. This was usually motivated by economic reasons and undertaken over short distances. While movements of a temporary nature were predominant, they played an important role in the functioning of local communities.

Mirosław J. Leszka

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Elvira Kaneberg

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse supply chain network management (SCNM) in the context of emergency preparedness management (EPM). The results of this study revealed that civil-military relations are essential for EPM to function as a coordinated approach to safety and security, and are necessary to respond effectively to complex emergencies and mitigating threats to developed countries. Civil-military relations are still a concern in the context of communication, the exercise of authority, and the coordination of emergency supplies (ES) to emergency operations. Design/methodology/approach – This qualitative study is based on field observations, with attention focused on the EPM of Sweden, Finland, and Poland. The analysis of a broader SCNM through EPM was supported by semi-structured interviews among civil-military actors in Sweden, information collected from informal conversations known as “hanging out”, and secondary materials. Empirically, the analysis included a variety of civil-military relationships and identified implications for management, policy, and planning that are applicable to developed countries. Findings – The management of civil-military relations is a meaningful resource when used as an overall approach for safety and security. The integration of civil-military relations in EPM in the planning of ES is a long-standing and complex matter. The management of Swedish civil-military relations in EPM is recognising that implications for management are imbedded in continuous policy changes in, for example, the Swedish policy history. Civil-military relational complications that arise in the field of operations are impossible to anticipate during emergency planning, as those complications are grounded in policy changes. Originality/value – Escalating threats to developed countries are highlighted. The study underlines the primary measures used in studying military involvement in EPM. An understanding of SCNM as a choice for management can be obtained in future research that focuses on a broader role of the military in EPM. Sweden has emphasised a clearer role for the military by reactivating total defence planning and by evolving common practices and processes with civil actors in civil defence. Meanwhile, Poland and Finland are increasing their focus on supporting the management of civil-military policies on safety and security regarding communication, authority, and developing coordination. Consistent with findings from previous reports on SCNM, civil-military relations are essential for EPM. This study confirmed the importance of civil-military coordination, the management and practice of authority, and shared forms of communication.

Jakub Osiński

Review: Paweł Dybel, Psychoanaliza – ziemia obiecana? Dzieje psychoanalizy w Polsce 1900–1989 [Psychoanalysis – the Promised Land? A History of Psychoanalysis in Poland 1900-1989], part I: Okres burzy i naporu: Początki psychoanalizy na ziemiach polskich okresu rozbiorów 1900–1918 [Sturm und Drang: The Beginnings of Psychoanalysis on Polish Lands During the Partitions 1900–1918], TAiWPN Universitas, Cracow 2016, 264 pp.

Aldona Katarzyna Uziębło

Detailed data on the response of plants to different climatic conditions could gain insight into the early impacts of climate change upon functioning ecosystems especially alpine ones, the most specialized. Petasites kablikianus (Asteraceae) is a species with montane and disjunctive distribution range, and it is one of the best objects to such investigations. In Polish high mountains, it is represented the best on the northern slopes of the Babia Góra massif (the Babiogórski National Park) and it occurs in two, independent zones: subalpine (landslides, rock rubbles) and lower montane zone (gravels on stream banks). The climatic differences between these two zones result in a morphological differentiation of specimens but mainly in differences in the dynamics of the life history of both populations. Detailed phenological observations and biometrical measurements were made on five plots on both gynodynamic and androdynamic shoots in their natural environment and after transplantation. The most important result is a fact that the subalpine population is completely phenologically isolated. Moreover the differences in the dates of beginning vegetation and in the duration and dynamics of particular stages of development and in morphological structure of individuals between the upper and lower populations were also stated. The results show that the adaptability of the species present a great potential to respond to the possible effects of global warming by modifying the life history and extending of distribution range for low-lying areas.

J. Paprocka, E. Jamroz, E. Scieszka et al.

Summary Background: Rhomboencephalosynapsis (RES, RS) is a unique entity usually recognized in infancy based on neuroimaging. Cerebellar fusion and absence of cerebellar vermis is often associated with supratentorial findings. Since now there are about 50 cases described worldwide, with approximately 36 patients diagnosed by MRI. The authors present the first in Poland case of this uncommon malformation and review the literature. Case Report: The authors describe a 28-month-old-girl with microcephaly and proper psychomotor development. The family history was unrelevant. Based on MRI the congenital malformation of posterior fossa-rhombencephalosynapsis was confirmed Conclusions: Presented patient is a typical example of MRI usefulness especially in patients with RES. RES symptoms are mild and that is why the diagnosis is usually made only in adulthood.

M. Peretz, Madene Shachar

The paper starts with a brief description and analysis of Holocaust education in Israel as a case of teaching history. The role of experiential learning is discussed, leading to the presentation of the "Journey to Poland", as a central element in teaching and learning about the Holocaust. Several evaluation studies of this journey are noted. Finally, the discussion offers some conclusions concerning the use of experiential learning in the teaching of history, its advantages, limitations and risks.