Hasil untuk "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"

Narmin Abouelkhier, Abdul Rauf, Laurens Luyten et al.

James Simpson, Jim Uttley

Built-environment designers (architects, landscape architects and urban designers) shape the spatial and material conditions that support or hinder pro-environmental behaviours (PEBs). This study examines the gap between designers’ aspirations (the PEB outcomes they wish to enable) and their perceived reality (feasibility judgements under present institutional and project conditions) across five domains where designers exert material influence: recycling, energy conservation, sustainable transport, food growing and biodiversity-supportive gardening. Survey responses from UK-based design practitioners (n = 577) reveal a pervasive aspiration–reality gap, with aspirations exceeding perceived feasibility across all domains. The gap is smallest for lower dependency interventions and largest for higher dependency measures requiring organisational or political coordination. Around one-quarter of variance is attributable to between-person differences, with the remainder being intervention specific. Aspirations and perceived realities are strongly aligned across domains. Alignment is strongest in stewardship-dependent domains (food-growing; biodiversity-supportive gardening) and weakest in sustainable transport. This pattern suggests designers calibrate ambition to perceived delivery pathways, but coupling loosens where pathways are externally controlled or contested. These findings highlight the need to reduce institutional constraints shaping feasibility judgements and strengthen designers’ behavioural-design capability and the professional sustainability baseline. Together, these measures can help to enable the facilitation of low-carbon, resource-efficient lifestyles. Practice relevance Built-environment designers (architects, landscape architects and urban designers) reported aspirations that exceeded what they judged feasible under current delivery conditions. Narrowing this gap depends less on exhorting higher ambition than on making PEB-supportive design routinely deliverable in practice. Three near-term priorities are as follows. (1) Institutional reform (procurement, approvals, stewardship): embed behavioural criteria in briefs and approvals; move procurement beyond lowest capital cost; streamline pathways for high-dependency measures (notably sustainable transport); and resource long-term stewardship. (2) Professional empowerment (capability and confidence): strengthen behavioural-science literacy, evidence-based briefing, and user-centred stewardship guidance through continuing professional development and professional standards. (3) Strengthen the evidence base: normalise post-occupancy evaluation and operational feedback; use these data to test perceived feasibility against delivered interventions and realised behavioural/operational outcomes; codify learning into repeatable guidance and specifications.

Aurelia Dewi, Muhammad Sani Roychansyah, Atrida Hadianti

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of urban design planning in aggravating or reducing urban health inequalities. Health resilience must be a priority to control the impact of a health crisis. The study examines the factors that impact urban health resilience, utilizing seven indicators of the urban design element, to determine the level of urban health resilience in densely populated settlements. The study uses empirical data collection, physical analysis, and statistical calculations to determine the relationship between the urban design element and health. The findings show a strong link between urban design and urban health resilience. Implementing urban health resilience is vital to creating a healthier, more durable urban environment that can withstand future health emergencies. Therefore, focusing on health resiliency is critical for a more resilient urban environment.

Kun‐Sian Lin, Masahiro Kurata, Yutaro Kawasaki et al.

Abstract Seismic retrofit has always been a very important subject in recent years. However, typical retrofit techniques such as load‐resisting systems, damper devices, and seismic isolation systems will cause considerable disturbances to the structural system, such as increased force demand, and the building's occupants will need to be temporarily relocated during the construction. A design of the low‐disturbance retrofit method for steel column bases that uses the advantages of the curved member has been proposed in the study to improve seismic performance and reduce the mentioned demerits above. The basic mechanism of the curved member retrofit system was first analytically evaluated by preliminary modeling, followed by a parametric study to verify the effective shape. Four curved member specimens were tested with variations in fabrication processes and boundary conditions. Several aspects, including overall behavior, strength backbones, and deformation shapes of the specimens, were examined upon measured responses. The hysteretic performance of the curved member retrofit system is verified to achieve a stable cyclic behavior with limited strength degradation. A set of physical equations for estimating the lateral loads were established and verified by developing numerical models with a good agreement that enabled them to accurately represent the measured responses in the test.

V. Menon, Hyesang Chang

Strong foundational skills in mathematical problem solving, acquired in early childhood, are critical not only for success in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields but also for quantitative reasoning in everyday life. The acquisition of mathematical skills relies on protracted interactive specialization of functional brain networks across development. Using a systems neuroscience approach, this review synthesizes emerging perspectives on neurodevelopmental pathways of mathematical learning, highlighting the functional brain architecture that supports these processes and sources of heterogeneity in mathematical skill acquisition. We identify the core neural building blocks of numerical cognition, anchored in the posterior parietal and ventral temporal-occipital cortices, and describe how memory and cognitive control systems, anchored in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex, help scaffold mathematical skill development. We highlight how interactive specialization of functional circuits influences mathematical learning across different stages of development. Functional and structural brain integrity and plasticity associated with math learning can be examined using an individual differences approach to better understand sources of heterogeneity in learning, including cognitive, affective, motivational, and sociocultural factors. Our review emphasizes the dynamic role of neurodevelopmental processes in mathematical learning and cognitive development more generally.

David Ness

With COP27 being held in Egypt, a non-Western country, poorer and adversely impacted societies will demand a stronger say in negotiations. There is increased pressure on the rich to dramatically reduce their emissions, provide reparation for past damage and exploitation, and assist poorer nations to improve social livelihoods. Such a new world order will require that global inequity in resource consumption be placed in the spotlight, with fair shares demanded for all. Calling for drastic and urgent action and a paradigm shift to contain warming to 1.5°C, the 2022 IPCC report 'Climate Change 2022' emphasised the need for ‘sufficiency’ to avoid demand for resources while providing wellbeing for all within planetary limits. However, responses to date have been grossly inadequate, amid continued economic growth and policies based upon resource efficiency, renewables and a circular economy. This is most evident in the construction and property sectors, where high rates of new construction continue in both the Global North and South, while claiming this is green and carbon neutral. Bolder, more ambitious policies are proposed that seek to rebalance construction to suit needs, not wants, and especially to restrain the excesses of the property industry driven by financialisation. 'Policy relevance' Current policies and approaches are inadequate to make the required savings in carbon and resource consumption. While embodied carbon is increasingly recognised, this largely applies at the materials level and to carbon intensity metrics, which may lead to around 50–60% reduction. However, building less ('e.g.' by adapting existing stock) or not building at all lead to significantly greater savings of greenhouse gases and resources. To meet climate and other targets, policies and approaches are required that question the global demand for new construction within high- and medium-income societies, rebalance such construction and resource consumption, restrain building size and floor area, and invoke ‘sufficiency’ metrics. Maximum carbon reduction and improved resource allocation may be achieved by carbon budgets and (radically) questioning the need for certain building types, especially when digitalisation enables work from home. Means of diverting investment for social purposes, while integrating such policies in the planning system, are examined.

F. Incelli, L. Cardellicchio

This article is derived from a feasibility study for a single-story elevation at the Kent School of Architecture and Planning (KSAP) in the United Kingdom. This project embraced two fundamental principles of the circular economy: flexibility of interior spaces and Design for Disassembly (DfD). The goals were to reduce the risk of demolition and preserve the value of the building material to empower its later use. These principles formed the solution for the structural frame. For this paper, the engineering phase was carried out to improve the structural connections designed according to DfD principles and following generative design methods.

A. Ibrahim, H. Askar

This paper tends to evaluate the behavior of five- story RC building with and without floating columns using RC frames as lateral resisting system. This investigation had been carried-out using ETABS Ultimate V.18.1.1. The defined load cases, load combinations, the equivalent static lateral load pattern, and the response spectrum function were defined according ASCE7-16. The design criteria were set to be according to ACI 318-14. Eleven cases were proposed to investigate this behavior. One case was the building without floating columns. Nine cases were the building with different floating column schemes and the final case was the building with floating columns and another lateral resisting system (shear walls) for comparison purpose. Further comparisons of the results for all models are executed on the basis of parameters such as, story displacement, story drift, story stiffness, and response spectrum modal period. The results showed that, although the floating columns play an important role in architectural divisions or in multi-use buildings, but it affected the stiffness of the building negatively that led to increasing of the story lateral displacement and drift, also it led to increasing of modal time period. This mostly led to using a more stiffness lateral resisting system and eventually increasing the building’s structural costs.

Goran Sibenik, Iva Kovacic, Valentinas Petrinas et al.

Building information modelling promises model-based collaboration between stakeholders in the project design stage. However, data exchange between physical and analytical building models used for architectural design and structural analysis respectively rarely takes place due to numerous differences in building element representation, especially the representation of geometry. This paper presents the realization of a novel data exchange framework between architectural design and structural analysis building models, based on open interpretations on central storage. The exchange is achieved with a new system architecture, where the program redDim was developed to perform the interpretations, including the most challenging transformations of geometry. We deliver a proof of concept for the novel framework with a prototype building model and verify it on two further building models. Results show that structural-analysis models can be correctly automatically created by reducing dimensionality and reconnecting building elements. The proposed data exchange provides a base for missing standardization of interpretations, which facilitates the non-proprietary automated conversion between physical and analytical models. This research fills the gap in the existing model-based communication that could lead to a seamless data exchange.

Dian Kartika Santoso, Irawan Setyabudi

Green open space has many benefits for humans. Unfortunately, the function of green open space cannot be fully felt due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Even though the application of physical distancing in the garden can be created through the use of garden border elements. As a first step in determining good and effective elements, this study aims to explore the preferences of garden designers in selecting garden border elements, their shapes, and arrangements to maintain the distance between garden users. This research is a perceptual research using a survey method obtained through distributing questionnaires and processed by quantitative descriptive and chi-square test. As for the results obtained in this study, garden designers agree that the border element is an effective way that can be used to implement physical distancing in public parks. Although, in general, garden designers prefer hardscape over softscapes as a border element, there are different preferences for the type of hardscape and softscape used. Garden designers prefer fences, portable benches> 2m apart and concrete construction as a hardscape barrier that can be applied to gardens that have been built. Meanwhile, the selection of softscape in the garden that has been built tends to use flowering shrubs as a border element. The conclusion of this study is the preference for material selection that is different in terms of functionality and aesthetics is caused by the pandemic

D. Loktev, Vadim Korolev, V. Tkachenko et al.

In this work, a calculation model of the building is proposed, which is an object of historical and cultural heritage, which allows, on the one hand, reconstructing the building taking into account the changed operating conditions and regulatory loads according to all the rules of the construction mechanics of the structure, and on the other hand, maintaining the authenticity of the main architectural and decorative elements. The proposed engineering solutions allow for the collaboration of new and historical structural elements, combining the possibility of using modern materials in new structural elements and authentic materials in elements whose historical authenticity is preserved. In the calculation model, it is proposed to use two layers of finite elements, which are responsible for new and historical structural elements, and then ensure the compatibility of their work using special conditions.

T. A. Taha, Aamer Abbas

: Thin shells are one of the structural elements that have versatile contributions in different engineering sectors, specifically in architectural, civil, mechanical, aeronautical, and marine engineering industries. Liquid-retaining structures, wide-span roofs, water tanks, arch dooms, and shells used in building nuclear power plants are recognized application examples of shell structures in architectural and civil engineering. This variety in using shells in different engineering sectors is due to the productivity of load-carrying behavior, excellent reservation in strength and structural integrity, shell structures are preferable in comparison to structural systems having the same span and dimensions; high stiffness, and covering a large areas. Besides the above distinguishing mechanical pros, it is widely accepted that structures and building containing shells are usually preferred by architectures and designers for aesthetic purposes. The analysis of shells has gone through many stages until the arrival of modern theories. In this study the different theories of shells were discussed, the background and development of shell theories were illustrated in this investigation.

Mingqing Du, Xuchun Wang

The strength reduction finite element method (SRFEM) needs to modify the input shear strength material parameters manually based on various reduction factors, which is trivial. In order to simplify the computation process, the SRFEM can be achieved by using field variables provided by ABAQUS; there-fore, it can be done automatically in software. By deriving the relationship between field variables and reduc-tion factor and getting the corresponding step time t1 when the calculation cannot converge, then it can quan-titatively calculate the stability coefficient of the slope. According to the different decay extent and speed of shear strength parameters c and φ in the process of slope failure, this paper adopted the dual reduction factors finite element method based on field variables for stability analysis of slope, and verified the feasibility of this method in the stability analysis by combining with classic examples, and found that this method not only im-proves computational efficiency but also the calculation accuracy.

E. Dolgopolova, Otega A. Ejegbavwo, Corey R Martin et al.

V. Laghi, M. Palermo, G. Gasparini et al.

The present work explores the possibilities of 3D printing applied to structural engineering field to create innovative design and optimized shapes. By means of Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing, structural members are manufactured by placing layer upon layer of welded steel material in an automated process. Additive Manufacturing, thanks to the theoretical freedom in the geometrical shapes that can be obtained, open completely new possibilities for designers. On the other hand, specific aspects related to material properties and geometrical irregularities characteristics of such innovative manufacturing processes have to be properly considered in the design phase. Along with digital design tools recently developed and applied in architecture and construction for the realization of new shapes and forms through parametric design, the work presents a new structural shape for diagrid columns to obtain structurally optimized forms adapted to be efficiently realized by means of Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing process taking into account the specific features of the printing process. The outcome of the study is the final realization of the column in a 1:2 scaled dimension. These first engineering evaluations are intended to pave the way towards the design of a new family of optimized structural elements to be efficiently 3D-printed, towards the fully-automated design and construction of novel 3D-printed building structures.

S. Hemeda, Taha Abd El Moaty Atalaa

Al-Gawhara Palace also known as Bijou Palace is located in the south of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Saladin Citadel in Cairo (Figure 1 and Figure 2). It was commissioned and constructed by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1814. Al-Gawhara Palace is one of the most famous historical royal palaces in Egypt and the most important modern architectural heritage that reflects an important historical period of the Egyptian modern history—the period of the rule of the family of “Muhammad Ali Pasha”. The causes of structural deficiency of the palace could be attributed to many reasons and actions, mainly due to the earthquakes and seismic events (in particular the Dahshuor earthquake, in October 1992), degradation of drainage and feeding systems leading to water leakage, lack of awareness of the palace values, deterioration resulting from the use of old government agencies and the conflicts among authorities supervising historical buildings. The present study includes many phases: 1) the significance of the original building from the circumstances and date of construction; 2) detailed studies of the architectural features and design of the building as well as construction type, methods and techniques of construction; 3) characterization of the construction and building materials; 4) stability analysis of the structure under static and the impact of seismic loadings; 5) engineering measures for intervention retrofitting of the palace (this pilot study presents the main design studies for intervention retrofitting and the rehabilitation and re-employment of Al-Gawhara Palace, started from the static monitoring, old and modern documenting of the current state of preservation thorough the strengthening project implementation; 6) the study also presents the reuse designs to convert the palace to be a national museum, for the purpose of preserving it by proposing the best means to apply the correct principles and criteria for reuse and employment in a manner that preserves its value through the functions that fit these deficiencies, and the appropriateness of the present function of the value of minors.

L. Gnedina, V. Dolgusheva, V. V. Danko

This research explores different types and forms transformable structures as an integral part of any building or construction. The structures, which are capable of changing its spatial position or geometric shape, become an individual branch of architecture and design. However, with all diversity of known structural shape-shifts, there is no comparison of its types with existing buildings. Thus a purpose of this research is studying about worldwide experience in development of transformable structures. Another goal is comparison of known classifications with examples of shape – shifts in built projects based on following study. The internet search along with the review of related literature references was done. By the completion of survey the authors matched given examples with the classification of transformable structures by methods of realization and approaches to motion arrangement. The scissor – structures category is derived into separated stratification as well. The study showed that the structures that can rearrange its shape have a great potential as kinematic objects of architecture and engineering.

Ioana Teodora Costache

This case study wishes to highlight the use of the quality management systems in the scenario of a design company that has the mission to create a logo associated with an oil company. With the help of the quality management systems, the designer will be able to highlight the main points the logo wishes to meet, clarify doubts in case of managing a team, and also avoid the failure that could lead to the loss of customers in the future. The quality management systems that are used to ease the work of a designer in order to satisfy the customer can also be used as a logical example in order to achieve success in different domains that may or may not be related to logo design.

Antonello Sanna, Prof.

The immense stock collected in the recent building cycles in our country has threatened to become a restriction and brake for the development, rather than an added value and opportunity. The perception of this situation, both by academic specialists and operators, has grown during the recent system crisis that we have been through and from which, at least in our country, a reliable way out has not yet been found.

Valentina Pomazan

Manufacturers are moving toward 3D printing and CNC machining and 2D documentation, with traditional dimensioning and tollerancing becoming less relevant. MBD allows the addition of the dimensions and surface finishes that would have been traditionally communicated via 2D drawings. Existing electronic formats and viewers provided by most of the large commercial CAD-CAM products and electronic signatures legislation exclude, in most cases, the necessity of hard copy printing and the project data base is easely handled using the BOM structures. This papers will present the configuration of the model based definition and solution for linking the design knowledge content, using Autodesk Inventor®.