Hasil untuk "Urbanization. City and country"

S. Coulibaly, U. Deichmann, M. E. Freire et al.

Xinqin Liu, Runzhu Gu, Sujit Kumar Sikder et al.

The urbanisation process of recent decades has resulted in new urban structures that can be circumscribed by two standard concepts, namely the megacity and the metropolitan region. One common feature of these new structures is that cities/urban areas are becoming much larger in population as well as spatial size and continue to grow unabated – a trend of “mega-urbanisation”. The planning and administrative systems set up under the traditional urban-rural dichotomy no longer reflect the reality of settlement growth and therefore lead to a blurring of city boundaries and challenges in the management of urban areas. Here we make use of geospatial modeling and open-source data for a high-level spatial-linking approach across multiple scales and a long-term perspective in three distinct socio-economic settings, specifically Germany, Japan and China's Yangtze River Delta region and therefore visualize urban development trends over 45 years. Our mapping indicates that the emergence of megacities and metropolitan regions is primarily driven by endogenous industrial change, particularly between the secondary and tertiary sectors of the economy. Our findings shed new light on research in regional development and planning and demonstrate the need to go beyond the prevailing discussion that focuses on advanced producer services in the context of an ever-advancing globalisation process.

MingXing Chen, Wenming Song, Yuanxuan Yang et al.

Abstract Urbanization often results in unequal outcomes in social well-being, particularly in rapidly growing megacities within developing countries. This study investigates spatial inequalities in urban public service accessibility across communities in Beijing, with a focus on migrant populations who often face systemic disadvantages. Using fine-scale spatial and census data, we identify a significant negative correlation between facility accessibility and the proportion of migrants. Among the lowest-income communities, those with higher migrant shares experienced accessibility distances 2.09 times greater than others. In high-migrant areas, inequality levels surpassed the city average by 14.57%, reflecting entrenched spatial disparities. Interpretable machine learning models reveal key threshold effects: when housing prices fall below 80,590 yuan/m² and migrant ratios exceed 32%, inequalities rise sharply. Furthermore, more than 18.98% of communities with high migrant population proportions exhibited cumulative inequality, where multiple disadvantage factors overlap and reinforce each other. These findings highlight how spatial, economic, and demographic vulnerabilities intersect, underscoring the urgent need for data-informed, equity-oriented urban planning to foster more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable cities.

Muhammad Ahsan, Nabeel Shakeel, Farrukh Baig

Development strategies in urban areas of the less developed world are predominantly focused on motorized oriented planning which influenced the mobility practices of individuals. Previous literature has examined the suitability of an integrated public transport system and the potential of cycling in the cities of Pakistan, but walkability received less attention by researchers. To bridge this gap and to enhance the practice of walkability, this study investigates the public perceptions of individuals about walkability constraints in Lahore, Pakistan. A structured based questionnaire survey was conducted by using online platforms. A valid sample of 277 responses were analysed further with weighted factor and regression analysis technique to investigate pedestrian’s perceptions of walkability constraints respectively. Findings indicate pedestrians’ dissatisfaction with existing walking infrastructure is due to ignorance of walkability in transport plans, policies, and strategies executed by the government organizations. The integration of walkability has been highly neglected by transport planners and policymakers. Further, significant walkability constraints are elaborated that need to be resolved to enhance walkability in urban areas for the pedestrians of different age, gender, and income group.

R. Bluhm, Axel Dreher, Andreas Fuchs et al.

This paper studies the causal effect of transport infrastructure on the spatial concentration of economic activity. Leveraging a new global dataset of geo-located Chinese government-financed projects over the period from 2000 to 2014 together with measures of spatial inequality based on remotely-sensed data, we analyze the effects of transport projects on the spatial distribution of economic activity within and between regions in a large number of developing countries. We find that Chinese-financed transportation projects reduce spatial concentration within but not between regions. In line with land use theory, we document a range of results which are consistent with a relocation of activity from city centers to their immediate periphery. Transport projects decentralize economic activity particularly strongly in regions that are more urbanized, located closer to the coast, and less developed.

P. Meth, T. Goodfellow, A. Todes et al.

Recent years have seen a rising interest in peri-urban spaces, urban frontiers and new suburbanisms, including in African contexts. However, given the scale of urban growth and the extreme diversity of formations emerging on the geographical edges of African city-regions, a deeper understanding is needed of the drivers of peripheral urbanisms and the lived experiences of urban change in these spaces. Based on a comparative research project in South Africa and Ethiopia, this article draws out the epistemologies of researching African urban peripheries and presents a new conceptual framework. It offers a language for interpreting processes of peripheral development and change, highlighting five distinct but overlapping logics which we term speculative, vanguard, auto-constructed, transitioning and inherited. Rather than describing bounded peripheral spaces, we argue that these logics can co-exist, hybridize and bleed into each other in different ways in specific places and at different temporal junctures. Centring our methodological practices of comparative analysis, and privileging the voices of those living in urban peripheries, the article employs critical readings of urban scholarship before exploring how these five logics illuminate the complex processes of urban peripheral evolution and transformation. Formulating these logics helps to fill a lacuna in urban conceptualization with potential relevance beyond African contexts. Introduction Reflecting on a major international research programme on ‘global suburbanisms’, Keil (2018: 41) notes that we live ‘in the age of the urban periphery’. Scholarship on African cities has recently begun to explore this, evidenced by the proliferation of literature on peri-urban spaces (Mbiba and Huchzermeyer, 2002; Kinfu et al., 2019), urban peripheries (Sawyer, 2014), suburbanisms and ‘new centralities’ (Mabin et al., 2013; Güney et al., 2019), by-pass urbanism (Sawyer et al., 2021), urban frontiers (McGregor and Chatiza, 2019) and ‘postcolonial suburbs’ (Mercer, 2017). Collectively, this literature bolsters Keil’s claim that urban peripheries exhibit greater diversity ‘than perhaps anywhere else in the modern history of city-building and re-building’ (Keil, 2018: 13). It is increasingly apparent that the geographical edges of cities are characterized by dynamism as well as stagnation, boredom as well as violence, and luxury alongside destitution. Meanwhile, debates on ‘extended’ urbanization and its ‘planetary’ reach (Brenner, 2013; Brenner and Schmid, 2015) render a focus on urban frontiers, liminal spaces and dispersed urban forms all the more important. Indeed, if it is in the peripheries that twenty-first century urbanization is ultimately taking shape, then despite some recent scholarly attention, the work of researching, analysing and conceptualizing this has only just begun. METH, GOODFELLOW, TODES AND CHARLTON 986 This article discusses our conceptualizations of African urban peripheries following our ESRC/NRF-funded research project, ‘Living the Urban Periphery: Investment, Infrastructure and Economic Change in African City-Regions’ (2016–2019). Our research focused on how transformation is shaped, governed and experienced in the spatial peripheries of three African city-regions: Gauteng and eThekwini in South Africa, and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. Comparing these urban formations enables us to explore countries that are vastly different in terms of economic status and urban land tenure systems, but which have important similarities in their developmentalist orientation and the dominance of state-sponsored housing provision. We argue that the distinctiveness of these countries in being at the forefront of peripheral housing and infrastructure provision in Africa makes them especially relevant for thinking about the development of urban peripheries more generally. Meanwhile, our comparison of Gauteng and eThekwini within South Africa enables us to examine the peripheries in areas of former mining and industrial investment, sometimes now in decline, alongside those being reshaped by new state-led and commercial mega-projects. Through these multiple lines of comparison, drawing on Robinson’s (2016) exhortation to engage in comparison beyond the usual conventions of comparability, our wider project generates fresh insights, with broader relevance to urban peripheries globally. The article’s contribution is specifically conceptual, drawing out the epistemologies of researching African urban peripheries and offering a conceptual framework to inform the practice of analysing geographic peripheries. It opens with a critical reading of theoretical and empirical material examining urban peripheries, with an emphasis on work on African cities. Attention is drawn to the insights but also limitations of some of this work, particularly its varied ability to engage with the complexities of urban change as narrated by residents in these spaces. The article then centres our methodological practices, which privilege the voices of those living in the urban peripheries in shaping our conceptualization, and reflects on our ability to generalize through the comparative analysis of these cases. We show how our mixedmethod approach places a particular emphasis on in-depth, multi-method qualitative research with residents, alongside a range of other methods. Based on the extensive body of empirical research underpinning this project, we argue that peripheral spaces are not simply Cartesian spaces identifiable through mapping and boundaries and understood through abstracted trends, but that they reveal their essence through the voices and views of those living there. Thus, we are concerned less with the representation of these spaces than with peripheries as ‘lived space’, although we also explore the economic and political drivers and planning processes that produce these spaces. Because its focus is conceptual, the article does not detail the complex experiences of residents revealed through our project, although it builds on their narratives (alongside those of key informants involved in shaping and governing urban peripheries from the outside) to inform our conceptualizations. Following a discussion of our project’s methodological approach and case selection, the article turns to its core contribution: the conceptualization of five distinct (though often intersecting) logics of urban peripheral development emerging from our research. We became aware during the course of our project that defining the periphery as a singular concept was insufficient; we are also attuned to Schmid et al.’s (2018) call for new vocabularies to describe processes of urbanization, given the limitations of dominant concepts in Urban Studies––particularly in capturing urban formations in the global South. Our main contribution in this article is therefore to unpack the urban periphery concept in new ways, through placing attention on peripheral areas, urban processes and practices evident in peripheral sites, as well as the experiences of a wide variety of residents living in these areas. Drawing on these various epistemologies of the periphery, the five peripheral logics we propose are speculative, vanguard, autoconstructed, transitioning and inherited. The value of this classification lies not in CONCEPTUALIZING AFRICAN URBAN PERIPHERIES 987 describing exclusive bounded instances of the urban periphery; indeed, we reject this approach. Instead, we argue for an approach that recognizes these modes of peripheral development as logics that can co-exist, hybridize and bleed into each other in specific places and at different temporal junctures. Rather than being discrete categories, the five logics privilege the dynamic, interconnected and multi-scalar aspects of urban change occurring in African cities. We conclude the article by considering the significance of these logics for studying other urban peripheries, within Africa and beyond. Existing conceptualizations of urban peripheries Urban peripheries have been conceptualized in a number of ways, which variously highlight their drivers, economic dynamics, spatial characteristics and key actors, with most accounts focusing on one or other dimension. Early conceptions of urban peripheries saw them as places on the urban edge, transitioning from rural to urban, with limited economies, and where land costs, densities and access to economic opportunities were lower than more central areas. This was often conceptualized as a moving edge, as earlier peripheries were absorbed into the city and new ones emerged. Literatures on peri-urbanization have emphasized this rural-urban interface, the processes of urbanization, changing land uses and associated land conflicts, and the influence of tenurial systems, inter alia (Mbiba and Huchzermeyer, 2002). This literature has been important in African contexts such as Ghana, where growth is occurring on customary lands at city edges, with distinct tenurial and management systems (Gough and Yankson, 2000). The peri-urban concept is also relevant for those African cities where urban-rural distinctions are blurred and where the absorption of densifying rural settlements (Potts, 2018), or piecemeal lateral expansion (Sawyer, 2014), are significant parts of urban growth. Such edges might be less regulated spaces, providing easier access for migrants and cheaper housing for the urban poor (Simon, 2004). However, while the earlier literature often saw these as places of poverty, more recent work documents increased middle-class occupation and housing construction (Mbatha and Mchunu, 2016; Bartels, 2020; Mercer, 2020). The equation between geographic peripherality, poverty and marginality has also been challenged by authors such as Peberdy (2017), drawing on Wallerstein’s conception of the periphery as a social and political rather than spatial construct, and Pieterse (2019), who points to deep poverty and social marginality in cent

Sílvia Jorge

Apesar do protagonismo da habitação na agenda pública, a abordagem de intervenção geralmente proposta para fazer frente à crescente dificuldade de acesso à habitação em Portugal peca por redutora. Longe da leitura integrada e multissetorial preconizada na Nova Geração de Políticas de Habitação, as políticas de habitação e a política de solos, em particular, tendem a não ser lidas como face de uma mesma moeda, impedindo uma intervenção mais articulada, estruturada e abrangente. Num momento em que se prevê um grande investimento público na habitação nos próximos anos, no quadro do Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência (2021-2026), analisamos as respostas dirigidas aos grupos mais vulneráveis, primeiro ao abrigo do Programa Especial de Realojamento e, atualmente, do 1.º Direito – Programa de Apoio ao Acesso à Habitação. A análise, apoiada em levantamentos e reconhecimento local, tem como pano de fundo o município da Amadora, integrado na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa e que, a par de um crescente número de situações de carência habitacional sinalizadas, assiste a uma forte dinâmica no mercado privado de habitação. Especificamente, incide-se no caso do outrora designado Bairro de Santa Filomena, de ocupação e construção não legal, hoje dado como extinto, cujo terreno se prevê que dê lugar a uma grande operação urbanística dirigida ao mercado livre. Como podem as operações urbanísticas associadas à dinâmica de mercado contribuir para o aumento do parque habitacional público ? É esta a pergunta que levantamos a partir da articulação entre políticas de habitação e política de solos e da leitura das respostas públicas encontradas para suprir a carência e precariedade habitacional.

Peter Dirksmeier

Buchrezension.

Ye Huang, Huizhong Shen, Han Chen et al.

Gennaro Angiello

Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always following a rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. This section of the Journal, Review Notes, is the expression of a continuous updating of emerging topics concerning relationships among urban planning, mobility and environment, through a collection of short scientific papers. The Review Notes are made of four parts. Each section examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage within the main interests of TeMA Journal. In particular, the Urban practices section aims at presenting recent advancements on relevant topics that underlie the challenges that the cities have to face. The present note provides an overview of the policies and initiatives undertaken in three North American cities in response to the Covid-19 outbreak: New York City (US), Mexico City (MX) and Montreal (CA). A cross-city analysis is used to derive a taxonomy of urban policy measures. The contribution discusses the effectiveness of each measures in providing answers to epidemic threats in urban areas while, at the same time, improving the sustainability and resilience of urban communities.

Emmanuel Kazuva, Jiquan Zhang

Currently, large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many cities of the developing countries are being dumped in informal or formal but unregulated dumpsites that threaten the ecological environment and general public health. The situation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is of particular concern and is further challenged by a rapidly growing population and urbanization without adequate waste management systems. Current MSW treatment options have been selected based on the judgment and the experience of individuals with authority while underestimating the role of scientifically derived techniques. This study analyzes the most efficient waste treatment options, particularly scenarios with the lowest economic and environmental costs (EcC and EnC, respectively). It uses 12 years (2006–2017) of MSW management data and compares potential waste treatment options for the identified waste streams. A total of 108 different scenarios were designed, and a multi-criteria analysis method was applied to enable the identification of 11 scenarios with acceptable EcCs and EnCs. These formed an initial decision matrix of aggregation dominance that was then categorized into four groups, each represented by the most ideal point. Finally, the dominant scenario that formed the core for all considered options was found. It costs around $274,100 USD while saving about 1585 metric tons (MT) of CO2 emissions daily. This suggests that after all the MSW generated in the city is collected and segregated, organic waste should be composted whilst plastic, paper, glass, and ferrous metal should be recycled. After treatment, other waste will go to some form of landfill. Sustainable management of MSW in this city and others with similar conditions should consider particular local conditions and could use the methods and the findings of this study as a starting point.

S. Moghim, Roja Garna

Rapid population growth, urbanization, and industrialization affect countries' vulnerability to future disasters. This study investigates the vulnerability of 141 countries to natural and anthropogenic hazards using six environmental indicators including air pollution, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, access to drinking water, access to improved sanitation, environmental risks (total death and affected people), and energy use. Results confirm that the resilience varies by the location. Furthermore, this work delineates the World countries using the environmental resilience score. The most resilient countries are located in Europe and North America and the least resilient countries are in Africa and Asia. Based on the results, Estonia and Ethiopia are the most and the least resilient countries, respectively. Integrated results can highlight resilient cities as a guide for other regions.

Xiuyuan Zhang, S. Du, Qiao Wang et al.

Urban functional zones, such as commercial, residential, and industrial zones, are basic units of urban planning, and play an important role in monitoring urbanization. However, historical functional-zone maps are rarely available for cities in developing countries, as traditional urban investigations focus on geographic objects rather than functional zones. Recent studies have sought to extract functional zones automatically from very-high-resolution (VHR) satellite images, and they mainly concentrate on classification techniques, but ignore zone segmentation which delineates functional-zone boundaries and is fundamental to functional-zone analysis. To resolve the issue, this study presents a novel segmentation method, geoscene segmentation, which can identify functional zones at multiple scales by aggregating diverse urban objects considering their features and spatial patterns. In experiments, we applied this method to three Chinese cities—Beijing, Putian, and Zhuhai—and generated detailed functional-zone maps with diverse functional categories. These experimental results indicate our method effectively delineates urban functional zones with VHR imagery; different categories of functional zones extracted by using different scale parameters; and spatial patterns that are more important than the features of individual objects in extracting functional zones. Accordingly, the presented multiscale geoscene segmentation method is important for urban-functional-zone analysis, and can provide valuable data for city planners.

Simon Provençal, P. Kishcha, Arlindo M. da Silva et al.

Yuanqing Wang, Liu Yang, S. Han et al.

Frances Agyapong, Thomas Kolawole Ojo

Traffic congestion is a major phenomenon in most Ghanaian cities, especially in market centers resulting in massive delays, a decrease in productivity and reduction in sales. Therefore, the study sought to assess the management of traffic congestion in the Accra Central Market. The study employed an exploratory design to sample 300 respondents through the administration of questionnaires. In-depth interviews were conducted with four officials of management institutions in Accra. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS v 21 whereas the qualitative data was manually analyzed. The study revealed that bad attitude of drivers, traders, and pedestrians, Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) and poor road designs were the main causes of traffic congestion. The effects of traffic congestion are decreasing sales and productivity and cause stress. The study recommends public education, strict enforcement of road traffic regulations, and provision of adequate parking spaces to help manage traffic congestion in the Accra Central market. Keywords: Ghana, Market centers, Traffic congestion, Measures

Yekta Köse, Şükran Şahin

Preserved rural settlements provide information about the historical rural life. In this line of thought, this study aims to keep an account of a rural settlement before it is altered by urbanization, which is located near Ankara and in which merchandise of agricultural products in the historic markets of the city is its primary pursuit. In accordance with this purpose, a matrix was used. With this matrix, landscape identity features are assessed and elements constituting landscape features are designed in terms of their efficiency. Evciler neighborhood is chosen for study area because of its close location to the city and therefore the high risk of conversion and loss of identity under the pressure of urbanization, with respect to the change of its administrative status from village to neighborhood in correspondance with the 5216 Law on Metropolitan Municipalities. Decisions on developing and protecting distinctive features of landscape of rural settlements should include an objective considering features and identity of settlements from local to regional scale. In order to reach this objective, all dimensions of settlements’ landscape features should be understood. In conclusion, this study argues that rural settlements have been formed due to by the natural landscape and the oppurtunities offered by the natural structure whereby,this natural structure has determined various aspects of rural life from construction materials to the means of earning a living.

K. Çavdar, M. Koroglu, B. Akyildiz

Stephan Platt

R. Legates, D. Hudalah