Hasil untuk "Political theory"

W. Lippmann

Rouhollah Eslami, Somayeh Maleki

Governance is the same as governance and means the techniques and strategies that take place on the population in a geographical area. The logic of governance has gone through three periods of metaphysics, mechanics and quantum. Political thought from Machiavelli to Marx belongs to the period of mechanical rule. In this article, governance meaning the logic of government and governance at three levels of principles, institutions and techniques has been considered and the framework of Foucault and religion theory has been used to interpret the texts. The evolution of governance from metaphysical to physical and the emergence of mechanical governance are directly related to governance practices based on modern political logic and wisdom and the emergence of humanities and new technologies. This article examines the establishment, glory, and decline of mechanical rule. The ideas of Machiavelli, Hobbes, and the social contract were formulated and established in the form of mechanical rule, and flourished with the intellectual efforts of Montesquieu, Kant, Hegel, Mill, and others. The next century saw Nozick, Habermas (and postmodern critics) come up with alternative techniques for overcoming bottlenecks. Throughout the article, the principles, institutions and techniques of mechanical governance are analyzed. Throughout the article, the principles, institutions and techniques of mechanical governance are analyzed. The article shows that from Machiavelli to Marx we see the formation of the mechanics of power and the establishment, glory and decline of mechanical rule.

Rogers Rugeiyamu, Adam Msendo

Decentralization remains a global development approach. African countries have been using decentralization by devolution to realize their development vision. This study assesses the success, challenges, and prospects of decentralization in Africa. The results reveal that there has been considerable success of decentralization in African countries. Success relates to setting political structures at the local level, conducting elections, strengthening the budgetary system, and improved service delivery. Decentralization faces many challenges related to policy, legislation, and the lack of political will, limited autonomy, and overdependence on central government. This has been caused by the fact that rather than implementing devolution, African countries have been implementing deconcentration, a thing which is caused by the unitary nature of governments. Impliedly, the existing theory of decentralization is not properly working in Africa. Thus, the prospects of decentralization require policy and legislation changes and proper implementation, granting local authorities autonomy to administer development based on their priorities and capacitating local authorities to be accountable, responsive, and implement inclusive development. This would ensure the internalization of decentralization as a developmental approach in Africa. The study limited itself to secondary materials, more studies are recommended to capture the opinion and experiences of local government actors on decentralization.

Málková Iva

Ostrava used to be one of the significant industrial and cultural centres of Silesia. It became part of Czechoslovakia in 1918, with the character of the territory being multi-ethnic, multilingual, and with industrial dynamics. This article explores various approaches to literary cartography and establishes a method of creating a printed Literary Map of Ostrava 1918–2018 (including places, events, personalities, institutions, texts). The map is trying to record the emergence, consolidation and transformation of the literary identity of the city of Ostrava over a period of one hundred years. It presents the aspects that determined the character of the map (including among others, the back part of map which includes interpretations, uses the princip of synecdoche and aspects of complexity too). It depicts the emergence reference of individual points on the map in relation to the historical, socio-economic, political and religious aspects of the city and includes work with temporal and spatial layers which were used in the preparation of the thematic map. The map presents, through the application of synoptic literary map theory, the nature of the semantic network through which literary history is reflected. It explains the inspirational significance of a cartographic treatment of literary history that goes beyond locational character. It not a map of fictional places.

V. A.  Rodionov, O. Khatanbold

This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.

Ivan Savin, Stefan Drews, Jeroen van den Bergh

Researchers from different disciplines have different opinions about carbon pricing. To better understand the reasoning behind these perspectives, we utilize responses to three open-ended questions from a global survey among almost 800 researchers from a wide variety of fields who published on climate policy. Using methods from computational linguistics, we classify reflections of researchers on the main strengths and weaknesses of carbon pricing compared with other policy instruments in seven and six topics, respectively. The results indicate that the main perceived strengths of carbon pricing are that it is effective and efficient at reducing emissions, gives clear investment incentives, decentralizes policy, among others. The main perceived weaknesses of carbon pricing are related to its potentially regressive effects on households, low social-political support, and amenability to manipulation—to name a few. Surprisingly, not all these perceptions are in line with established theory and empirical evidence. Finally, we collect suggestions for future research. Among nine frequently mentioned themes are improving public understanding of carbon pricing, political acceptability, synergies with other policies, long-term effects, and implementation in an equitable way in developing countries and worldwide. In addition, we highlight several less frequent but arguably innovative research avenues. Finally, we report to what extent the identified topics on strengths, weaknesses and knowledge gaps are significantly related to academic experience, gender, GDP per capita in the countries of origin and residence of the survey participants, and perceived importance of carbon pricing. This information helps identifying key differences in views within the scientific community on carbon pricing and can guide communication between fields aimed at reaching more consensus on climate policy.

R. Watts, J. Zimmerman

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses the questions of why accounting theories are predominantly normative and why no single theory is generally accepted. Accounting theories are analyzed as economic goods, produced in response to the demand for theories. The nature of the demand is examined, first in an unregulated, then in a regulated economy. Government regulation creates incentives for individuals to lobby on proposed accounting procedures, and accounting theories are useful justifications in the political lobbying. Further, government intervention produces a demand for a variety of theories, because each group affected by an accounting change demands a theory that supports its position. The diversity of positions prevents general agreement on a theory of accounting, and accounting theories are normative because they are used as excuses for political action (i.e., the political process creates a demand for theories which prescribe, rather than describe, the world). The implications of the authors' theory for the changes in the accounting literature as a result of major changes in the institutional environment are compared with observed phenomena.

Mikhail B. Konashev

The translation of Ch. Darwin’s main and most well-known book, On the Origin of Species, had great significance for the reception and development of his evolution theory in Russia and later in the USSR, and for many reasons. The history of the book’s publication in Russian in tsarist Russia and in the Soviet Union is analyzed in detail. The first Russian translation of On the Origin of Species was made by Sergey A. Rachinsky in 1864. Till 1917 On the Origin of Species had been published more than ten times, including the publication in Darwin’s collected works. The edition of 1907– –1909 with Timiryazev as editor had the best quality of translation and scientific editing. This translation was used in all subsequent Soviet and post-Soviet editions. During Soviet time, On the Origin of Species was published seven times in total, and three times as a part of Darwin’s collected works. From 1940 to 1987, as a result of the domination of Lysenkoism in Soviet biology, On the Origin of Species was not published in the USSR. During the post-Soviet period, the book was published only two times, and it happened already in the 21st century. The small number of editions of Darwin’s main book in post-Soviet time is one of the consequences of the discredit of the evolutionary theory in mass media and by the Russian Orthodox Church as well as the rise of neo-Lysenkoism. The general circulation of nine pre-revolutionary editions of On the Origin of Species was about 30,000–35,000 copies. Only four editions which had been released in the USSR from 1926 to 1937 had the total circulation in 79,200 copies. Two post-Soviet editions published in 2001 and in 2003 had already a circulation of only 1,000 copies. Subsequent editions in each period of Russian history was thus some kind of an answer to the scientific, political and social requirements of the Russian society and the Russian state.

Tom O’Shea

Socialist republicans advocate public ownership and control of the means of production in order to achieve the republican goal of a society without endemic domination. While civic republicanism is often attacked for its conservatism, the relatively neglected radical history of the tradition shows how a republican form of socialism provides powerful conceptual resources to critique capitalism for leaving workers and citizens dominated. This analysis supports a programme of public ownership and economic democracy intended to reduce domination in the workplace and wider society. I defend this socialist republicanism from both the Marxist objection that it overlooks the impersonal nature of domination under capitalism and the left-liberal objections that property-owning democracy or worker codetermination are sufficient to suppress dominating relationships. The resulting position identifies the need for more ambitious institutional grounds for republican liberty than is often supposed, while offering us a distinctive emancipatory justification for socialism.

Giorgio Borrelli

Varios autores han considerado posible identificar elementos de convergencia entre la lingüística de Saussure y las teorías socioeconómicas de Durkheim, Pareto y Marx. En esta contribución trataré de reconstruir los orígenes de estos tres paralelismos, destacando sus puntos críticos y posibles fortalezas.

Mónica Cano Abadía, Tuija Pulkkinen

G. O. Krylov, V. M. Seleznev

The article analyzes the main reasons for the slow adoption of blockchain technology, in particular, in the financial sector. The authors critically analyzed the main declared properties of blockchain technologies: trust, security, decentralization, immutable data storage, lack of intermediaries, hardware protection against attacks, and openness. The aim of the study are to show that these blockchain properties are overestimated, the expectations of its adoption are inflated, and the delays in its adaptation outside of cryptocurrencies, in particular, in the financial sector, are natural. The article is based on a methodology for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific publications and statistical sources on the blockchain adaptation from the perspective of the theory of diffusion of innovations, the conditions and the specifics of economic and sociological approaches for consensus-building. The study resulted in the following new systemic findings. Blockchain and distributed ledgers are not fundamentally new technologies. In general, they do not have the properties of the immutable data storage, trust, anonymity, low transaction and adoption costs. All current consensus technologies have fundamental faults. Cryptocurrency technology is original, but it was a private experimental solution to a specific ideological problem of the libertarian political agenda. Consensus does not provide trust. Delayed blockchain adoption, in particular in traditional financial institutions, is natural, since the technology does not show better results than current digital solutions, and traditional economic institutions have greater public trust. The practical implications of the findings are that they may be used by investors.

Timo Pankakoski

Prof.Dr Zahida Parveen, Dr. Naseem Akhtar

"Women are more than half of the world population. They are the mothers of the other half. As mothers and careers, as producers and farmers, the work of women supports their families and communities. Yet, throughout the world, the poorest people are predominantly women and their dependent children. Women face an increasing level of violence because, of their gender and half a million die each year as a direct or indirect result of pregnancy. Historically, women in both eastern and western societies were viewed as the weaker, sex and this view placed women in the category of a lesser being. Even today women in most of the world are less well-nourished than men, less healthy, more vulnerable to physical violence and sexual abuse and less paid. They are much less likely than men to be literate, and still less likely to have professional and technical, education. In many nations, women are not fully equals under the law, often burdened with full responsibility for house work and child care, they lack opportunities, for entertainment and imagination. In all these ways, unequal social and political circumstances give women unequal human capabilities (ibid). For most of the last 50 years, development theory and practice was focused on economic development. Moreover, the development of infrastructure such as road, electrification, irrigation, schools and hospitals was seen as the basis for economic, growth and development. Although the various programs were introduced in this period, they ignored women as economic actors. "

S. Mulhall, A. Swift

Over the past decade, one of the most controversial and influential challenges to liberal political theory has been mounted by a number of writers usually labelled "communitarian". Focusing primarily upon the philosophical and metaphysical underpinnings of liberal accounts of justice, these critics have argued that such accounts presuppose an inadequate conception of the person and of the relationship between individuals and their communities, resulting in an impoverished view of the role of the state. This book traces the progress of the debate. Beginning with an account of John Rawls's "A Theory of Justice", it goes on to provide clear presentations of the work of the main communitarians - Michael Sandel, Alisdair MacIntyre, Charles Taylor and Michael Walzer. This is followed by an assessment of Rawls's more recent work, in which his "political" liberalism is shown to provide resources for a response to the communitarian critique. Finally, the authors examine the writings of two other liberal theorists, Richard Rorty and Joseph Raz, each of whom can be read as pursuing strikingly different lines of argument which avoid the difficulties faced by Rawls but raise new problems of their own. With a guiding agenda of themes and issues, this book is a useful aid to students of contemporary political theory.

M. Laver, K. Shepsle

Nadia Urbinati

V. P. Panteleiev, M. V. Nastenko

By the standard of relation of workers of enterprise to implementation of duties in relation to tax payment in a budget there must be an imperative of the USA and most capitalist countries: taxes are paid undoubtedly in the rules and terms marked Law. In these countries cultural traditions and honor are formed and supported to supremacy of interests of society and state. 'Tax culture of workers' as interdisciplinary study, proposing his phenomenon that was not able to have a presentiment in any other way. With hope, we will testify the theory of tax culture, that confidently moves after clean hypothetical political, economic, and social study, in the near future. Besides, reasoning recommendations can be got from the concept of tax culture of workers, that in the end will result in higher and more viable tax profits to more legal tax state as well as more transparent tax mode. The article reveals measures to introduce tax culture, which contribute to the motivational mechanism of economic regulation. The role of the tax culture in the field of taxation is described, the rules for the implementation of tax culture at the enterprise of Ukraine in the administration of taxes and fees are set forth, the author's definition of tax culture is formulated, the experience of EU countries in using cultural traditions in accounting for tax liabilities and the application of effective management tools is shown; the sequence of promotion of the problems of tax administration with application of tax culture is given.