Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

Judit Doma-Tarcsányi, Orsolya Bagdiné Fekete, Eszter Karlócainé Bakay et al.

A természet sokféle módon képes hozzájárulni az emberi jóléthez, pozitív hatással van nemcsak a fizikális, hanem a mentális egészségünkre is. A városi zöldfelületek és azok növényzete jelentősen hozzájárul az urbánus környezet minőségének javításához, elsősorban a klímaváltozás hatásainak csökkentése, a szennyező anyagok megkötése és a városi hősziget hatás enyhítése révén. Az emberi tevékenységből származó kedvezőtlen hatások mérséklésén túl, fontos szerepük van az urbanizált környezet esztétikai minőségének, a hely identitásának és karakterének erősítésében. A növényeknek tehát az általuk nyújtott ökoszisztéma-szolgáltatások (ES=Ecosystem services) révén alapvető jelentőségük van a városok ellenálló képességének, valamint az ott élők életminőségének javításában és a helyhez való kötődésük erősítésében. Az ES fogalma és rendszere az elmúlt néhány évtizedben egyre széles körben használt, hangsúlyos koncepcióvá vált. Számos szakirodalom foglalkozik a növények által nyújtott szolgáltatásokkal, kiemelt jelentőséget tulajdonítva fáknak, a lágyszárú növények azonban kisebb hangsúlyt kapnak ezekben a kutatásokban, szerepük kissé alábecsült, kisebb termetük, lombtömegük és rövidebb élettartamuk okán. Jelen kutatásunk a vonatkozó szakirodalmak áttekintésére alapozva azt vizsgálja, hogy a lágyszárú növények milyen funkciókat tölthetnek be a városi zöldfelületek ökoszisztémáiban és milyen szolgáltatásokat nyújthatnak a környezetükben élők számára. Célunk, hogy a városi lágyszárú felületek tervezésekor a növényválasztási szempontok között megjelenjen és hangsúlyos legyen a kontextusnak megfelelő ES maximalizálása.

Daniel Anyanya, Andrea Paulillo, Silvia Fiorini et al.

This comprehensive review examines sustainable building assessment systems, focusing on Green Building Rating Systems (GBRS) like BREEAM and Whole Building Life Cycle Assessment (WBLCA) approaches in the context of achieving the United Kingdom’s climate targets. The study highlights significant limitations in GBRS, particularly their inadequate focus on embodied carbon emissions and alignment with national climate goals. WBLCA emerges as a promising solution, offering a holistic methodology for quantifying environmental impacts across a building’s entire lifecycle. The research explores the integration of advanced techniques such as Building Information Modelling (BIM), automated data collection, and artificial intelligence to enhance WBLCA’s effectiveness. While WBLCA shows potential in driving the built environment sector towards climate targets, the study identifies challenges including methodological issues, data quality, and the need for standardisation. This article emphasises the importance of aligning building assessment systems with national climate targets and carbon budgets. It concludes by calling for a paradigm shift from static, point-based rating systems to dynamic, quantitative approaches in sustainable building assessment, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and education to support this transition.

Antonello Marotta

Abstract This essay investigates the interplay between archaeology, memory, and architectural renewal, emphasizing the intrinsic connection between historical layers and contemporary design ambitions. Architecture, in its physical manifestation, inevitably transforms into ruins—monuments continuously reshaped by historical context and environmental factors, embedded within the institutions of their origin yet persistently altered by incremental deterioration. Within this perspective, the essay critically examines the influential interpretations by Giovanni Battista Piranesi, John Soane, and Karl Friedrich Schinkel during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Piranesi viewed ruins as catalysts for innovative spatial exploration; Soane embraced architectural fragments as elements of cultural excavation; Schinkel re-envisioned antiquity through integrating the archaeological heritage of Magna Graecia into Berlin's urban fabric, notably with the Altes Museum. Time’s effect on ruins—stripping away ornamental detail to reveal structural purity—further highlights architecture's inherent tectonic qualities. In the twentieth century, archaeological concepts were recontextualized into the internal spaces of architecture, as evidenced by the works of Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Louis I. Kahn, who each uniquely engaged with historical traces. Subsequently, in the 1980s, architectural interventions drew explicitly from ancient urban archaeological configurations, notably in Rome’s central archaeological district and Athens’Acropolis. The essay ends with the competition for the Museum Island in Berlin, an iconic city of the twentieth century, where David Chipperfield Architects in 2009 carried out the innovative restoration of the Neues Museum and in 2018 completed the James-Simon-Galerie in the same area. In these interventions, memory is reconstructed, in a dimension that enhances remembrance, recomposes erasures, and opposes the oblivion of a history that has guided the future of our time.

Kate McMillan, Fiona Barker, Caleb Hoyle

Abstract For reasons of both electoral competitiveness and democratic legitimacy, political parties in diverse democracies increasingly compete for the votes of immigrant and ethnic minority voters. A considerable literature has examined the effects of electoral advertising on the partisanship and turnout of targeted groups. Little attention has been given, however, to the nature of the representational offers contained in advertising that targets ethnic minorities. Do party advertisements offer descriptive representation, by featuring ethnic candidates? Do they offer geographic representation, by focusing on districts where ethnic minorities live? Do they offer to represent ethnic minorities’ specific interests or experiences? Where ethnic minorities are internally diverse, what efforts do parties make to address such diversity in their advertising? How parties answer these questions affects the scope and inclusivity of the representational offers extended to ethnic minority voters, with consequences for their political inclusion and representation. We examine how these questions have been answered in New Zealand, a country characterised by high rates of inward migration and the enfranchisement of resident non-citizens. Using data from a novel study of New Zealand political parties’ election advertisements targeting Chinese voters, we assess the quantity and character of representational offers made to this internally diverse minority group. Our findings suggest that, even as the main political parties are increasingly making specific representational offers to Chinese New Zealanders, these offers vary across the political spectrum in their quantity, scope and inclusiveness.

Tamaryn L. Crankshaw, Jane Freedman, Victoria M. Mutambara

Abstract There is a paucity of scholarship examining the situated vulnerabilities of young women refugees who are either born in (second generation) or young children/adolescents on arrival in their host country (“1.5 generation”) and how these may impact intergenerational vulnerability or resilience. Based on qualitative research carried out in eThekwini (formerly known as Durban), South Africa amongst young women refugees (18–24 years) we highlight the issue of “inherited vulnerability”, examining how vulnerabilities can be transmitted across the refugee generations due to legal, economic and social structures which produce and maintain situations of inequality, rendering young women vulnerable to violence, exploitation and negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Ending the legal limbo in which they live and ensuring access to education and employment opportunities would help break the cycle of intergenerational precarity and support resilience of these young women as they transition to adulthood in South Africa.

Alberto Fernández González

El Autómata Celular (CA, por sus siglas en inglés) emergió como un modelo matemático hacia 1940, posicionándose como uno de los sistemas complejos que pueden generar formas en 1D, 2D y 3D. Este modelo se fundamenta en la aplicación de principios de diseño de abajo hacia arriba (bottom-up), que permiten crear relaciones básicas entre cada elemento del sistema, facilitando la emergencia de resultados finales inesperados. El término refiere a un sistema que, por medio de modelos computacionales, aplica una serie diversa y limitada de reglas en un contexto simulado y discreto, modulando el estado de una malla discreta desde una posición de apagado a encendido (0 a 1) en su expresión más elemental. Este marco conceptual será fundamental para apreciar la intrincada naturaleza y la significancia de los resultados que puede producir este procedimiento. A lo largo de los años, el CA se ha consolidado como un sistema de simulación matemática, desarrollándose principalmente en el ámbito digital, sin manifestaciones físicas explícitas en arquitectura a escala humana hasta el momento.  En este artículo, se explora el CA desde sus orígenes, analizando su surgimiento desde una perspectiva histórica, como un enfoque de diseño participativo. Se describen sus principios fundamentales y cómo estos conceptos se integraron gradualmente en el campo de la Arquitectura, convirtiéndose en parte de nuestras herramientas y métodos para el diseño digital. Además, se examina cómo la adopción progresiva de CA ha transformado el diseño y la resolución de problemas en la Arquitectura.

Daniela Schenk, Ali Amiri

Around 40% of global energy consumption can be attributed to the construction sector. Consequently, the development of the construction industry towards more sustainable solutions and technologies plays a crucial role in the future of our planet. Various tools and methods have been developed to assess the energy consumption of buildings, one of which is life cycle energy analysis (LCEA). LCEA requires the energy consumption at each stage of the life cycle of a product to be assessed, enabling the comparison of the impact of construction materials on energy consumption. Findings from LCEAs of buildings suggest that timber framed constructions show promising results with respect to energy consumption and sustainability. In this study a critical analysis of 100 case studies from the literature of LCEAs conducted for residential buildings is presented. Based on the studied material, the embodied, operational, and demolition energies for timber, concrete and steel buildings are compared and the importance of sustainable material selection for buildings is highlighted. The results reveal that on average, the embodied energy of timber buildings is 28–47% lower than for concrete and steel buildings respectively. The mean and median values of embodied emissions are 2,92 and 2,97 for timber, 4.08 and 3,95 for concrete, and 5,55 and 5,53 GJ/m2 for steel buildings. Moreover, the data suggests that the energy supply system of residential buildings plays a larger role in the operational energy consumption that the construction material. In addition, climate conditions, insulation detail, windows and building surfaces, and building direction are the other energy use role players. Finally, it was found that the demolition energy contributes only a small amount to the total life cycle energy consumption. This study demonstrates the significance of embodied energy when comparing the life cycle energy requirements of buildings and highlights the need for the development of a more standardised approach to LCEA case studies.

Mohamed Kafrawy, Sahar Attia, Heba Allah Khalil

Transportation has always been the backbone of development. Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been theorized, piloted and expanded increasingly in the past few decades. In this regard, this paper investigates the relationship between urban development, the transportation process, and the required implementation guidelines within fast-urbanizing cities, such as Cairo. After reviewing different related sustainable development theories, the study investigates pioneering case studies that have applied TOD and provided adequate implementation frameworks. The authors then extract and compare a set of required policies. The current Egyptian development paradigm is then discussed in relation to these enabling policies, focusing on Greater Cairo Region, Egypt. The authors debate previous development plans, progress, and newly proposed ones, focusing on the transportation process as the means for development. The study concludes with a set of required guidelines to ensure the integration of transportation with land-use planning, thus ensuring a more prosperous and inclusive urban development.

Juliana Costa Morais, Angelina Costa, Fernando Ruttkay Pereira

O artigo trata resumidamente do concurso estudantil de arquitetura bioclimática entitulado XI Bienal José Miguel Aroztegui , que ocorreu concomitantemente ao XV ENCAC - Encontro Nacional de Conforto no Ambiente Construído durante os dias 18,19 e 20 de Setembro de 2019 na cidade de Joao Pessoa/PB. O enfoque do concurso foi arquitetura biobclimática em espaços de saúde, especificamente em unidades básicas de saúde-UBS.

Ayodeji Awopeju, Seye Olowu, Ilesanmi Jegede

Background: The effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies (ACAs) depends on adequate funding. Literature has shown that successful ACAs all over the world are well funded, as well as enjoyed political will of their home governments. Aim: The article examined the funding of the Nigerian anti-corruption agencies in relation to anti-corruption agencies in Hong Kong and Singapore. Settings: The article is structured into eight sections namely the introduction, methodology, conceptual clarification, theoretical framework, funding patterns of anti-corruption agencies in Nigeria, Singapore’s and Hong Kong agencies’ effectiveness in combating corruption, lessons from Singapore and Hong Kong as a basis for effective anti-corruption fighting in Nigeria and conclusion. Methods: The article adopted the qualitative and quantitative methods. Data were collected from the primary and secondary sources. Two in-depth interview (IDI) sessions were held with officials of the agencies while documental analysis complemented the primary data in the study. Result: The study found that Nigeria’s anti-corruption agencies are not adequately funded; and recommends that a significant percentage of the national budget should be earmarked for the ACAs. And, the successive should show the political will and commitment to fund ACAs. Conclusion: It is an actuality that funding of the two ACAs in Nigeria has not been backed by a strong political will. However, the potentiality of the ACAs is still in its infancy. So far their performance has been insignificant and ineffective in combating corruption in Nigeria.

ALMIRA KHAFIZOVA

Vernacular architecture presents sustainable minimum-impact structures harmonized with their context and inhabitants. Heritage preserved tangible and intangible in material forms, encrypted spiritual believes of humanity's life in dwellings’ organization unveiling the details of our ancestors’ life and world cultures’ connectivity. Instigated by modern-world urbanization, sustainability and cultural diversity issues, the study is researching on cultures connectivity, corresponding to the scale and context of the global cityscape and attempting to synthesize vernacular heritage. The objective of this research is to study indigenous human congruent architectural examples and their relationship with intangible aspects of habitat. This paper will be adopting a qualitative method, by which it aims to study and observe various examples so as to analyze interconnections of Siberian Chums and Native-American Tipi, their design driving forces, settlement of the 2nd century BC- Arkaim and Japanese traditional architecture.

Gideon Danso-Abbeam, Brightina A.A. Abban, Samuel A. Donkoh

The study aimed at investigating the effects of off-farm participation on technical efficiency of maize production in the Tolon district of the Northern Region, Ghana. The Logit regression model was used to analyze the determinants of off-farm participation while the stochastic frontier production function was used to model the determinants of maize output and technical efficiency. The empirical results from the logistic regression model indicate that age of farmer, educational attainment, farming experience, farm size, and previous farm income are significant drivers of farmers’ participation in off-farm activities. Farmers’ average technical efficiency level was 90.7% suggesting a 9.3% potential loss to inefficiency. Moreover, participation in off-farm activities had a negative influence on farmers’ technical efficiency level. The study, therefore, recommends that farm-level policy should be directed towards making the agricultural sector attractive by promoting investment and agricultural employment opportunities in the rural areas so as to ensure full commitment to farming activities. JEL code: Q22

A small part of the self-help housing campaign has been the slow emergence of the Community Land Trust (CLT) movement. CLTs are heterogeneous in terms of their scale and urban/rural contrast and because the motivations behind their inception appear to be so different. We outline the contradiction between housing as the process of activism and housing as a commodity. This is important because we see in the former means by which community organizing can be explained, but show the former to be understood in terms of class analysis. We then consider activism through the four phases of direct action suggested by Ward and go on to look specifically at two CLTs, both in major US cities. These two cases, one in New York and one in Boston, offer an insight into why a particular type of community organizing took place. We see a stand against gentrification in the heart of Manhattan, radical action to secure the ownership of land and to prevent displacement in a Lower East Side neighbourhood. In contrast, the second case shows a stand against the violence exerted in the degeneration of a South Boston neighbourhood. Here we see a community conversant with civil rights struggles able to secure the compliance of the local state through their direct action. Narratives of resistance, we suggest, rely on activists and professionals who both share similar aims and develop a symbiotic relationship in resisting the hegemony of private capital and the state.

Simona Sarma, B. Choudhury

Karyn R. Lacy

Y. Yuryk

Adriana Eckert Miranda

Com a ampliação das radiais da cidade de Porto Alegre a partir de 1929 na administração de Alberto Bins, houve significativa expansão urbana através de loteamentos. Este artigo focaliza a expansão na zona norte, mais precisamente as áreas dos arrabaldes do Passo d’Areia e Passo da Mangueira que foram considerados, a partir da década de 30, as novas “zonas salubres” para a população operária frequentemente assolada pelas cheias dos rios próximos à zona industrial do Navegantes e, nos anos seguintes, a localização ideal das novas indústrias e da habitação.

Mitchell Duneier

A. J. Delgado, B. Piedecausa-García

Dr Crystal Legacy