This paper proposes a novel adversarial patch-generation method for infrared images, focusing on enhancing the robustness and transferability of infrared adversarial patches. To improve the flexibility and diversity of the generation process, a Bernoulli random dropout strategy is adopted. The loss function integrates multiple components, including target hiding loss, smoothing loss, structural similarity loss, and patch pixel value loss, ensuring that the generated patches maintain low texture complexity and natural visual features. During model training, the Grad-CAM algorithm is employed to identify the critical regions of interest in the target detector, where adversarial patches are applied to maximize the attack effectiveness. Furthermore, affine transformations and random erasing operations are introduced to increase the diversity and adaptability of patches, thereby enhancing their effectiveness across different scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed GADP (Generative Adversarial Patch based on Bernoulli Random Dropout and Loss Function Optimization) algorithm achieves a high Attack Success Rate of 75.8% on various target detection models, significantly reducing the average precision (AP). Specifically, the AP of the YOLOv5s model drops from 81.3% to 15.1%. Compared with existing adversarial attack methods such as advYOLO Patch and QR Attack, GADP exhibits superior transferability and attack performance, reducing the Average Precision of multiple detection models to around 40%. The proposed method is not only theoretically innovative but also shows potential practical value, particularly in tasks such as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) detection and ground security under low-visibility environments. This study provides new insights into adversarial attack research for infrared target recognition.
Photography, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics
Purpose: To report the practices and outcomes of ophthalmic evaluations for pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) maculopathy at a single institution. Methods: This study was conducted on patients of Massachusetts Eye and Ear who had documented PPS exposure and an ophthalmic encounter from 2019 through 2022. The main outcomes were examination components performed and identification of PPS maculopathy. Image analysis confirmed findings. Results: Thirty-seven patients were included. Of the initial encounters, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was documented for 29 (78.4%) patients, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for 13 (35.1%), and color fundus photography (CFP) for 12 (32.4%). Four cases (10.8%) of PPS maculopathy were observed. Mean (range) duration of exposure was 17 (15–20), and mean (range) cumulative exposure was 2418 (2190–2628) mg. Maculopathy did not occur until after 15 years of exposure and greater than 2000 mg of cumulative exposure. Three cases (8.1%) of PPS maculopathy were evaluated following drug cessation over a mean of 18.3 months. Two cases (5.4%) of PPS maculopathy progression post-cessation over durations of 1.1 and 4.3 years were described. Conclusion: We found inadequate imaging and documentation of OCT, CFP, and FAF to evaluate for toxicity in patients with a history of current or past PPS exposure. This study contributes four cases of PPS maculopathy to the growing literature reporting the phenotypic spectrum of toxicity, including two cases of maculopathy progression following drug cessation. There is a need for evaluations post-cessation due to possible progression of maculopathy, so patients are not treated inappropriately for differential diagnoses.
Zechen Liu, Jindong Han, Xiaorong Li Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jindong Han, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, Email djindonghan@126.com Xiaorong Li, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China, Email lixiaorong@tmu.edu.cnAbstract: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. High-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (HR-PDR) is an advanced stage and carries a nearly 50% risk of severe vision loss within five years without intervention. Recent advances in ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging technologies enable comprehensive detection of peripheral lesions and facilitate more accurate diagnosis of disease severity, yet standardized quantitative biomarkers for predicting disease progression remain lacking. Current treatments, including pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), demonstrate varying levels of efficacy. There is currently no consensus on the optimal treatment regimen for HR-PDR. Therefore, this review analyzes the application value of UWF imaging in HR-PDR, compares the efficacy of different treatment regimens, and considers their cost-effectiveness and practical applicability meanwhile. Using UWF color fundus photography (CFP) combined with widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF-SS-OCTA) may enhance diagnostic and monitoring outcomes for HR-PDR. Anti-VEGF injections followed PRP could provide stable and sustained protective effects; early PPV may improve outcomes in select cases. Future research should prioritize addressing current research gaps, including the identification of optimal anti-VEGF/PRP protocols, strategies to overcome long-term adherence challenges, establishment of consistent retreatment criteria, clarification of surgical indications, and development of socioeconomic strategies. Keywords: high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy, treatment methods, diagnostic techniques, review
Mass spectrometry imaging （MSI） is an emerging high-tech “photography” method combining mass spectrometry and image visualization technologies, which can simultaneously monitor the spatial distribution of multiple molecules in biological samples. In recent years, the characteristics of this technology have been used to visually study the distribution of drugs in hair, among which matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging（MALDI-MSI） technology has been most widely applied in hair analysis. Based on the principle of MALDI-MSI technology, this paper discusses the key technical elements of MALDI-MSI technology applied to hair analysis and reviews the research achievements of MSI in hair analysis. It concludes that improving the ionization efficiency, resolution, sensitivity and stability of MALDI-MSI technology remains the future exploration direction, and simplifying data analysis and establishing databases will help promote MALDI-MSI as a routine analytical technique for hair analysis.
A. P. Paliy, L. V. Kovalenko, K. O. Rodionova
et al.
The use of disinfectants is a crucial aspect of preventive and health improvement measures for infectious diseases in farm and domestic animals. Regulatory documents require the determination of toxicity to macroorganisms, including the establishment of lethal doses and toxicity groups, during the development and registration of antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to investigate the histological changes in the internal organs of laboratory animals when determining lethal doses of innovative disinfectants. The experiments used domestic disinfectants containing glutaraldehyde as the active ingredient. Histological studies were conducted on the internal organs (kidney, liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen) of 75 laboratory animals using an Axioskop 40/40FL microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany) with video microscopic photography. The methods used were under current standards. Hemodynamic disorders were observed in the renal tissue under the influence of lethal doses of aldehyde disinfectants. These disorders were characterized by capillary dilation and blood filling. Glomerular capillary dilation and overflow with blood cells were also detected. Additionally, stasis was observed in the lumen of the microcirculatory vessels throughout the entire length. The examination of histological sections from animal liver samples revealed a significant expansion of Dissé spaces, variations in the size of hepatocyte nuclei, beam decomposition and fragmentation, small acute perivascular hemorrhages, leukostasis in sinusoids, and hemodynamic disorders. The structure of the organ's beams was also disturbed, and a significant number of venous vessels were dilated and excessively filled with blood cells. Minor changes were detected in the stomach, including desquamation of the epithelial cells of the glands and their exfoliation into the gastric lumen, as well as circulatory disorders. Epithelial desquamation, blood vessel dilation, and signs of connective tissue edema were observed in the intestine. The kidneys exhibited signs of acute venous hemorrhage and stasis in vessels of various calibers, with the development of small acute parenchymal hemorrhages and localized lymphoid cell death in the white pulp. The prospect of further research is to investigate the histomorphological changes in the internal organs of laboratory animals when exposed to modern complex disinfectants with different active ingredients.
This study explores the application of the Photovoice method to capitalize on cultural activities in the education of rural children at early school age. Photovoice, a participatory research-action methodology, empowers children to capture and reflect on their cultural experiences through photography.
The article discusses cinematic depopulation, the strategy of appropriation of the colonized by the colonizer widely used in the Soviet and post-Soviet cinema made in Ukraine and Russia and, until now, never analyzed in academic literature. The cinematic depopulation is a mode of filmic representation whereby a given ethnoscape (Ukraine) is cleansed of its national community (Ukrainians) and instead is populated by the colonizer (Russians) as if it were an integral part of his historical territory. As a form of cultural imperialism, this strategy has, until quite recently, been widely used in both Soviet and post-Soviet Russian and Ukrainian filmmaking to promote the idea of Ukraine conceivable outside of and without the Ukrainian language, culture, and other attributes of Ukrainian identity.
Background: Thyroidectomy results in unsightly scarring at the anterior neck of the patient. Objectives: This prospective clinical study aimed to assess the effectiveness of laser assisted drug delivery (LADD) of topical steroid ointment for the treatment of postthyroidectomy hypertrophic scars. Methods: Five courses of a fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser combined with topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate were applied every 4 weeks to treat postthyroidectomy hypertrophic scars in ten adult female patients. The effectiveness was assessed by the patient themselves according to the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and by three different doctors according to photography evaluations before and 1 year after the first treatment. Results: Assessments of the scars by POSAS revealed significant improvements in terms of itchiness, color, softness, thickness, irregularity, and distorted appearance of the scars, albeit without any significant pain relief. In addition, all indicative characteristics of the scar, namely, vascularity, pigmentation, thickness, relief, pliability, surface area, and overall opinion, as assessed by the treating doctor and based on photographic evaluations by three different doctors, revealed significant improvements in the scars after treatment. Conclusion: In this study, we demonstrated that the topical delivery of steroids after fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser treatment showed an encouraging outcome in postthyroidectomy hypertrophic scarring.
Roberto A. Violante, Leticia Burone, Michel Mahiques
et al.
Marine Geology is one of the most recently developed branches of the geological sciences, which began to actively evolve after the mid XX century when the “modern” research techniques for obtaining really trustworthy data from the ocean floor and subbottom appeared, such as high resolution bathymetry, seismic, sea-bottom profilers, submarine photography and sea-floor sampling. In the Southwestern Atlantic continental margin the first great impulse occurred in the 1950´s and 1960´s by the agreement achieved between the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of the Columbia University (USA) and the Argentina Hydrographic Survey (SHN). It was a pioneering work at a global scale as it represented a leading case for developing marine seismic technologies at sea useful for understanding the major oceanic sedimentary processes and the subbottom structure (e.g., Ahrens et al., 1971). Also in the 1960’s, another major agreement between CONICET (Argentina) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (USA) allowed the acquisition by the Argentine government of the former research vessel Atlantis (later named, under Argentine flag, as “El Austral” and presently “Dr. Bernardo Houssay”), which was the first ship specifically built for oceanographic research and one of the most famous and internationally recognized because of its contribution to the knowledge of the ocean floors between 1939 and the latest 1950´s, including the findings that initially supported the continental drift´s theory. Following that, several national initiatives helped to advance in the development of marine geological sciences in the region. Among the most important we can mention: the REMAC Project in Brazil in the 1960’s and 1970’s -that allowed the participation of several Brazilian universities as well as North American research institutions-, the agreement between the SHN and the Uruguayan Oceanographic, Hydrographic and Meteorological Survey (SOHMA) in the 1970 ´s and 1980´s under the framework of the Administrative Commission for the Río de la Plata (CARP), the agreement between SOHMA and the Rio Grande do Sul University (URGS, Brazil) in the 1980´s and 1990´s, and the Projects MARGEN in Argentina and REVIZEE in Brazil - that began in the 1980´s-. The highly significant results that arose from those agreements and national projects impulsed the Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay geological communities to focus on the importance of deeply studying the ocean environments in the region and the needs to organize working teams aimed at developing research programs on the subject.
Federico De Pascalis, Philip M Collins, Jonathan A Green
Marine ecosystems are heavily influenced by a wide range of human-related impacts, and thus monitoring is essential to preserve and manage these sensitive habitats. Seabirds are considered important bioindicators of the oceans, but accessing breeding populations can be difficult, expensive and time consuming. New technologies have been employed to facilitate data collection on seabirds that can reduce costs and minimize disturbance. Among these, the use of time-lapse photography is a potentially effective way to reduce researcher effort, while collecting valuable information on key ecological parameters. However, the feasibility of this approach remains uncertain. Here, we assessed the use of time-lapse photography as a tool for estimating foraging behaviour from breeding seabirds, and evaluate ways forward for this method. We deployed cameras in front of active nests at a colony of black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) during two breeding seasons, 5 nests in 2013 and 5 in 2014, taking pictures every 4 minutes. A subsample of monitored individuals were also equipped with accelerometers. Approximately 100,000 frames, covering incubation and chick-rearing periods, were analysed. Estimates of foraging trip duration from images were positively correlated with accelerometry estimates (R2 = 0.967). Equal partitioning of effort between pairs, predation events, nest attendance patterns and variation in trip metrics with breeding stage were also identified. Our results suggest that time-lapse photography is potentially a useful tool for assessing foraging trip duration and other fine-scale nesting ecology parameters as well as for assessing the effect of bio-logging devices on seabird foraging behaviour. Nevertheless, the time investment to manually extract data from images was high, and the process to set up cameras was not straightforward. To encourage wide use of time-lapse photography in seabird ecology, we thus provide guidelines for camera deployment and we suggest a need for further development of automated approaches to allow data extraction.
Fascinations. Peter Brook
The author analyses various aspects of acting in the context of Peter Brooks theory of acting. This discussion takes into account role construction, the authenticity and originality of the character, the problem of the actors identification with the character and the importance of cooperation between the actor and the director in the pre-production process and on the shoot.
Lucie Rigaill, Andrew J J MacIntosh, James P Higham
et al.
The role of multiple sexual signals in indicating the timing of female ovulation, and discrimination of this timing by males, has been particularly well studied among primates. However the exhibition of pregnancy signals, and how such signals might modulate male post-conception mating decisions, is still poorly understood. Here we aimed to determine if Japanese macaque males use changes in female sexual signals (behavioral, visual and auditory) to discriminate pregnancy and adjust their socio-sexual behaviors. We combined behavioral observations, digital photography and endocrinological (progestogen and estrogen) data, collected systematically during three one-month periods: the pre-conceptive period, the 1st month of pregnancy and the 2nd month of pregnancy. We analyzed variation in the probability of detecting male and female socio-sexual behaviors and estrus calls, as well as changes in female face color parameters, in relation to female reproductive state. Based on our focal observations, we found that males did not copulate during the pregnancy period, and that female socio-sexual behaviors generally decreased from the pre-conceptive to post-conceptive periods. Female face luminance decreased from the pre-conceptive month to the pregnancy period whereas face color only varied between the 1st and 2nd month of gestation. Our results suggest that Japanese macaque females display sexual cues of pregnancy that males might use to reduce energy wasted on non-reproductive copulations with pregnant females. We hypothesize that females advertize their pregnancy through changes in behavioral, visual and potential auditory signals that males can use to adjust their mating behaviors. We finish by discussing implications for male and female post-conception strategies.
Fabio Remondino, Francesco Nex, Isabella Toschi
et al.
The use of oblique imagery has become a standard for many civil and mapping applications, thanks to the development of airborne digital multi-camera systems, as proposed by many companies. The indisputable virtue of oblique photography lies in its simplicity of interpretation and understanding for inexperienced users allowing their use of oblique images in very different applications, such as building detection and reconstruction, building structural damage classification, road land updating and administration services, etc. We report an overview of the actual oblique commercial systems and the workflow for the automated orientation and dense matching of large image blocks. Perspectives, potentialities, pitfalls and suggestions for achieving satisfactory results are given too.
The Trail of Freedom is a commemorative walk which has taken place each year for twenty years and which follows one of the many paths through the mountains of the Ariège to reach Esterri d’Aneu in Spain. During the Second World War this charted path was used by numerous escapees who were attempting to flee Nazism and Forced Labor. This article will enlarge upon my artistic project on the Trail of Freedom, a project which includes both a journey diary and a silk scarf – two objects that I took with me during my journey across the Pyrenees. We shall mainly focus on the use of photography and writing in the journey diary and on the silk scarf.
Douglas Scott, George P. Petropoulos, Janet Moxley
et al.
Knowledge of impervious surface areas (ISA) and on their changes in magnitude, location, geometry and morphology over time is significant for a range of practical applications and research alike from local to global scales. Despite this, use of Earth Observation (EO) technology in mapping ISAs within some European Union (EU) countries, such as the United Kingdom (UK), is to some extent scarce. In the present study, a combination of methods is proposed for mapping ISA based on freely distributed EO imagery from Landsat TM/ETM+ sensors. The proposed technique combines a traditional classifier and a linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) with a series of Landsat TM/ETM+ images to extract ISA. Selected sites located in Wales, UK, are used for demonstrating the capability of the proposed method. The Welsh study areas provided a unique setting in detecting largely dispersed urban morphology within an urban-rural frontier context. In addition, an innovative method for detecting clouds and cloud shadow layers for the full area estimation of ISA is also presented herein. The removal and replacement of clouds and cloud shadows, with underlying materials is further explained. Aerial photography with a spatial resolution of 0.4 m, acquired over the summer period in 2005 was used for validation purposes. Validation of the derived products indicated an overall ISA detection accuracy in the order of ~97%. The latter was considered as very satisfactory and at least comparative, if not somehow better, to existing ISA products provided on a national level. The hybrid method for ISA extraction proposed here is important on a local scale in terms of moving forward into a biennial program for the Welsh Government. It offers a much less subjectively static and more objectively dynamic estimation of ISA cover in comparison to existing operational products already available, improving the current estimations of international urbanization and soil sealing. Findings of our study provide important assistance towards the development of relevant EO-based products not only inaugurate to Wales alone, but potentially allowing a cost-effective and consistent long term monitoring of ISA at different scales based on EO technology.
Constituting the ‘defining other’ of art photography, amateur photographic practices have long been neglected or specifically excluded from official histories of photography. Even the term ‘amateur’ has historically been characterized by semantic ambiguity. In recent years, however, contemporary amateur photographs have been capturing the art curatorial imagination. This is often motivated by the institutional and political impetus to engage with personal, local stories, rather than official, national narratives alone. Amateur photographs, with their apparent rawness and immediacy may afford the art museum with a more credible record of ‘real life’ and enable the display of polyvocal narratives. Furthermore, the changing digital media landscape has opened up opportunities for art museums to reach new audiences through public-contributed content. In response to these developments, this article asks: How has amateur photography acquired a protagonist role in contemporary art museum displays? Drawing on contrasting case studies of exhibitions in the US and Europe, which have incorporated user-contributed photographic content in their displays, this article discusses how everyday photographic creativity and the raw materials of people’s stories serve as a means to interact with institutionally constructed histories of photography.
In the summer and fall of 1950, photographers Rudy Burckhardt and Hans Namuth documented Jackson Pollock in his studio as he was creating what have become his iconic Abstract Expressionist paintings. The photographs quickly dominated the critical discourse of the new painting and initiated a crisis in the historiography of Abstract Expressionism. This paper argues that despite being produced to serve an illustrative role for the Art News series ‘An Artists Paints a Picture’, Burckhardt and Namuth’s photographs of Pollock provide a glimpse of the analytic complexity photography offered art criticism.