Hasil untuk "History of France"

P. Hall

N. Kaldor

L. Abenhaim, Y. Moride, F. Brénot et al.

T. Murray, C. Sibley, Baird Amar Moolayil et al.

Mona Baker, G. Saldanha

E. Puymirat, T. Simon, P. Steg et al.

Steffen Sammler, Marcus Otto

This article takes a comparative perspective on the question of how the history of Ukraine is represented in recent history textbooks of Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the UK in a categorical relation to Europe. It analyzes which themes, concepts, and narratives of European history are formative for the representations of Ukraine and how the representations have changed since the 1990s. The article asks to what extent Europe is articulated as a historical-political argument, which values characterized as European are invoked, and to what extent Europe has ultimately become a genuine promise for Ukraine. It focuses on the following questions: What significance is ascribed to Ukraine’s European past? With what specific values is such a European past of Ukraine associated, and to what extent does the reference to Europe function as a discursive resource? Which topics are associated with which value attributions, and which epochs are focused on? Finally, which spatial patterns and temporal narratives are used overall for the “European-ness” of Ukraine?

Gherardo Bonini

Weightlifting emerged in Italy during the late 19th century, particularly within the industrial triangle of Turin, Genoa and Milan.On an international level, the sport’s debut occurred at the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens and the 1904 St. Louis Games, in addition to the 1906 Athens ‘Intermediate Games,’ which featured exercises rooted in the French method. Central European countries practised a divergent method, which would soon become known as the continental method. The two methods remained at odds with one another, failing to reach a compromise, until the outbreak of the First World War. However, the 1916 Berlin Olympics had the potential to alter the course of history. Central European lifters had increasingly adopted the French method, and while the opposition remained on the two-handed jerk, a compromise was theoretically reached for Berlin, leaving the athlete free to choose the preferred way of performing the jerk. The Italian contingent, under the patronage of Marquis Monticelli Obizzi, had become versed in both methods, though the French one had gained the upper hand. Following the First World War, and with Austria and Germany excluded from active participation, France proceeded to impose its own method. Later on, it established an international governing body (FIH) at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, where Italy achieved a noteworthy result. During the four-year Olympic period leading up to Paris 1924, a contentious relationship emerged between the countries that had been excluded from the Olympics and France. France administered the FIH with rigidity, and any attempt to overturn this top-down management was fruitless. Italy, already grappling with a difficult political life and ruled by fascism since 1922, adopted a low profile, avoiding any compromise, partially obtaining recognition for its records and preparing for an unexpected triumph in Paris 1924 thanks to Gabetti, Galimberti and Tonani. The history of this fruitful course has been reconstructed, however, avoiding the track of the official book of the IWF (heir of the FIH), Il passato perduto (The Lost Past), as it omits some important historical issues and is marred by interpretations that are erroneous, incomplete and not adherent to the real connections of the true facts

Renjing Xie, Haining Li, Ruizhi Zhang et al.

The main-sequence turnoff (MSTO) stars well preserve the chemical properties where they were born, making them ideal tracers for studying the stellar population. We perform a detailed chemo-dynamical analysis on moderately metal-poor (−2.0 < [Fe/H] < −1.0) MSTO stars to explore the early accretion history of the Milky Way. Our sample includes four stars observed with high-resolution spectroscopy using ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope and 163 nearby MSTO stars selected from the SAGA database with high-resolution results. Within the action-angle spaces, we identified Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus (GSE, 35 objects), stars born in the Milky Way (in situ, 31 objects), and other substructures (21 objects). We find that both GSE and in situ stars present a similar Li plateau around A (Li) ∼ 2.17. GSE shows a clear α -knee feature in Mg at [Fe/H] ∼ −1.60 ± 0.06, while the α -elements of in situ stars remain nearly constant within this metallicity range. The iron-peak elements show little difference between GSE and in situ stars except for Zn and Ni, which decrease in GSE at [Fe/H] > −1.6, while they remain constant for in situ stars. Among heavy elements, GSE shows overall enhancement in Eu, with [Ba/Eu] increasing with the metallicity, while this ratio remains almost constant for in situ stars, suggesting the contribution of longer timescale sources to the s -process in GSE. Moreover, for the first time, we present the r -process abundance pattern for an extremely r -process enhanced ( r -II) GSE star, which appears consistent with the solar r -process pattern except for Pr. Further investigation of larger GSE samples using high-resolution spectra is required to explore the reason for the significantly higher Pr in the GSE r -II star.

Adrien Bazoge, Pacôme Constant dit Beaufils, Mohammed Hmitouch et al.

Abstract Social determinants of health (SDoH) significantly influence health outcomes, shaping disease progression, treatment adherence, and health disparities. However, their documentation in structured electronic health records (EHRs) is often incomplete or missing. This study presents an approach based on large language models (LLMs) for extracting 13 SDoH categories from French clinical notes. We trained Flan-T5-Large on annotated social history sections from clinical notes at Nantes University Hospital, France. We evaluated the model at two levels: (i) identification of SDoH categories and associated values, and (ii) extraction of detailed SDoH with associated temporal and quantitative information. The model performance was assessed across four datasets, including two that we publicly release as open resources. The model achieved strong performance for identifying well-documented categories such as living condition, marital status, descendants, job, tobacco, and alcohol use (F1 score > 0.80). Performance was lower for categories with limited training data or highly variable expressions, such as employment status, housing, physical activity, income, and education. Our model identified 95.8% of patients with at least one SDoH, compared to 2.8% for ICD-10 codes from structured EHR data. Our error analysis showed that performance limitations were linked to annotation inconsistencies, reliance on English-centric tokenizer, and reduced generalizability due to the model being trained on social history sections only. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of NLP in improving the completeness of real-world SDoH data in a non-English EHR system.

Romain Le Gendre, Marie-Françoise Limon-Bonnet, Zoé Navarrete

Over the past decade, the massive digitization of original archival documents, the development and democratization of the internet and, at the same time, the attraction of personal and family history have all encouraged archival services, and the National Archives of France in particular, to undertake collaborative projects for the transcription and indexing of documents. The ambition is to allow for more efficient research in the documents preserved and made available online, and to offer finer precision in their description. In May 2023, the National Archives opened a unique platform to bring together archivists and volunteer contributors, working together on collaborative projects. This platform offers a point of view from which the results of these joint ventures can be analyzed and their impact on the missions carried out by professional archivists and their relationships with their public. It puts paid to the cliché image of the lonely archivist in his or her ivory tower, drawing up inventories of ancient documents which will be communicated to a handful of erudite researchers. Our present contribution sets out to question the effects of these collaborative initiatives and their effects for the relations between archivists and users, based on the example of the National Archives of France.

Jordan Correa, Lucie Boulat, Pedro Dorta

Forest fires are one of the risks with the greatest socio-territorial impact in island areas with Mediterranean precipitation characteristics. Regions such as the Canary Islands, densely populated and where there is no clear differentiation between land uses, regularly suffer major forest fires that devastate a large part of their forest mass and endanger the lives and property of thousands of people. This paper characterizes the forest fire that occurred on the island of Tenerife during the month of August 2023—defined as the most severe in Spain during that year—from a double perspective: on the one hand, analysis of the exposure and vulnerability of the buildings located in the surroundings of the fire and, on the other hand, economic quantification of the assets salvaged thanks to the intervention of the means and resources deployed by the authorities. The conclusion is that the analyzed buildings exhibit moderate vulnerability and exposure, being high in aspects such as their poor accessibility, their proximity to forest areas and, specifically, to dangerous fuel models, as well as the slope of their surroundings and their proximity to ravines. In terms of the evaluation of what was salvaged, the losses avoided are estimated at EUR 187 million, which would have been added to the actual losses—EUR 164 million—especially thanks to the interventions carried out around the nearby buildings and agricultural areas.

Ahmed CHENTI

Abstract: This study seeks to uncover Algeria's economic history during the presidency of Ahmed Ben Bella, a pivotal period in the nation’s history, when Algeria faced a severe crisis that threatened its social and economic stability. The research examines how Algerian policymakers attempted to address these crises, starting with an exploration of the historical context behind adopting a socialist model inspired by Yugoslavia's self-management approach. It traces the process of nationalization through which the Algerian state reclaimed millions of hectares of fertile land and took control of numerous mines and factories, which, under the Evian Accords, had primarily benefited the former colonial powers. The study also highlights the role of financial aid and assistance in alleviating the hardships of the Algerian people and supporting the initiation of a development process that required significant resources amidst the heavy legacy of French colonialism. Additionally, it analyses the impact of these economic policies on Algeria’s international relations, particularly with France — where the past strongly influenced the present — and with the two global blocs of the era. Keywords: Economic policy, Algeria and France, United States, Soviet Union, Ahmed Ben Bella.

Simon Petrus, Niall Whiteford, Polychronis Patapis et al.

The unprecedented medium-resolution ( R _λ ∼ 1500–3500) near- and mid-infrared (1–18 μ m) spectrum provided by JWST for the young (140 ± 20 Myr) low-mass (12–20 M _Jup ) L–T transition (L7) companion VHS 1256 b gives access to a catalog of molecular absorptions. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of this data set utilizing a forward-modeling approach applying our Bayesian framework, ForMoSA . We explore five distinct atmospheric models to assess their performance in estimating key atmospheric parameters: T _eff , log( g ), [M/H], C/O, γ , f _sed , and R . Our findings reveal that each parameter’s estimate is significantly influenced by factors such as the wavelength range considered and the model chosen for the fit. This is attributed to systematic errors in the models and their challenges in accurately replicating the complex atmospheric structure of VHS 1256 b, notably the complexity of its clouds and dust distribution. To propagate the impact of these systematic uncertainties on our atmospheric property estimates, we introduce innovative fitting methodologies based on independent fits performed on different spectral windows. We finally derived a T _eff consistent with the spectral type of the target, considering its young age, which is confirmed by our estimate of log( g ). Despite the exceptional data quality, attaining robust estimates for chemical abundances [M/H] and C/O, often employed as indicators of formation history, remains challenging. Nevertheless, the pioneering case of JWST’s data for VHS 1256 b has paved the way for future acquisitions of substellar spectra that will be systematically analyzed to directly compare the properties of these objects and correct the systematics in the models.

Steph Sallum, Shrishmoy Ray, Jens Kammerer et al.

We present a performance analysis for the aperture masking interferometry (AMI) mode on board the James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (JWST/NIRISS). Thanks to self-calibrating observables, AMI accesses inner working angles down to and even within the classical diffraction limit. The scientific potential of this mode has recently been demonstrated by the Early Release Science (ERS) 1386 program with a deep search for close-in companions in the HIP 65426 exoplanetary system. As part of ERS 1386, we use the same data set to explore the random, static, and calibration errors of NIRISS AMI observables. We compare the observed noise properties and achievable contrast to theoretical predictions. We explore possible sources of calibration errors and show that differences in charge migration between the observations of HIP 65426 and point-spread function calibration stars can account for the achieved contrast curves. Lastly, we use self-calibration tests to demonstrate that with adequate calibration NIRISS F380M AMI can reach contrast levels of ∼9–10 mag at ≳ λ / D . These tests lead us to observation planning recommendations and strongly motivate future studies aimed at producing sophisticated calibration strategies taking these systematic effects into account. This will unlock the unprecedented capabilities of JWST/NIRISS AMI, with sensitivity to significantly colder, lower-mass exoplanets than lower-contrast ground-based AMI setups, at orbital separations inaccessible to JWST coronagraphy.

Isabel Alves, Joanna Giemza, Michael G. B. Blum et al.

Abstract The demographical history of France remains largely understudied despite its central role toward understanding modern population structure across Western Europe. Here, by exploring publicly available Europe-wide genotype datasets together with the genomes of 3234 present-day and six newly sequenced medieval individuals from Northern France, we found extensive fine-scale population structure across Brittany and the downstream Loire basin and increased population differentiation between the northern and southern sides of the river Loire, associated with higher proportions of steppe vs. Neolithic-related ancestry. We also found increased allele sharing between individuals from Western Brittany and those associated with the Bell Beaker complex. Our results emphasise the need for investigating local populations to better understand the distribution of rare (putatively deleterious) variants across space and the importance of common genetic legacy in understanding the sharing of disease-related alleles between Brittany and people from western Britain and Ireland.

Sergey Mikhailovich Ryabov

This article accompanies the publication and translation of two messages from king Frederick II of Denmark to king Charles IX of France and to Catherine de’ Medici. The former focuses on the bestowing of a knighthood to the Danish monarch and him becoming a knight of the French Order of St Michael and his acceptance of the Order’s golden chain. The latter concerns the role of the French crown and its ambassador in Copenhagen, Charles de Danzay, in stabilizing the international situation during the Northern Seven Years’ War, and in finding a peaceful compromise between the main adversaries, the Danish and the Swedish kingdoms. The author places both epistolary works in the context of the epoch under study, considering the main stages of Franco-Danish relations in the second half of the fifteenth century — late sixteenth century. The author notes that to the present day, in historiography, there is no integrated concept of description of dynastic, political, and economic contacts between Denmark and France in the Middle Ages and the early modern period (before 1600). This paper partly solves this problem by dividing the history of Franco-Danish contacts into three periods. The first (1456–1519) represents the time of the beginning of diplomatic relations between the French kingdom and the Danish state. The second (1519–1561) consists of a series of bilateral crises and attempts to find a way out of a difficult international situation. The third (1561–1589) marks the stabilization of Franco-Danish relations and the transformation of friendly communication into an allied partnership. The author concludes that, having undergone a series of crises and difficult periods, the Franco-Danish relations in the second half of the sixteenth century transformed into strong allied ties, which allowed France to maintain its influence in the north of Europe by the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Maureen Cassidy-Geiger

Notwithstanding some pioneering exhibitions and publications in recent years, art historians who study the reigns of Augustus the Strong and Augustus III typically focus their attention on the electoral court in Dresden, with little consideration of the broader Saxon-Polish realm or the royal court in Warsaw. Further, there is a proclivity to view the residence of the Sun King at Versailles as the primary model for the court of Augustus the Strong in Dresden. Hence, there is a tendency to marginalize or even ignore the probable influence of other royal seats in France, and beyond, that were known to the Saxon princes from their respective Grand Tours, or from state visits, as when Augustus the Strong was at the Prussian court in 1709 and 1728. Even if some have considered the silver furniture acquired for Saxony to be retardataire, as opposed to au courant, it seems there was an aspirational awareness of the representational significance of silver furnishings, whether French or German, that made such products timeless instead of antiquated. Indeed, silver was so emblematic of the wealth of the state of Saxony that miners were featured and celebrated in court festivities, as in the concluding event of the 1719 wedding, the Festival of Saturn.

Koffka Khan, Emilie Ramsahai

Abstract Background An ongoing outbreak of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia continues to affect the whole world including major countries such as China, USA, Italy, France and the United Kingdom. We present outcome (‘recovered’, ‘isolated’ or ‘death’) risk estimates of 2019-nCoV over ‘early’ datasets. A major consideration is the likelihood of death for patients with 2019-nCoV. Method Accounting for the impact of the variations in the reporting rate of 2019-nCoV, we used machine learning techniques (AdaBoost, bagging, extra-trees, decision trees and k-nearest neighbour classifiers) on two 2019-nCoV datasets obtained from Kaggle on March 30, 2020. We used ‘country’, ‘age’ and ‘gender’ as features to predict outcome for both datasets. We included the patient’s ‘disease’ history (only present in the second dataset) to predict the outcome for the second dataset. Results The use of a patient’s ‘disease’ history improves the prediction of ‘death’ by more than sevenfold. The models ignoring a patent’s ‘disease’ history performed poorly in test predictions. Conclusion Our findings indicate the potential of using a patient’s ‘disease’ history as part of the feature set in machine learning techniques to improve 2019-nCoV predictions. This development can have a positive effect on predictive patient treatment and can result in easing currently overburdened healthcare systems worldwide, especially with the increasing prevalence of second and third wave re-infections in some countries.

Rebecca Tilles

This article will trace the artistic patronage and transatlantic connections of the collector and philanthropist, Florence Blumenthal (1873–1930), who, with her husband George Blumenthal (1858–1941), constructed vast homes and collections in both New York and France beginning in the late nineteenth century. In partnership with George, Florence became an important patron of art and a benefactor of medical and cultural institutions in both America and France, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Louvre Museum, Necker Children’s Hospital, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Florence died prematurely at the age of fifty-seven, without direct descendants, and has often been overshadowed by the legacy of her husband. This article aims to draw renewed attention to her important position within the scholarship and history of female collecting, patronage, and taste. It will also trace Florence’s family background and highlight other key female relatives who likewise became influential patrons of modern art and supporters of civil and women’s rights, women’s education, leadership, and philanthropy. Additionally, it will explore Florence’s exchanges with other female collectors and the domestic and international influences on both sides of the Atlantic. Finally, this article will explore Florence’s creation of La Fondation américaine pour la pensée et l’art français (The American Foundation for French Art and Thought) in 1919 for the support of young, contemporary French artists and how this new initiative facilitated an entrée into the public sphere and a means to shape and participate in culture and civic involvement. It will also document Florence’s direct involvement in the design and construction of a Salle Gothique (Gothic room) attached to her home in Paris, composed of medieval architectural elements and stained glass windows, to house her foundation and hold meetings and musical concerts, which also served as a catalyst for her individual identity.