Hasil untuk "Economics"

Klaus Brockhoff

Stefano Bonnini, Michela Borghesi, Gianfranco Piscopo et al.

The methodology carried out in this work is based on non-parametric inference. The problem is framed as a regression analysis, and the solution is derived using the permutation approach. The proposed test does not rely on the assumption that the distribution of the response follows a specific family of probability laws, unlike other parametric approaches. This makes the test powerful, particularly when the typical assumptions of parametric approaches, such as the normality of data, are not satisfied and parametric tests are not reliable. Furthermore, this method is more flexible and robust with respect to parametric tests. A permutation test on the goodness-of-fit of a multiple regression model is applied. Hence, proposed solution consists of the application of permutation tests on the significance of the single coefficients and then a combined permutation test (CPT) to solve the overall goodness-of-fit testing problem. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation study was performed to evaluate the power of the previously mentioned permutation approach, comparing it with the conventional parametric <i>F</i>-test for ANOVA and the bootstrap combined test, both commonly discussed in the literature on this statistical problem. Finally, the proposed non-parametric test was applied to real-world data to investigate the impact of age and smoking habits on medical insurance costs in the USA. The findings suggest that smoking and being at least 50 years old significantly contribute to increased medical insurance costs.

Petra Tozser, Szabina Kádár, Edina Szabó et al.

Background and purpose: The effective transport of an active pharmaceutical ingredient across various membrane systems is critical for enhancing its bioavailability, especially in formulations involving solubilizing agents. This study aims to investigate the permeability differences of carvedilol (CAR) between lipophilic and size-exclusion membranes in the presence of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) using in vitro side-by-side diffusion cell assays. Experimental approach: Solubility and permeability assays confirmed that HP-β-CD significantly enhanced the solubility of CAR, while simultaneously decreasing its permeability, indicating an interplay between the two parameters. Key results: A mathematical model based on Fick’s first law of diffusion was developed to describe drug transport across the UWL, and generally through the UWL-membrane system, with a particular focus on the role of solubilizing agents. Conclusion: Results from both the UWL and membrane limited transport conditions demonstrated that the supersaturation ratio (SSR, defined as the ratio of the drug concentration present in solution to its thermodynamic solubility measured in exactly the same media) between donor and acceptor compartments is the real driving force of the transport, when the complexing agent and the drug- HP-β-CD complex does not penetrate the membrane or the permeation of the solubilizing additive through the membrane is relatively slow, so it does not affect the transport of the API substantially.

Xiulan Xie, Jiasui Zhan, Maozhi Ren

ABSTRACT Human civilization is threatened by food insecurity and habitat loss owing to the cumulative effects of anthropogenic and natural factors. Thus, increasing food production while using fewer resources and exploring the potential of interstellar migration is essential. Particularly, microalgae can fulfil the biological, nutritional, and efficiency requirements of industrial food production on Earth and other potential planets. Herein, we discuss the industrial production of microalgae on Earth and in outer space, along with the technological advances that will help reshape the genetic and chemical properties of microalgae for better production, nutrition, and adaptation. We propose the concept of “multiplanetary farming” to address future requirements for agricultural development. This perspective review is intended to stimulate a broad debate and research on this paramount issue for the future of mankind.

Timothy King Avordeh, Adam Salifu, Christopher Quaidoo et al.

The paper explores the review on the impact of electricity outages on MSMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa, analyzing their effects on productivity and poverty levels based on a review of 102 studies spanning from 2010 to 2023. The review organizes the studies by subject, theme, and major research findings to analyze the impact of power outages in Sub-Saharan Africa on poverty reduction. Power outages in the region hinder income generation and employment, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. The key findings emphasize the importance of proactive action to minimize the negative consequences of power outages on small businesses and poverty. MSMEs face disruptions that lead to reduced productivity, operational inefficiencies, higher production costs, and supply chain disruptions. Strategies to lessen power outage effects on MSMEs, the review proposed promoting energy source diversification, such as renewables. The research review concludes that power outages are a major challenge for MSMEs and energy diversification is a key solution to reduce poverty in the region.

Yaoben Lin, Xuewen Wang, Guangyu Li et al.

Farmland use regulation strictly regulates the conversion of agricultural land for other agricultural purposes and the construction of agricultural facilities, thereby optimizing the land use pattern in rural areas. However, different measures and intensities of farmland use regulation can affect the overall performance of green and low-carbon development in rural areas. This study utilizes system dynamics modeling and simulation to conduct a case study based on current land use data from 10 towns in Liyang City, China. The empirical results indicate the following: (1) Based on comprehensive measurements of green and low carbon development performance, Liyang City exhibits a pattern of higher indices in the south and lower indices in the north. Towns such as Tianmu Lake, Daibu, and Shezhu show relatively high average comprehensive indices of 0.31, 0.30, and 0.28, significantly higher than other towns. (2) Simulation of farmland use regulation’s impact on green and low carbon development performance reveals that Scenario One, involving additional construction land occupying farmland, achieves a comprehensive index of only 0.23, significantly lower than the other scenarios. (3) Based on calculations and field surveys, Liyang City’s villages are categorized into four types, with the largest number being industry-integrated villages (94 villages). Accordingly, policies for farmland use regulation are designed for different village types. Therefore, future farmland use regulation should be tailored with differentiated institutional designs according to the development needs of different villages. This study’s findings provide insights into green and low-carbon development in rural areas.

Vincent Norlock, Reynaldo Vazquez, Alexandria Dunn et al.

Aim: Patients with ischemic stroke (IS) commonly undergo monitoring to identify atrial fibrillation with mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT) or implantable loop recorders (ILRs). The authors compared readmission, healthcare cost and survival in patients monitored post-stroke with either MCOT or ILR. Materials & methods: The authors used claims data from Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database to identify patients with IS hospitalized from January 2017 to December 2020 who were prescribed ambulatory cardiac monitoring via MCOT or ILR. They compared the costs associated with the initial inpatient visit as well as the rate and causes of readmission, survival and healthcare costs over the following 18 months. Datasets were balanced using patient baseline and hospitalization characteristics. Multivariable generalized linear gamma regression was used for cost comparisons. Cox proportional hazard regression was used for survival and readmission analysis. Sub-cohorts were analyzed based on the severity of the index IS. Results: In 2244 patients, readmissions were significantly lower in the MCOT monitored group (30.2%) compared with the ILR group (35.4%) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.23; 95% CI: 1.04– 1.46). Average cost over 18 months starting with the index IS was $27,429 (USD) lower in the MCOT group (95% CI: $22,353–$32,633). Survival difference bordered on statistical significance and trended to lower mortality in MCOT (8.9%) versus ILR (11.3%) (HR 1.30; 95% CI: 1:00–1.69), led by significance in patients with complications or comorbidities with the index event (MCOT 7.5%, ILR 11.5%; HR 1.62; 95% CI: 1.11– 2.36). Conclusion: The use of MCOT versus ILR as the primary monitor following IS was associated with significant decreases in readmission, lower costs for the initial IS and total care over the next 18 months, significantly lower mortality for patients with complications and comorbidities at the index stroke, and a trend toward improved survival across all patients.

Олег Микитин, Анастасія Рогожинська

Стаття присвячена дослідженню сучасних особливостей гармонійного розвитку стратегічного управління за умов цифровізування. Досліджено перспективи для гармонійного економічного розвитку на основі застосування переваг цифровізування при формування систем стратегічного управління. В статті охарактеризовано ключові аспектів стратегічного управління за умов цифровізування. Визначено, що цифровізування, активне запровадження, розвивання новітніх технологій у діяльності підприємств спричинятиме також зміни (динаміку) у підходах щодо забезпечування конкурентних позицій на ринках. Розглянуто основні ефекти від цифровізування вітчизняного підприємництва. Запропоновано механізм застосування цифрових інструментів (цифровізування) в процесі формування, розвитку конкурентних переваг вітчизняних підприємств, який базуватиметься на основних їх бізнес-процесах.

Andrey A. Zharkikh, Galina V. Shagrova

This item presents the results of research into the methods employed for latent image development. The author proposes a definition for a system of latent image development and control, which comprises the features of all latent images.

Sina Sarvi, Mahdi Nouri, Mohammad Hosin Gavam

Financing is one of the challenging issues for business owners no matter where they stand in the cycle of organization's life. The reason of failure for most of the newly started businesses (called startups) in their early stages is known to be the lack of cash resources. The problem of finance in Iran, no matter the source of it, whether from capital market or debt market, has had a long history. Initial coin offering could be a solution for this problem that could safely invest the increasing cash flow in the businesses. It was introduced in 2013 as a new method, utilizing the technology capacity of fintech's, and reached its peak in 2017, acquiring a worldwide name. The purpose of this study is to explain the different perspectives to this method which would be suitable for Iran's condition. This has accomplished by using GQR method while conducting semi-structured interviews with 12 experts on the subject. Advantaging from SWAT matrix, this paper attempted to offer a way to inform CEOs on the pros and cons of financing by this new method.

Kosheleva Natalia, Kosheleva Anastasia

The topic discussed in this article is current today, since the material contained in it is collected taking into account all the latest amendments to the tax code of the Russian Federation and some federal laws. The article can be a reference material for individual entrepreneurs who are faced with the problem of choosing a tax regime, or for those who want to get acquainted with the latest innovations of the tax code. The nuances of individual entrepreneur taxation in 2020-2021 are considered. Comparative analysis of different tax systems of individual entrepreneur is given, and advantages and disadvantages of each of them are revealed. Examples of calculations of the value of tax or contribution for an individual entrepreneur are given

Grzegorz Kłosowski, Tomasz Rymarczyk, Tomasz Cieplak et al.

The paper presents the results of research on the hybrid industrial tomograph electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and ultrasonic tomography (UST) (EIT-UST), operating on the basis of electrical and ultrasonic data. The emphasis of the research was placed on the algorithmic domain. However, it should be emphasized that all hardware components of the hybrid tomograph, including electronics, sensors and transducers, have been designed and mostly made in the Netrix S.A. laboratory. The test object was a tank filled with water with several dozen percent concentration. As part of the study, the original multiple neural networks system was trained, the characteristic feature of which is the generation of each of the individual pixels of the tomographic image, using an independent artificial neural network (ANN), with the input vector for all ANNs being the same. Despite the same measurement vector, each of the ANNs generates its own independent output value for a given tomogram pixel, because, during training, the networks get their respective weights and biases. During the tests, the results of three tomographic methods were compared: EIT, UST and EIT-UST hybrid. The results confirm that the use of heterogeneous tomographic systems (hybrids) increases the reliability of reconstruction in various measuring cases, which is used to solve quality problems in managing production processes.

Mohsen Dowlati, Shandiz Moslehi, Hesam Seyedin et al.

Natural disasters are always among the main problems and challenges facing societies. Earthquakes had many adverse effects on human life, causing mortality, morbidity, and economical, psychological, and environmental damages. Tehran is one of the most vulnerable regions for disasters, especially earthquake due. In recent decades, ambient air pollution represents one of the most environmental risks to health in Tehran. One of the main factors increasing the concentration of air pollutants is vehicles. After the earthquake, people left their homes and stayed into their cars until morning. Therefore, due to the pollution caused by leaving the cars on, the concentration of pollutants increased and the caused a greater number of deaths attributed to air pollution.

Sepideh Ghaderi, amirhossien javid, Hamidreza Ghaffarzadeh et al.

Background and objectives: There are several methods to choose the optimum method and position of wastewater treatment facilities as two separate tasks. However, making these two decisions at the same time is a function of several parameters. MCDM technique is one of the best options when controversial criteria need to be taken into account. Moreover, when several controversial objectives need to be taken into account, multi-objective decision making method (MODM) is an option and the best answer is determined using mathematic programming methods. The present paper is an attempt to find an optimum location for wastewater facilities and an optimum wastewater treatment system for subway stations using mathematical techniques in Lingo software. Methodology: The study was carried out as a quantitative applied study in the five stations of east-end of Tehran Subway Line 2. The model to follow several minimizing objectives was defined using linear binary programming. In terms of constraints of the study, financial constraint, spatial constraint, and capacity constraint are notable. Findings: Five scenarios were defined to choose the location and method of wastewater treatment optimally. Given the objective function and the constraints, the scenario 1 (collecting all wastewaters in Sarsabz station and pumping to the urban ego system) was adopted as the optimum scenario. Conclusion: The study showed that finding the optimum method and location of a wastewater treatment system is a big challenge and the decision making method adopted here was capable of yielding the best scenario given the objective function and the constraints.

Ricky Febrianto Afandi, Wendra Hartono

Perusahaan keluarga atau family business adalah perusahaan yang akan diwariskan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Salah satu keunggulan perusahaan keluarga adalah sumber daya berupa pengetahuan yang diwariskan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya karena salah satu ciri khas dari perusahaan keluarga adalah cenderung memilih pemimpin penerus perusahaan yang merupakan anggota keluarga daripada merekrut pekerja profesional yang lebih kompeten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis preferensi gaya kepimpinan dari generasi pertama dan generasi kedua dalam perusahaan keluarga Mahkota Elektronik. Penelitian ini menggunakan narasumber yang terdiri dari 1 orang pakar akademisi dari universitas ciputra, 2 orang pemimpin perusahaan keluarga generasi pertama dan kedua dan 2 orang karyawan perusahaan keluarga. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 gaya kepemimpinan sebagai tolak ukur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis triangulasi dari wawancara dengan para narasumber. Hasil analisis ini mendapati bahwa generasi pertama cenderung memiliki gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan generasi kedua cenderung memiliki gaya kepemimpinan transaksional. Preferensi dari karyawan adalah gaya kepemimpinan transformasional karena dirasa lebih efektif dalam memberikan motivasi karyawan dalam bekerja secara maksimal.

Alfred E. Kahn

Is Helianti, Maria Ulfah, Niknik Nurhayati et al.

A recombinant Bacillus subtilis DB104 strain harbouring recombinant plasmid pSKE194 containing an Open Reading Frame (ORF) of endoxylanase and its indigenous promoter from the wild-type B. subtilis AQ1 strain was constructed. This recombinant B. subtilis DB104 strain had higher endoxylanase activity than the nonrecombinant B. subtilis DB104 strain in standard media, such as Luria Bertani (LB) and LB with xylan. The agroindustrial wastes corncobs and tofu liquid waste were chosen as cost-effective carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, to test the economics of xylanase production using the recombinant B. subtilis DB104 at a larger scale. Submerged fermentation using a 4.5 L working volume fermentor with tofu liquid waste and 4% corncobs produced maximum xylanase activity of 1296 ± 1.2 U/mg (601.7 ± 0.6 U/mL) after 48-hour fermentation at 37°C with 150 rpm agitation; this is more than twofold higher than the activity produced in an Erlenmeyer flask. This is the first report of high xylanase activity produced from recombinant B. subtilis using inexpensive medium. During fermentation, the xylanase degrades corncobs into xylooligosaccharides, showing its potential as an enzyme feed additive or in xylooligosaccharide production.

Сергей Викторович Гриценко, Елена Александровна Сулейманова

В статье рассмотрены понятия инновационной активности и инновационного потенциала региона с целью их дальнейшего изучения при помощи статистического инструментария, проанализированы различные методики расчета, предложенные в экономической литературе, дана их сравнительная характеристика. Предложена методика оценки инновационного развития территорий путем построения Регионального индекса инноваций (РИИ), основанная на анализе компонент инновационного потенциала и факторов, его определяющих.

Mayorga-Álvarez Jorge Humberto, Montoya-Restrepo Luz Alexandra, Montoya-Restrepo Iván et al.

Introduction: in Colombia, the study of the chronic disease (CD) has been declared as priority of investigation Objective: to determine a methodology for the analysis of the financial burden attributable to the familiar care of a person with CD. Methods: methodological study that proposes a way of analyses of the financial burden of the familiar care of a person with CD. It was developed in four phases: [A] Review of the literature. [B] Development of the survey “Financial costs of the care of the chronic non-communicable disease”. [C] Structuring of a proposal of methodological approach for the analysis of the data. [D] Development of final details of the definitive version of the designed methodology by means of its application to the results of the survey of 30 Colombian families Results: according to the literature review and keeping in mind the obtained data by means of the application of the survey “Financial costs of the care of the chronic non-communicable disease”, a methodological proposal of the analysis of the familiar financial burden attributable to the care of a person with CD in Colombia was done and it was named: CARACOL. On having applied the methodology in a pilot study with the information of thirty families, it was found that the costs generates them a major financial burden in terms of health and transportation Conclusion: the CARACOL methodology is an original contribution that could allow analyzing the financial burden attributable to the familiar care of a person with CD from the variation generates in the effective real consumption. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2015;6(1):96-106 KEYWORDS Cost of Illness; health economics; chronic disease; methodology.

S. Jones