Hasil untuk "Religion (General)"

David Maibach, Jann Zosso

Balance flux laws of asymptotic symmetries in general relativity provide fully non-perturbative constraint equations on gravitational strain. They have proven useful for constructing numerical gravitational waveforms and for characterizing gravitational memory. As the precision of current and future detectors continues to improve, such constraints become increasingly important for high-precision tests of gravity, including searches for deviations from general relativity. This motivates a systematic understanding of analogous balance laws in theories beyond general relativity. In this work, we investigate the existence and structure of flux laws at null infinity in diffeomorphism-invariant extensions of general relativity. Our analysis is based on the covariant phase space formalism and the definition of conserved quantities, as presented by Wald and Zoupas. For a particularly relevant class of Horndeski theories, we derive a general expression for the flux and formulate the corresponding balance equation via the associated non-conserved charges. We cross-check our general results by comparing them with previous studies of Brans-Dicke gravity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the employed methods extend straightforwardly to a broader class of diffeomorphism-invariant theories. The null part of the resulting flux laws associated with null memory is compared with and validated against the alternative derivation based on the Isaacson approach to gravitational radiation. Beyond the specific results obtained, this work is intended to serve as a practical guide for computing balance laws in generic diffeomorphism-invariant theories of gravity and paves the way for an in-depth comparison between the Isaacson approach and the covariant phase space formalism.

Vitor Cardoso, Jaime Redondo-Yuste, Ulrich Sperhake et al.

Black holes and gravitational waves are consequences of the nonlinear character of the Einstein equations. Yet, the remarkable properties of General Relativity point to the existence of other effects. Here we uncover new nonlinear facets of gravity. We establish higher harmonic generation, spectral broadening and focusing in the Einstein Klein-Gordon system. In vacuum, we show that scattering of monochromatic waves at quadratic order is weakly sensitive to frequency, at large wavelengths. These aspects can both explain the seemingly smooth behavior of mergers, but also caution us against too simplistic an interpretation of waveforms.

Jackson Stingley

I construct an Einstein-Cartan ekpyrotic model (ECEM): a homogeneous, nearly Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background in Einstein-Cartan (EC) gravity whose spin-torsion sector, modeled phenomenologically as a Weyssenhoff fluid with stiff scaling $\propto a^{-6}$, is coupled to a scalar field with a steep exponential potential that interpolates between a negative ekpyrotic branch and a positive plateau. Extending the Copeland-Liddle-Wands (CLW) scalar-fluid dynamical system to a six-dimensional phase space including shear, curvature, and spin-torsion, I recast the equations in a compact deceleration-parameter form, compute the full Jacobian, and evaluate maximal Lyapunov exponents. Numerical solutions show that the ekpyrotic branch ($w_φ\gg1$) exponentially damps homogeneous shear, while the softened branch ($w_φ<1$) allows $ρ_s$ to overtake the scalar during contraction and trigger a torsion-supported bounce at high but finite densities where the EC spin-torsion term becomes dynamically dominant. Scans in a two-parameter softening plane $(φ_{\rm b},Δ)$ identify a finite region of nonsingular trajectories and quantify the required tuning; in the parameter ranges explored the maximal Lyapunov exponent on the constrained phase space is negative, giving no indication of chaotic behavior in this homogeneous truncation even when the usual curvature mode that destabilizes contracting General Relativity (GR) backgrounds is included. The construction is purely phenomenological and confined to homogeneous backgrounds: it does not address entropy accumulation, the cosmological arrow of time, or a complete cyclic cosmology.

Sabine Schermeier, Anne Deiglmayr, Nikol Rummel

Hybrid collaboration, where co-located and remote learners work together using online tools, is becoming increasingly relevant to education due to its high degree of flexibility. There is extensive research contrasting face-to-face (F2F) to remote collaboration, but much less research on hybrid learning formats. The scarce available research on hybrid collaboration suggests that the remote learners in such settings often feel less related to their peers than the co-located learners. In general, research on socio-affective factors in hybrid learning is particularly lacking, even though factors such as the learners' perceived relatedness and social presence play a crucial role for learners’ interaction and the acceptance of hybrid collaborative learning.In this paper, we experimentally compare the different perceptions of learners in hybrid, F2F and remote collaboration. In a laboratory study conducted in the context of higher education, N = 180 students rated their socio-affective state after participating in one of the three participation modes (F2F, remote, hybrid). The study revealed statistically significant differences between the three conditions in terms of learners’ perceived relatedness, social presence, enjoyment as well as their willingness to collaborate again. Based on our findings, we discuss key issues of hybrid collaboration that should be addressed in future research.

Francesco Bajardi, Daniel Blixt

The primary constraints for general teleparallel quadratic gravity are presented. They provide a basic classification of teleparallel theories from the perspective of the full nonlinear theory and represent the first step towards a full-fledged Hamiltonian analysis. The results are consistent with the limit of metric and symmetric teleparallel quadratic gravity. In the latter case we also present novel results, since symmetric teleparallel theories have only been partially studied so far. Apart from the general results, we also present the special cases of teleparallel theories classically equivalent to general relativity, which differ by a boundary term from the formulation of Einstein and Hilbert. This affects the constraint algebra as the primary constraints involve a mix of torsion and non-metricity, implying that the symmetries of general relativity are realized in a more intricate way compared to the teleparallel case. In this context, a more detailed understanding will provide insights for energy and entropy in gravity, quantum gravity and numerical relativity of this alternative formulation of general relativity. The primary constraints are presented both in the standard formulation and in irreducible parts of torsion and non-metricity. The special role of axial torsion and its connection to the one-parameter of viable new general relativity is confirmed. Furthermore, we find that one of the irreducible parts of non-metricity affects the primary constraint for shift but not lapse.

Minghao Xia, Sijie Gao

Tolman proposed that the proper temper $T$ of a static self-gravitating fluid in thermodynamic equilibrium satisfies the relation $χT=constant$, where $χ$ is the redshift factor of the spacetime. The Tolman law has been proven for radiation in stationary spacetimes and for perfect fluids in stationary, asymototically flat and axisymmetric spacetimes. It is unclear whether the proof can be extended to more general cases. In this paper, we prove that under some reasonable conditions, the Tolman law always holds for a perfect fluid in a stationary spacetime. The key assumption in our proof is that the particle number density $n$ can not be determined by the energy density $ρ$ and pressure $p$ via the equations of state. This is true for many known fluids with the equation of state $p=p(ρ)$. Then, by requiring that the total entropy of the fluid is an extremum for the variation of $n$ with a fixed metric, we prove the Tolman law. In our proof, only the conservations of stress energy and the total particle number are used, and no field equations are involved. Our work suggests that the Tolman law holds for a generic perfect fluid in a stationary spacetime, even beyond general relativity.

Joseph E. Johnson

This paper reframes Riemannian geometry as a generalized Lie algebra allowing the equations of both RG and then General Relativity to be expressed as commutation relations among fundamental operators. We begin with an Abelian Lie algebra of n operators, X, whose simultaneous eigenvalues, y, define a real n-dimensional space. Then with n new operators defined as independent functions, we define contravariant and covariant tensors in terms of their eigenvalues, on a Hilbert space representation. We then define n additional operators, D, whose exponential map is to translate X as defined by a noncommutative algebra of operators (observables) where the structure constants are shown to be the metric functions of the X operators thus allowing for spatial curvature resulting in a noncommutativity among the D operators. The D operators then have a Hilbert space position-diagonal representation as generalized differential operators plus an arbitrary vector function A(X), which, with the metric, written as a commutator, can express the Christoffel symbols, and the Riemann, Ricci and other tensors as commutators in this representation. Traditional RG and GR are obtained in a position diagonal representation of this noncommutative algebra of 2n+1 operators. We seek to provide a more general framework for RG to support an integration of GR, QT, and the SM by generalizing Lie algebras as described.

Andrzej Kiciński, Vincenzo Annicchiarico

This article aims to show the possibility of an academic approach to teaching the Catholic religion at school to the liturgical rites of the Catholic Church from a cultural perspective. Liturgical rites consist of numerous signs and symbols that refer to the human dimension, which seeks what is beautiful, true, and good. At all levels, one of the main objectives of Italian and European schools is to teach, educate, and raise responsible and upright citizens. Therefore, while contributing to the general formation of the human being at school, the teaching of Catholic religion also draws students closer, in cultural terms, to the great code, i.e., the liturgy of the Catholic Church. It is certainly a form of public and social communication. It is education in action. In this sense, for example, it could be a considerable and systematic cultural opportunity for Ukrainian students residing in Poland, a chance to learn the symbolic language of the Catholic liturgy in the perspective of reaching human maturity without fear of proselytism from the Catholic Church. This article in no way intends to diminish the intrinsic value of the liturgy in the life of the Church, understood as a celebration, proclamation, commemoration, promise, and moral call whose purpose is to transform or transfigure the person so that he/she is oriented toward the highest good, i.e., God, and able to live a life of mutual love

Jorge Aurelio Díaz

El libro recoge siete artículos, cuatro sobre temas de la filosofía de Descartes y tres sobre la de Spinoza, algunos ya publicados y otros inéditos, como lo señalan los Créditos Editoriales, pero con versiones revisadas, corregidas y ampliadas. Aunque cada uno de los capítulos puede ser leído de manera independiente, hay un hilo conductor que los integra, y que no es otro que la confrontación entre el racionalismo moderado del pensador francés y el racionalismo radical del judío de Ámsterdam: “Spinoza quiere acabar con el misterio que rodea la razón o que le subyace –leemos en la contraportada–, misterio que hace afirmar a Descartes en la Meditación tercera: «es propio de la naturaleza del infinito que mi naturaleza, que es finita y limitada, no pueda comprenderlo»”. Se trata así de una de las tensiones básicas que atraviesan todo el pensamiento moderno.

Deng Guo Long

The Evenki are a small ethnic group living in Russia and China, which has preserved its traditional culture and rituals. The “Evenk theme” has become a significant phenomenon in modern Chinese literature and has contributed to ethnographic studies of Evenk culture. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern literary criticism in various artistic projections of imagological methodology through the prism of ethnic cultures, as well as the attention of modern Chinese writers to the life of small nationalities. The aim of the study was the imagological analysis of the image of the self-perception of the Evenki in the artistic ethnography of the Evenk writer Uzhertu. The research is based on the methodological developments in the field of artistic ethnography, as well as imagological studies of cultural images and artistic images of perception in literature. The principle of attracting and using ethnographic material is based on the works by Russian ethnographers. During the research, the stories of Uzhertu were analyzed. The image of the Evenk in his works is given from the point of view of self-perception. At the same time, it is emphasized that despite the positive qualities, the Evenk nation is weak and small in number, dissolving in the Han culture under the influence of globalization, modernization, and developing economy. As a representative of an ancient ethnos, faced with the impact of modern civilization, with each new stage of creativity, Uzhertu became more and more aware of his responsibility to his people, trying to fix and preserve its unique culture in an artistic form. In the “Evenk” works by Uzhertu, the main typological techniques of artistic ethnography were captured: the creation of images of perception of a foreign culture (Han) and images of perception, the imprinting of traditional religious ideas and a mythological picture of the world, a description of household and trade customs and rituals. Uzhertu sadly records the processes of enveloping the Evenks, their dissolution in the Han culture and everyday life.

Yu. V. Vayrakh, G. O. Ibraimova

The article describes the macro-concepts Rod (a Slavic female deity) and Makosh (a Slavic female deity) in the Russian linguistic culture. It is the first attempt to analyze these macro-concepts in terms of conceptual signs. The authors studied the lexemes of Rod and Makosh / Mokosh as the main representatives of the macro-concepts in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, as well as compared their cognitive signs. The methods included descriptive, interpretive, and conceptual linguistic analyses. The macro-concept of Makosh revealed 33 cognitive signs, which were divided into 11 groups: 1. (Divine) motherhood (four signs): goddess, Mother of God / Virgin Mary, poppy head, crown. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (four signs): rain, star, earth, horns / cornucopia. 3. Fertility (two signs): abundance, harvest. 4. Spirits of nature (one sign): mermaids / pitchforks. 5. Kinship (six signs): wife, mother, grandparent, relationship, family, elder sister. 6. Functions (four signs): thunderbearer, spinner, creator, mistress. 7. Relationships (one sign): care. 8. Evaluation (one sign): good. 9. Person (two signs): girl, woman. 10. Fate (four signs): share, lot, fate, luck. 11. Cult (four signs): idol, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa (Saint Paraskevi of Iconium), Rozhanitsa (a Slavic female deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice. The structure of the macro-concept Rod had 35 cognitive features, which were divided into 13 groups: 1. (Divine) fatherhood (two features): god, God-father. 2. Natural objects and phenomena (three features): star, lightning, sky. 3. Fertility (one sign): harvest. 4. Kinship (four signs): father, grandparent, kinship, family. 5. Functions (five signs): agriculture, ruler, justice, creation, creator. 6. Relationships (two signs): care, protection. 7. Evaluation (three signs): good, deceit, adultery. 8. Fate (two signs): share, fate. 9. Cult (five signs): idol, feast, Stribog (a Slavic male deity), treba (prayer) / sacrifice, Yarilo (a Slavic male deity). 10. Success (four signs): crown, profit, prosperity, success. 11. Place of birth (one feature): Motherland. 12. Property (one sign): strength. 13. People (two signs): civilization, humanity. These signs reflected the peculiarities of the Russian linguistic mentality, which preserved the memory of the cult of Rod (literally, kin) and Makosh (Mother Goddess). This cult was consistently reproduced in veneration of the Mother Earth and family deities Rod and Makosh, the divine parents of people. Christian aspects manifested themselves as the image of Virgin Mary and God the Father. The macro-concepts of Rod and Makosh appeared to have a number of overlapping cognitive features: good, deity (god, goddess), destiny, care, star, idol, progenitor, kinship, family, fate, creator, prayer / sacrifice, harvest.

Yahui Wang, Mengyue Zhang, Qin Yin et al.

The building of cabin hospitals in Wuhan has been proven to be clinically successful in curing mild-symptom COVID-19 patients shortly after the outbreak of COVID-19 in late 2019. At the same time, the psychological effect of patients being treated in cabin hospitals and the features of the psychological status of the whole society remained ambiguous. This study adopted a self-administrated questionnaire to investigate the stress, depression, and anxiety status of patients in cabin hospitals (n = 212) and healthy participants outside of Hubei province (n = 221) in a population level from February 29 to March 01, 2020. The research measured participants’ stress response, depression level, and anxiety level as well as their social support system and their resilience level. Results indicated that in this sudden outbreak of an unknown pandemic, all people (whether or not infected) showed a generally high level of stress, depression, and anxiety, regardless of age, gender, education level, and employment. It also showed that people with a lower level of psychological resilience and social support reported more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Moreover, the research also found a positive effect of cabin hospitals on the psychological recovery of COVID-19 patients. Stress response of patients increased after entering into cabin hospitals, while after 3–4 weeks’ treatment, patients showed a decrease in their depression and anxiety levels. This research advances the understanding of COVID-19 and gives suggestions to optimize the design and the allocation of resources in cabin hospitals and better deal with the unknown pandemics in the future.

Pietro Costa

Petar Mitrić

In this paper we review the canonical analysis of constrained systems and apply it in the case of teleparallel equivalent of general relativity and teleparallel gravity. For each of them we find all the Poisson brackets, generators of gauge symmetries, as well as the number of degrees of freedom.

Jessica Santiago

In this thesis, the connections between thermodynamics and general relativity are explored. We review the concept of gravitationally induced temperature gradients in equilibrium states, first introduced by Richard Tolman. We explore these Tolman-like temperature gradients, understanding their physical origin and whether they can be generated by other forces or not. We then generalize this concept for fluids following generic four-velocities, which are not necessarily generated by Killing vectors, in general stationary space-times. We then move to a more fundamental question: can we still define thermal equilibrium for non-Killing flows? To answer this we review two of the main theories of relativistic non-perfect fluids: Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics and Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics. We also take a tour through the interesting concept of Born-rigid motion, showing some explicit examples of non-Killing rigid flows for Bianchi Type I space-times. These results are important since they show that the Herglotz--Noether theorem cannot be extended for general curved space-times. We then connect the Born-rigid concept with the results obtained by the relativistic fluid's equilibrium conditions and show that the exact thermodynamic equilibrium can only be achieved along a Killing flow. We do, however, introduce some interesting possibilities which are allowed for non-Killing flows. Following, we launch into black hole thermodynamics, specifically studying the trans-Planckian problem for Hawking radiation. We construct a kinematical model consisting of matching two Vaidya spacetimes along a thin shell and show that, as long as the Hawking radiation is emitted only a few Planck lengths (in proper distance) away from the horizon, the trans-Plackian problem can be avoided.

habilah danesh shahraki, Ali Sadeghinejad

مساله‌ی ارزش‌داوری در فلسفه‌ی اخلاق، فلسفه‌ی حقوق و فلسفه‌ی دین از این جهت حائز اهمیت است که مشخص می‌کند چه چیزی اساسا قابل ارزش‌گذاری است و کجا ارزش مثبت یا منفی بدان تعلق می گیرد، فلذا نیازمند بررسی‌های فلسفی است. از این منظر حکمت متعالیه به عنوان فلسفه‌ای که باید فلسفه‌های مضاف از دل آن استخراج شوند می‌بایست درباره‌ی این ارزش‌داوری‌ها مبنایی ارائه دهد تا محل ارزش‌داوری، نحوه‌ی آن و قواعد حاکم بر آن نیز مشخص شود. از آن جایی که حکمت متعالیه نگاهی هستی شناسانه به عالم دارد،انتظار می‌رود در جایگاه فلسفه‌ی مادر مبانی هستی‌شناسانه برای مساله‌ی ارزش‌داوری ارائه کند. در این میان مساله‌ی خیر و شر و نیز حسن و قبح مباحثی هستند که به عنوان نمونه در این نوشتار مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. اصالت وجود، تشکیک وجود، سعه‌ی وجودی و کمالات نفسانی انسان اصولی هستند که از منظر حکمت متعالیه مبنای هستی‌شناسانه برای ارزش‌داوری‌مهیا می‌کنند. در نهایت چنین به نظر می‌رسد که با نتایجی که از این اصول به دست می‌آید یعنی مساوقت وجود با خیر، عدمی پنداشتن شرور و نیز بازگرداندن حسن و قبح به مطابقت با فضائل و رساندن به خیر اعلی، به سختی می‌توان از این اصول مبنایارزش‌داوریمنسجمی استخراج کرد.

Thomas C. Bachlechner

We provide a novel, concise and self-contained evaluation of true- and false vacuum decay rates in general relativity. We insist on general covariance and choose observable boundary conditions, which yields the well known false-vacuum decay rate and a new true-vacuum decay rate that differs significantly from prior work. The rates of true- and false vacuum decays are identical in general relativity. The second variation of the action has a negative mode for all parameters. Our findings imply a new perspective on cosmological initial conditions and the ultimate fate of our universe.

Renato Nunes Bittencourt

Resenha da obra BATAILLE, Georges. Sobre Nietzsche: Vontade de Chance. Trad. de Fernando Scheibe. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2017.

Paulo Sérgio Lopes Gonçalves

Objetiva-se neste artigo analisar a evocação do pensiero debole na teologia da libertação, realizada por Gustavo Gutiérrez. Justifica-se este objetivo o fato de que o supracitado teólogo, em sua obra ¿Dónde dormirán los pobres? (1996) evoca a formulação acerca do pensiero debole, efetuada pelo filósofo italiano Gianni Vattimo, para mostrar que o fundamento originário – a articulação entre fé e pobres, já presente nas obras Teología de la Liberación (1971), La fuerza histórica de los pobres (1979) e La verdad os hara libres (1990) – não perde a sua validade e continua a ser pertinente e relevante ao aprofundar o significado da perspectiva libertadora, ao tornar a sua linguagem criticamente plausível ao contexto de dissolução da metafísica, de fragmentação do saber, de transversalidade epistemológica e desenvolver temas referentes ao pluralismo étnico e cultural, ao gênero, à pluralidade e diálogo inter-religioso, à ecologia e aos paradoxos culturais e religiosos. Trata-se de uma linguagem que apresenta um Deus compassivo, solidário com os seres humanos, a partir dos pobres, e efetivamente um “Deus da vida”. Para atingir este objetivo, será exposta a evocação do pensiero debole, realizada a respectiva análise filosófica acerca dessa categoria, e efetuada sua aplicação na teologia da libertação, caracterizando-se como uma teologia da libertação debole.

Jorge León de la Vega

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>An attainable way to understand why we must reasonably doubt about a definite aspect of Albert Einstein´s geometric theory of gravitation, when he denies the character of force for gravity, is throughout the history of Relativity Principle and Inertial Law, from its postulation by Galileo Galilei, its rectification by Newton for the infinite space without resistance to movement, its transformation in the Special Theory of Relativity to receive the Constancy Principle of the Speed of Light, and its final role in the General Theory as a way to explain gravity by means of the sole<br />curvature of space.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> gravedad, inercia, movimiento, teoría, Lógica de la Representación.</p>