Hasil untuk "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"

Rufat Demirov

This article critically engages with racialized epistemic structures that pretend to “include” Romani voices while simultaneously colonise, extract, and discipline them. Based on my lived experience in 2025 as co-trainer in a workshop on Romani genocide, I delve into the attitude of a “White” historian who perpetrated epistemic violence (Spivak 1988) by controlling the narrative, essentialising and Orientalising Romaniness, silencing Romani epistemologies, ignoring first-hand Romani family histories, and ignoring ongoing systemic biopolitical violence against Roma in Europe. This article has three aims: (1) to show that Romani epistemic sovereignty acts as a refusal to the colonial “neutrality of academia; (2) to show that so-called institutional “inclusion” is, more often than not, containment through Orientalism, neo-colonial forms of knowledge production (Trehan and Kóczé 2011) and White fragility (DiAngelo 2018); and (3) to show that acts of refusal by Romani people constitute decolonial resistance. Therefore, intertwining my lived experience with critical theory, I suggest that Romani knowledge is a theory, a method, and a decolonial intervention in and of itself. This is a call for epistemic justice and, at the same time, an assertion that Romani subalterns have spoken.

Devleena Ghosh

In the context of escalating religious tensions in India, sites that still openly welcome practitioners of different belief systems or encourage a propensity for interreligious ritual engagement face a range of complex challenges. At the Holy Infant Jesus Church in Bangalore, there is a shrine set aside for people of non-Christian religions, both Hindu and Muslim, who view this deity as a jagrata or ‘awake’ god who responds to the ‘desire’ of the supplicant, granting boons and wishes. Despite the contemporary hardening of boundaries and the quest for religious purity, this site exhibits the persisting appeal of ritual engagement across religious boundaries. The consequence of such engagement is not always open connections or dialogue but rather concealment of syncretic practices from others in the supplicants’ communities. Against this background, this presentation explores the following questions: Is religion a site of interaction rather than of intra-communal withdrawal? Is religious synthesis an endangered mode of cosmopolitanism now threatened by multiple quests for religious purity? Why are some syncretic practices more resilient than others and how do people engaged in such practices make sense of what remains and what is lost?

Mohammad Morad, Al Amin Rabby, Devi Sacchetto et al.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many Bangladeshi migrants have returned home, while many others are about to be repatriated. Drawing on qualitative research conducted with Bangladeshi migrants who returned from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, this article analyzes the experiences of Bangladeshi laborers overseas during the pandemic to develop a better understanding of why these migrants returned to their home country. The main research questions here are twofold: How did COVID-19 affect the normal socioeconomic lives of Bangladeshi workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council, and to what extent is their return migration related to the COVID-19 pandemic?

Callixte Kavuro

This paper reflects on the complex dynamics of the relationship between forced repatriation of Hutu refugees with protracted refugee situations and insecurity prevailing in the Great Lakes region, in particular, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It critiques misconceived and misguided regional and international responses to the influx of Hutu refugees. The refugees were initially stereotyped as fleeing from prosecution and their influx was seen as a source of friction between Rwanda and its neighbouring countries and as burden to host countries’ social and economic progress. Viewing them as fugitives and as an economic burden, host countries forced Hutu refugees to return. This was done in cooperation with the Rwandan government (i.e. the persecutor) under auspices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that the forced repatriation resulted not only in the resistance of the Hutu refugees, but also in turning the territory of the DRC into a fully-fledged battlefield for the Hutus and Tutsis. Further, it is argued that this Hutu-Tutsi conflict gave rise to the recurring cycle of violence in the eastern DRC.

Fazzini, Marco

Marcio Felipe Almeida da Silva

O presente artigo tem por finalidade apresentar uma breve discussão historiográfica sobre a fronteira entre cristãos e muçulmanos na Peninsula Ibérica. Pretendemos também, neste trabalho, estabelecer uma reflexão sobre o conceito de terras de ninguém com base na documentação produzida ao longo do século XIII. Diferente do mundo atual, em que os Estados modernos nescessitam de fronteiras precisas e estabelecem linhas de demarcação tão estreitas, que é impossível habitar sobre elas, a fronteira castelhana foi durante o medievo uma faixa de terra larga o suficiente para ser compreendida como um território, cuja autoridade não estava completamente definida, um espaço sujeito a investidas tanto de cristãos como muçulmanos.

Barbara Jancewicz, Weronika Kloc-Nowak, Dominika Pszczółkowska

The fate of European citizens living in the United Kingdom was a key issue linked with Britain’s departure from the European Union. Official statistics show that some outflow has taken place, but it was no Brexodus. This article investigates Brexit’s impact within a theoretical (push–pull) framework using a survey of long-term Polish migrants in the UK (CAPI, N = 472, conducted in 2018). Our results show that the perception of Brexit as a factor discouraging migrants from staying in the UK was limited. Still, those with experience of living in other countries, those remitting to Poland, and those on welfare benefits, were more likely to find Brexit discouraging. However, many claimed that the referendum nudged them towards extending their stay instead of shortening it. In general, when asked about what encourages/discourages them from staying in the UK, the respondents mainly chose factors related to the job market. Therefore, we argue, in line with Kilkey and Ryan (2020), that the referendum was an unsettling event – but, considering the strong economic incentives for Polish migrants to stay in the UK, we can expect Brexit to have a limited influence on any further outflows of migrants, as long as Britain’s economic situation does not deteriorate.

Masilo, Rethabile

Mojca Pajnik

Avtorica na podlagi avtonomije migracij meje analizira kot mesta nadzora in nasilja ter hkrati kot migrantski praxis, kot strategije bega in ruptur. Pojasnjuje idejo o »utelešenih mejah«, da bi pokazala, kako meje na poti oblikujejo ljudi in so obenem same oblikovane prek utelešenih izkušenj tistih, ki meje prestopajo. Z uporabo Foucaultovega koncepta 'vladnosti' (gouvernementalité) in koncepta 'plastičnosti' (plasticity), kot ga analizira Malabou, postavi tezo, da današnje upravljanje migracij uporablja mehanizem »plastičnih meja«, ki so oblikovane kot neposredni odziv na mobilnost migrantov, kar pokaže tudi na empiričnem primeru eksternalizacije meje kot evropske politike upravljanja z migracijami.

Michieletto, Anna

Rowena Ward

The pre-1941 Japanese population of New Caledonia was decimated by the French administration’s decision to transfer most of the Japanese residents to Australia for internment at the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Among the men transferred to Australia were ten men who had been formerly French nationals but had lost their French nationality by decree. The French Administration’s ability to denationalise and intern and then subsequently repatriate the former-Japanese French-nationals was possible due to changes to the French nationality laws and regulations introduced by the Vichy regime. This paper considers the case of the Japanese who had taken French nationality and were denationalised in the context of the changes to the French nationality laws that, in turn, negatively affected the post-1945 sustainability of the Japanese community in New Caledonia.

Pablo Benlloch

Emma Townsend

Roma in contemporary Europe are the frequent targets of hate speech and discriminatory state policies. Despite being the largest minority in the European Union with a population of 10-12 million, they are frequently denied a space in European society, and are widely perceived to be unchangeable and inherently ‘other’. As a result, Roma experience substantially inferior life conditions when compared to majority European populations. Despite the many recent European Union initiatives and action plans, such as the Decade of Roma Inclusion (2005-2015), the situation of Roma in contemporary Europe is not improving, and in some cases is actually worsening. This persecution is not a modern phenomenon; Roma have suffered stigmatisation and exclusion throughout their history in Europe. The severity and continuity of the persecution of Roma at the hands of a multitude of European authorities suggests the presence of an underlying motivation or intent that informs both the rhetoric about and treatment of Romani people. This paper will examine if the persecution of Roma in contemporary Europe is guided by a genocidal discourse. To this end, the boundaries between hate speech, genocidal discourse, and incitement to genocide will be scrutinised. It will be argued that both the way the Roma are spoken about and the treatment they receive are informed by a genocidal discourse that has endured relatively unchanged throughout their history in Europe. Roma are not just racially vilified, rather their culture as well as their physical presence in contemporary Europe are widely devalued in both words and in state action. Any improvement in their situation is therefore unlikely while this discourse continues.

Jarmila Rajas

The political discussions around immigrant integration in Finland have specifically problematised the integration of immigrant women. This article uses a Foucaultian framework of governmentality to analyse these problematisations. By exploring the way that state feminist rationalities are used to measure the integration of immigrant women through specific definitions of gender equality, the article shows how integration technologies are envisioned as a means of bringing about gender equality for immigrant women and how these technologies use modes of pastoral power reflecting a liberal desire to govern at a distance. The article also addresses the power/knowledge constellation that omits knowledge about other intersectionalities.

Pál Nyíri

In the 2000s, China has witnessed a series of consumer boycott campaigns, some of which received nationwide publicity, and one of which, the campaign against the French discounter chain Carrefour in 2008, produced street pickets. The motivation behind these campaigns has been largely nationalistic, as the brands or companies targeted were deemed to offend China. This article sketches the dynamics of consumer boycotts and asks whether, beyond being a vehicle of nationalism, the emerging politics of consumption is also becoming a tool of expressing taste.

Henry Bakis

Urška Strle

Najstarejša hčerka slovitega Noama Chomskega je profesorica zgodovine Latinske Amerike in področja Karibov ter koordinatorka za latinsko-ameriške študije na Salem State College v ameriški zvezni državi Massachusetts. Aviva Chomsky, podobno kot njen oče, svoja akademska spoznanja pripenja na vlogo aktivne levičarke in družbene kritičarke. Četudi njena razprava zadeva predvsem področje zahodne hemisfere, je njeno glavno sporočilo povezano z ultimativno težnjo po večji humanosti v celem svetu. Ob razkrivanju prepletajočih se vezi med preteklostjo in sedanjimi razmerami se skozi posrečen prikaz trka med različnimi interesnimi sloji ameriške družbe jasno izreka za solidarnost z Latinoameričani in za polne pravice imigrantov. Njeno analizo podpira temeljni argument, da družbena merila in predpostavke bistveno vplivajo na razmišljanje o fenomenu imigracij; za ponazoritev le-tega se že v izhodišču na kratko poigra z obče sprejetimi terminološkimi skovankami, ki hkrati zrcalijo in obnavljajo razumevanja določenih izrazov, kot izraz »prvi svet« v odnosu do »tretjega sveta«, »razviti« v odnosu do »nerazvitih« ipd

Aleksej Kalc

V dneh od 18. do 20. maja 1994 je v Vareseju (Lombardija) potekal v organizaciji tamkajšnjega Državnega arhiva in dokumentacijskega centra CEDOC (Centro di documentazione e ricerca della provincia di Varese) ter pod pokroviteljstvom Arhivističnega nadzorništva za Lombardjio simpozij na temo Izseljevanje in teritorij: med potrebo in idealom. Asociacija Varesota (ime za pokrajino Varese) s pojmom izseljevanja se dandanes zdi malodane anahronistično, saj sodi to območje ob italijansko-švicarski meji med najrazvitejše in najbogatejše predele severne Italije. V prejšnjem stoletju in deloma do druge svetovne vojne pa temu ni bilo tako in negotove gospodarske razmere so tudi tu silile prebivalstvo k iskanju zaslužka izven domačega okolja. Opozoriti je treba, vsekakor, da v primeru Varesotta ni šlo za izseljevanje preproste delovne sile. Kot je bilo značilno za hribovita področja severne Italije, so tudi tu emigracijske tokove tvorili kvalificirani poklici, predvsem zidarji in kamnoseki (med temi mnogo ornamentikov, specializiranih v izvajanju umetniškega stavbarstva), ki so se zaradi krize lokalnih kamnolomov in kamnoseške obrti, kot posledice uvajanja cenejših gradbenih materialov, začeli vključevati v širše delovno tržišče. Nastale so tako izseljenske verige, ki so sprva sezonsko in nato za trajen čas držale v razne evropske države, predvsem pa v severnoameriško zvezno državo Vermont. Tu se je v kamnoseškem kraju Barre razvila številna kolonija kamnosekov iz okolice Vareseja in ostala med drugim dolgo znana kot zaprt etnično-kulturni otok in anarhistična trdnjava.

Martín Rodrigo y Alharilla

Mihael Kuzmič

Zbrano obravnavano gradivo je dragoceno za raziskovanje slovenskega izseljenstva iz Prekmurja. Čeprav ga ne obravnavamo kot vir, ki bi podrobno predstavil katerokoli v rubrikah omenjeno področje, pa bo brez dvoma zanesljivo dopolnjeval do zdaj zbrane podatke in potrjeval sliko, ki jo že imamo o prekmurskem izseljenstvu. Sedanjim in prihodnjim raziskovalcem bo lahko pomagal pri spremljanju migracij posameznih slojev prebivalstva v socioloških, geografskih, verskih, gospodarskih in narodnostnih študijah. V veliko pomoč pa bo tudi na sorodstvenem in ljubiteljskem področju, saj si tudi v Prekmurju vse več prebivalcev želi narisati družinsko drevo. Pri tistih, kjer je svoje veje v minulih desetletjih raztezalo tudi onkraj Atlantika, bo omenjeno gradivo dobrodošla pomoč.