Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

I. A. Anisimova, E. V. Khodoreva, V. V. Shalay

The article examines the demand for the higher education system and measures of post-educational migration of university graduates at the regional level. A typology of regions of the Russian Federation is presented based on a combination of two indicators of the demand for the regional higher education system among school graduates and the migration of university graduates from these regions, which allows measuring the state of the system both at the “input” and at the “output” according to data of 2024.The authors highlight the impact of post-educational migration on the regional economies and the risks posed by the differentiation in demand for the higher education system in various regions of the Russian Federation.

Aude Bernard, Jing Wu, Tom Wilson et al.

BACKGROUND: To enhance its data capability, Australia recently set up a longitudinal administrative micro-dataset, the Person Level Integrated Data Asset (PLIDA). OBJECTIVE: To ensure that users in both scholarly and applied settings understand how PLIDA can be reliably used, we assess its Combined Location Module, which provides place of residence by combining three administrative datasets since 2006. METHODS: Using descriptive statistics and regression analysis, we compare the population coverage of PLIDA to the census, estimate the incidence of missing values at various spatial scales, quantify spatial mismatch between PLIDA and the census, and compare the intensity, selectivity, and spatial patterns of internal migration between the two datasets. RESULTS: The PLIDA population is higher than the census population, but very remote populations and recently arrived and temporary migrants are under-represented. We uncover a high mismatch rate between PLIDA and the census for small spatial units, particularly among highly mobile groups. As a result, PLIDA overestimates the level of internal migration and slightly distorts migration age patterns at young ages. Migration patterns are broadly comparable at large spatial scales, except for rapidly growing peri-urban regions, inner cities with short-term residents, and regions with a seasonal or temporary workforce. CONCLUSIONS: PLIDA can be used in some applied settings outside demography if the spatial scale of analysis is aggregated, the analysis is restricted to census respondents, or the analysis is limited to well-represented groups. However, in its current form PLIDA is not suitable for demographic applications such as internal migration estimates, and we discourage its use for population projections. CONTRIBUTION: Researchers need to be aware of the pitfalls of administrative data to knowingly decide on appropriate use. We recommend researchers to keep abreast of developments by the Australia Bureau of Statistics, which is continuously improving PLIDA.

Lidiia Kostyrko, Ruslan Kostyrko , Liudmyla Zaitseva et al.

Based on the analysis of the dynamics of implementation of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in Ukraine, key problems have been identified and its priorities in financial support for the recovery of the native energy sector have been determined. It is appointed that PPP concession agreements are the main mechanisms for attracting investment in the global electric power industry. The expediency of using the concession model on BOT terms for the implementation of large projects in the energy sector is substantiated, which will contribute to the intensification of investment attraction and will allow to distribute risks between the state and business. Recommendations on the formation of an information platform for participants in the implementation of PPP projects on the basis of disclosure of information on the effectiveness of concession operations in accounting and financial statements have been developed. The tools for the formation of the financial mechanism of public-private partnership, where the priority is budget and venture financing, are substantiated. To make decisions on the implementation of PPP investment projects, an approach to assessing the financial support of project initiatives is recommended, the basis of which is the proposed criteria for compliance with financial security, the choice of funding sources, indicators of scenario analysis and efficiency. The proposed methodical approach to assessing the effectiveness of PPP allows us to assess the synergistic effect, which reflects the totality of economic, social and environmental effects. The formulated recommendations for improving the relationship between the state and business will contribute to the intensification of the attraction of private investment resources on the basis of PPPs for the restoration of the energy sector in Ukraine.

Thales Abreu da Costa Lima, Herlander Costa Alegre da Gama Afonso, Julio Cesar Valente Ferreira

O setor cultural representa quase 3% do PIB brasileiro, e emprega 5,5 milhões de trabalhadores, parte destes estão na informalidade e são "invisíveis" aos olhos do Estado. Os microempreendimentos do ramo da cultura são uma fonte de inovação a partir dos potenciais culturais locais. O objetivo desta pesquisa é capacitar a partir de uma estratégia de educação empresarial para microempreendedores culturais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro., com a finalidade de gerar novas oportunidades de negócios e renda. A pesquisa contempla as seguintes etapas/fases metodológicas: a Fase 1 compreende uma análise de dados da organização NaProCult; na Fase 2, foi elaborada um treinamento, validado por meio de um painel de especialistas; na Fase 3 realizou-se uma pesquisa-ação para a execução da capacitação, cujos resultados foram avaliados na Fase 4, por meio de um survey. Os resultados mostram que os fazedores de cultura têm pouco acesso a uma educação voltada para seus empreendimentos, como frameworks que proponham novas formas de gestão para o mercado de trabalho atual.

Vincenzo Iannuzzi, Maria Giulia Bacalini, Claudio Franceschi et al.

Abstract Sex differences in human survival have been extensively investigated in many studies that have in part uncovered the biological determinants that promote a longer life in females with respect to males. Moreover, researches performed in the past years have prompted increased awareness about the biological effects of environmental factors that can modulate the magnitude of the sex gap in survival. Besides the genetic background, epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation, that can modulate cell function, have been particularly studied in this framework. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in promoting female advantage from the early in life (“INNATE” features), and in influencing the magnitude of the gap in sex differences in survival and ageing (“VARIABLE” features). After briefly discussing the biological bases of sex determination in humans, we will provide much evidence showing that (i) “innate” mechanisms common to all males and to all females (both genetic and epigenetic) play a major role in sex differences in lifespan; (ii) “variable” genetic and epigenetic patterns, that vary according to context, populations and exposures to different environments, can affect the magnitude of the gap in sex differences in survival. Then we will describe recent findings in the use of epigenetic clocks to uncover sex differences in biological age and thus potentially in mortality. In conclusion, we will discuss how environmental factors cannot be kept apart from the biological factors providing evidence from the field of human ecology.

Grzegorz Gawron

The concept of co-production offers a solution to some of the challenges facing modern societies. It provides an original model for relationship building and a platform for initiating and managing the practicalities between the state and citizenry. When scaled down to the local level, co-production takes on a special role, i.e., public administration liaises directly with citizens through public services. Subsequently, there is value to be gained in observing how co-production develops in this domain. The main purpose of this article is to present the findings regarding the potential co-production has in the implementation of three types of local civic initiatives (Participatory Budget, Local Initiative, Village Fund), all of which may be optionally undertaken in Polish local governments. The empirical basis for this study is the author’s research, conducted in forty-one cities and towns forming one of Polish metropolis GZM.

Mauro N. Sanchez, Priscila F.P.S. Pinto, Camila S.S. Teixeira et al.

Objectives Mitigating the socioeconomic determinants of Tuberculosis (TB) and systematic screening of contacts and high-risk groups are targets of The World Health Organization (WHO) End TB Strategy by 2035. Our aim was to link socioeconomic information to TB datasets to inform policy makers in Brazil and contribute to addressing current challenges. Approach Following a signed technical cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Health (MoH), we linked nationwide data on 1.405.682 registries of TB diagnosed between 2004 and 2019 in Brazil to 131.697.800 demographic and socioeconomic registries from the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2001-2018) previously linked to nationwide mortality data. We established close links with TB managers to understand the database, clean and deduplicate registries and to analyse the data. We took advantage of the data structure, to set up a cohort of household contacts of TB patients and produce estimates of TB incidence by subgroups of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results The interaction of the MoH was effective and facilitated by a robust TB Programme in the country. 567.999 (40,41%) TB cases were linked to the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort with high specificity (93.6%) and sensitivity (94.6%). Using family identifiers, we established the first TB case within a family unit (i.e., primary case) and followed their household contacts up to 15 years. We found the TB incidence among household contacts to be 427.8/100.000 person-years (95%CI 419.1-436.8). In the first year following the identification of the primary case, there was higher cumulative incidence among household contacts under 5 years of age, which was followed by a plateau of cases in this age group. Cummulative incidence in the other age groups presented a constant increase over time. Conclusion The close collaboration with the MoH, the development of an effective linkage algorithm and the availability of large socioeconomic data allowed for a unique analysis of the high incidence of TB among household contacts. Findings reinforce need for constant dialogue among stakeholders to strengthen case detection by primary health care.

E. V. Domashova

The article actualizes the issue of studying the experience of forming an effective management system of social protection of the population of the region. The paper considers the main socio-geographical, natural and climatic features of the region, ethno-cultural features that determine the formation of an effective social protection management system of the republic. The author notes that the underestimation of these features of the formation of the social protection management system in the Altai Republic significantly reduces its effectiveness. The study considers the structural divisions of the Ministry of Labor, Social Development and Employment of the Population of the Altai Republic and subordinate institutions. As a result of the analysis of Internet resources as well as theoretical analysis of the reports of the Ministry of Labor, Social Development and Employment of the Altai Republic, problematic areas of the functioning of the social protection management system of the republic were identified.

David Gordon

_Prosperity and Liberty: What Venezuela Needs_ is a compilation of essays gathered together by distinguished Venezuelan economist Rafael Acevedo. Venezuela has suffered from shortages of essential consumer goods, and a high inflation rate. The path forward, for a country devastated by decades of socialism, is to move toward a free market. The only missing element in this book is a discussion of the dire effects of American economic sanctions on the Venezuelan people.

Byung-il Choi

This paper analyzes how the current Global Value Chain (GVC) of East Asia has been established, and attempts to project the future trajectory of GVC under New Normal in the global trading system. For this purpose, the framework of Ideology-Technology-Institution nexus is presented with focus on the dynamics of interplay between ideology and technology, duly recognizing the dual-aspect of technology- a platform for business and also for national defense. The paper analyzes how the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) of the 1990s played a role of “facilitator” in shaping the GVC of East Asia, where China plays ‘factory for final assembly’ and the US plays ‘the largest consumer’. Under New Normal, digital technology is likely to play the opposite role of “disrupting” the GVC of East Asia, unlike ICT. The paper explores the mechanism behind this great disruption. What is driving New Normal is the US-China power competition, seeking for dominance in East Asia and beyond. This paper argues that New Normal is not temporary shock, but will last for some time. Under this presumption, the paper presents three scenarios for the future trajectory of GVC in East Asia.

Żbikowski Jarosław, Siedlecka Agnieszka, Kuźmicki Marek

Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the conducted research and analyzes was the attempt to assess the impact of selected factors over tourist activity of people with disabilities and factors related to the immediate environment of people with disabilities

Ahmad Lukman Nugraha

Islam affirms that there stand for mutual affect in business processes, until the business practice as a work field recommended to the adherents; while discussing ethics of business activity poped out to minimize cheating and fraud activities. However, Islamic business ethics felt difficult to apply in practice, especially in the business of buying and selling. Modern Islamic Boarding School “Darussalam” Gontor is one of the self-financing and self-help islamic boarding schools in the economic supported by cooperatives in pesantren (koppontren). This paper aims to comprehensively understand the application of Islamic business ethics and focus on the entrepreneurs in business sectors Gontor La-Tansa’s cooperatives. This research had systematically employed mix method research with sequential explanatory design and case study. Gathering data through using questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation has been performing analysis through data reduction, data display, and data verification. This paper argues that Gontor La-Tansa’s cooperatives sector can run the business activities with implementing business ethics according to the Qur’an and Sunna values. Appear from the height comprehension of the business to the axiom business ethics and the height application in business activities in each business sector. In addition, the role of kiai and business unit supervisor is high. Data displays a level of the height direction (80 percent) and control on the application of business ethics (72 percent). The Islamic business ethics can be applied on firm’s and government’s law with height comprehension and controlling. Keyword: Islamic business ethics, Gontor, pesantren, kiai 

L. Alimova

The article presents analytical data on the effectiveness of sales through dealer networks in Russia and in Europe, as well as their growth prospects for 2018. Against this background the quantitative dynamics of dealer centers in Russia for the period from 2013-2017. The factors of influence of economic instability on dealer networks, as well as examples of closing of the largest dealer centers in Russia, are given. The zones of opening of new dealer centers in the regions of the Russian Federation by the largest global concerns are listed.

Rilind Kabashi

This study empirically investigates the short- to medium-term effects of fiscal policy on output and other macroeconomic variables in European Union countries between 1995 and 2012, with particular reference to transition countries. It applies Panel Vector Auto Regression with recursive identification of government spending shocks as the most appropriate method for the aim of the study and the sample used. The main results indicate that expansionary spending shocks have a positive, but a relatively low effect on output, with the fiscal multiplier around one in the year of the shock and the following year, and lower thereinafter. There are indications that this result is driven by the recent crisis, as multipliers are considerably lower in the pre-crisis period. Effects of fiscal policy are strongly dependent on country structural characteristics. Fiscal multipliers are higher in new European Union member states, in countries with low public debt and low trade openness. Further, spending shocks are followed by rising debt levels in old member states, which could be related well to the recent European debt crisis. Finally, the analysis of the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy yields results that are consistent with both extended Real Business Cycle models and extended New Keynesian models.

Alcides Antúnez Sánchez, Amed Ramírez Sánchez

El presente artículo muestra un estudio del control administrativo realizado a los organismos de la Administración Pública por el órgano de control supremo constituido en Cuba, a partir del análisis histórico, teórico, legislativo del desarrollo y evolución del control a través de la auditoría pública y la función inspectiva con acciones de control gubernamental y fiscalización. Para ello se realiza un análisis del desarrollo que ha tenido la ordenación jurídica del control público y de los mecanismos que han sido implementados en cada etapa, dirigidos en esencia al control del patrimonio del sector estatal; al ser este mayoría, y la necesidad de su reconocimiento en la Constitución de la República. A tales efectos, para desarrollar todo este análisis se utilizaron los métodos teóricos de investigación como el exegético-jurídico, el histórico-lógico, el de inducción-deducción y el de análisis-síntesis.

Chai Podhisita, Peter Xenos

<b>Background</b>: Living alone (in a one-person household) has reached very high levels in some parts of the world. Across Asia the phenomenon is common in parts of East Asia, but has rarely been examined in South or Southeast Asia. <b>Objective</b>: The authors seek to establish from the evidence of censuses the main contours of living alone in South and Southeast Asia, and in doing so address issues of definition and measurement, particularly issues arising due to differences in the census handling of the 'group quarters' type of household. <b>Methods</b>: The paper examines 10 national censuses in the IPUMS archive of census micro-files. The data are explored for age profiles of living alone by sex, classified by urban versus rural residence and marital status. <b>Results</b>: The censuses reveal a combination of underlying commonalities among the countries and dates as well as distinct national features. There are distinct age profiles for males and females, and profiles typical of urban and rural sectors across countries. Living alone in group quarters is most common among young adults. Tabulation by marital status shows considerable variation among single young adults and elderly widowed or divorced/separated persons. It is also found that the proportions of the population not living with core family who are living alone vary widely by age and sex and across countries and years. <b>Conclusions</b>: Studies of living alone with national censuses must take note of whether conventional households and group quarters are included and how these are defined. Group quarters residence makes up a significant proportion of living alone among the young.

G. Prayitno, Kakuya Matsushima, Hayeong Jeong et al.

Abstract Indonesia's rural regions are characterized by widespread poverty, underemployment, and surplus of low-skilled labor. Migration is common among rural inhabitants for survival, to pursue economic opportunities, and support household activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between social capital and migration from rural areas in Indonesia. The definition of social capital is not derived from theories of networking, bonding and bridging ties, but from community psychology developed by Perkins and Long. A sense of community and a sense of place measure the relation between neighboring, participation in community activity and migration. Using data from 250 household respondents (with at least one migrant worker) in Arjowilangun village, Malang, Indonesia, this study constructs three factors through principal component analysis: sense of community, sense of place, and neighboring. This three factors plus some demographic attributes: income, education and type of migrant, are used as explanatory variables for modeling the relation between social capital and migration using structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results suggest that a sense of place and a sense of community and some demographic attributes significantly influence the duration of work of migrant workers. We concur with hypothesis two, that is, households with higher social capital affordable to send family members as migrant labor.

L. Marteleto, L. Souza

Bernardino Benito, F. Bastida, M. Muñoz

This paper evaluates the municipal fiscal burden (MFB) for the years 2001–2006. We focus on two theories: the partisan politics and political strength. The former posits that left parties require higher taxes. According to the latter, strong governments are able to apply fiscal adjustments in that interest groups cannot press on these governments. In addition, we relate the MFB with some socioeconomic and demographic factors, in agreement with the extant literature. The empirical results do not indicate that the political orientation of the municipal government impacts the fiscal burden. However, evidence is found in relation with the strength of the municipal government and the electoral year. As far as socioeconomic/demographic variables are concerned, the economic level, the unemployment rate and the immigration significantly and affect the tax burden. The two latter impact positively, while the former impacts positively on the MFB. The classification of municipalities according to population thresholds, which stems from the legal obligation to provide certain services, has an effect on the MFB. However, neither total population nor population density impact the MFB.

W. Budd, N. Lovrich, J. Pierce et al.