Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

This paper is intended as a contribution to the ongoing conceptual development of sustainability‐oriented innovation (SOI) and provides initial guidance on becoming and being sustainable. The authors organize and integrate the diverse body of empirical literature relating to SOI and, in doing so, develop a synthesized conceptual framework onto which SOI practices and processes can be mapped. Sustainability‐oriented innovation involves making intentional changes to an organization's philosophy and values, as well as to its products, processes or practices to serve the specific purpose of creating and realizing social and environmental value in addition to economic returns. A critical reading of previous literature relating to environmental management and sustainability reveals how little attention has been paid to SOI, and what exists is only partial. In a review of 100 scholarly articles and 27 grey sources drawn from the period of the three Earth Summits (1992, 2002 and 2012), the authors address four specific deficiencies that have given rise to these limitations: the meaning of SOI; how it has been conceptualized; its treatment as a dichotomous phenomenon; and a general failure to reflect more contemporary practices. The authors adopt a framework synthesis approach involving first constructing an initial architecture of the landscape grounded in previous studies, which is subsequently iteratively tested, shaped, refined and reinforced into a model of SOI with data drawn from included studies: so advancing theoretical development in the field of SOI.

Walter Hopp

This volume is the first of its kind to provide such a comprehensive survey of contemporary research in phenomenology. The editor has assembled an impressive cast of authoritative contributors to produce what will undoubtedly become a much-used, stimulating, and invaluable reference book in the field of philosophical phenomenology. The contributions themselves are on the whole of a uniformly high standard and (with some understandable exceptions, notably regarding applied phenomenology) cover the whole sprectrum of phenomenological research. The book is divided into seven parts. The five chapters in Part I, ‘‘Subjectivity and Nature,’’ present some competing visions of what phenomenology is and what it is not, with special focus on its relationship to naturalism. The second and largest part of the book, ‘‘Intentionality, Perception, and Embodiment,’’ includes phenomenological contributions to the philosophy of mind and the theory of perception— concentrating on the intentionality of perceptual experience and bodily intentionality. Part III, ‘‘Self and Consciousness,’’ deals with the increasingly debated issues of the self and self-consciousness. Part IV, ‘‘Language, Thinking, and Knowledge,’’ covers epistemology and the philosophy of logic and language. The three chapters forming Part V, ‘‘Ethics, Politics, and Sociality,’’ explore new avenues for research in ethics and politics by clarifying some basic concepts and issues: ethical ‘‘responsivity,’’ the ‘‘political world,’’ epistemological intersubjectivity. Part VI is dedicated to ‘‘Time and History.’’ Here, in my estimation, David Carr’s study provides a perfect illustration of how phenomenology can contribute to philosophy in general by elucidating the experiential sources of philosophical doctrines. Part VII, ‘‘Art and Religion,’’

V.I. Kuzin

The article is devoted to the traditional theme – self-determination of philosophy. The author reveals the specifics of philosophy in comparison with other areas of spiritual culture – religion, art and science. The single basis for comparison is their ability to overcome human suffering. The named areas differ in that very ability, each of them helps to overcome suffering in its own special way. For science, the main means of solving life’s problems is knowledge, for religion – faith, for art – imagination, and for philosophy – understanding. Understanding in this article is considered as a movement towards clear knowledge, towards meaning, and at the same time as the result of such a movement as the achieved meaning. Knowledge clothed in certain, culturally given forms, seems understandable to us. We draw the basic models of understanding from our natural languages. Forms of judgments, cultural universals, and basic theories also give us forms of understanding. Among many forms of understanding, an important role is played by those forms and models that crystallize in the main philosophical categories, such as ‘essence’, ‘whole’, ‘general’, ‘cause’, ‘purpose’, etc. The peculiarity of philosophical thinking is that understanding in it does not act as a means for further application, but as a direct action, practice. The achieved understanding in itself eliminates suffering and resolves life’s difficulties. In this sense, philosophy as a whole is not a theory, but a practical exercise aimed at making human life happier. According to the author, the described four ways of overcoming suffering are ‘ideal types’ (M. Weber). On the one hand, science, religion, art and philosophy in their historical practices can be characterized by this or that degree of syncretism. On the other hand, there are cases when the ‘official rubric’ of a particular sphere of culture and its content do not coincide: for example, philosophy is practiced under the name ‘religion’, scientific research is carried out under the name ‘philosophy’, and art is created under the name ‘science’.

Sanjay Bhasin, P. Burcher

Е. Н. Петухов, Н. А. Дудко, М. А. Неймарк

В 2025 г. отмечает свой юбилей — 70-летие один из ведущих российских ученых в области теории оперативно-розыскной деятельности, доктор юридических наук, профессор, полковник милиции (в отставке) Сергей Иванович Давыдов. Пройдя путь от оперуполномоченного уголовного розыска до заместителя начальника управления уголовного розыска УВД Алтайского края, возглавилкафедру оперативно-розыскной деятельности органов внутренних дел Барнаульского юридическогоинститута МВД России, затем стал руководителем кафедры уголовного процесса и криминалистики Алтайского государственного университета, а в настоящее время является профессором этих кафедр. Одной из основных тем С.И. Давыдова, которой он уделяет внимание на протяжении многихлет, является оперативно-розыскная деятельность. Статья посвящена профессиональной и научнойдеятельности доктора юридических наук, профессора С.И. Давыдова. Представлены основные направления его научной работы, обозначен профессиональный вклад в развитие уголовно-правовыхнаук и юридического образования.

Mariano Vilar

Este artículo analiza el De falso credita et ementita Constantini donatione de Lorenzo Valla a partir de sus vínculos con el género dialógico que cultivó en obras como De vero bono, De libero arbitrio y De professione religiosorum. Aunque estructurado como una oratio forense, el texto incorpora recursos propios de la disputatio humanística —prosopopeya, apóstrofe, enargeia, concessio— que lo convierten en un “diálogo in absentia” con adversarios históricos e imaginarios. El estudio muestra cómo Valla construye escenas verosímiles para resaltar la inverosimilitud del Constitutum Constantini, personifica figuras como el falsificador “Palea” para exhibir su ignorancia o hipocresía, y emplea la concessio como trampa dialéctica que refuerza la refutación. Estas estrategias no cumplen solo una función estilística, sino que configuran una “crítica dialógica” en la que la filología se vuelve performativa, revive el pasado y despoja de autoridad a textos e instituciones. Se concluye que esta obra combina retórica forense y dramatización dialógica para transformar la crítica filológica en un acto de emancipación intelectual, afirmando la primacía de la razón y de la evidencia frente a toda jerarquía.

Mihaela MOȚĂIANU

While e-books and audiobooks have gained popularity, traditional print books continue to hold significance in both physical and online bookstores, contributing to a rich reading landscape. The globalization of cultural industries, including the book sector, is a dynamic process shaped by contemporary economic mechanisms and global exchange. In this context, the evolution of book cover design is closely tied to advancements in digital technology and shifts in consumer behaviour. Digital tools such as Adobe Photoshop and Illustrator have revolutionized the aesthetics of book covers, leading to the proliferation of certain design styles. This study explores how global graphic design trends influence the aesthetics of book covers in Romania. The research corpus comprises fiction book covers published in January 2025, selected from four prominent online bookstores in Romania. The analysis seeks to identify visual trends using a defined set of categories, with an emphasis on how international design trends have been integrated into the Romanian publishing industry. Selected covers were systematically coded and evaluated by two independent coders to ensure consistency. Trends that exhibited the highest frequency scores were retained for further analysis and discussion.

Rodolfo Luis Vigo

El presente trabajo pretende analizar el proyecto de Luigi Ferrajoli de una Constitución para la Tierra y confrontarlo con su teoría jurídica que ha venido desarrollando desde los inicios de su vida académica. La conclusión es que dicha perspectiva teórica no es funcional al ambicioso proyecto y se proyecta sobre el mismo debilitándolo; aunque cabe una segunda conclusión que es entender que la propuesta se apoya en una nueva teoría ferrajoliana que cuenta con un aparato conceptual que no estaba en la que conocíamos del profesor italiano.

Vitaly V. Dolgorukov, Vera Shumilina

The paper focuses on the review of current literature on formal philosophy. Special attention is paid to the review of the book «Introduction to Formal Philosophy» [Hansson, Hendricks, 2018]. The book is a consistent introduction to the problems of formal philosophy, a research tradition that relies on the precise mathematical tools in order to study traditional philosophical problems. The methods of formal philosophy are successfully applied not only to the problems of ontology, epistemology and philosophy of language but also relevant for the problems of ethics, axiology and social philosophy. The book demonstrates that it is not correct to identify formal philosophy with another area of study – philosophical logic, since formal philosophy uses not only logical methods of analysis, but also uses the tools of game theory, decision theory, probability theory, Bayesian statistics, and other theories. Although the book has a propaedeutic character, it also contains some open problems. These problems include the aggregation of the opinions of the group under the condition of a conflicting base of premises in the theory of public choice, there are still open problems in the interpretation of Arrow’s impossibility theorem and others. Certainly, formalization in itself is not a general solution to the particular philosophical problem, but only a tool that allows to formulate a problem in a more rigorous and precise way, which sometimes allows to reveal some unexpected consequences, some implicit contradictions and new solutions. Despite the importance of the concept of coherence in ethics, decision theory, philosophy of law, Bayesian epistemology, philosophy of science, the existing formalizations of the concept of coherence are highly specialized for epistemology, researchers recognize the lack of the relevant explanatory models. Overall, the book is an excellent introduction in to the field of formal philosophy, which provides a general overview of different aspects of formal philosophy and the opportunity to study particular research topics by means of an extensive bibliography accompanying each of the chapters.

Lea Cantor

ABSTRACT It is widely believed that the ancient Greeks thought that Thales was the first philosopher, and that they therefore maintained that philosophy had a Greek origin. This paper challenges these assumptions, arguing that most ancient Greek thinkers who expressed views about the history and development of philosophy rejected both positions. I argue that not even Aristotle presented Thales as the first philosopher, and that doing so would have undermined his philosophical commitments and interests. Beyond Aristotle, the view that Thales was the first philosopher is attested almost nowhere in antiquity. In the classical, Hellenistic, and post-Hellenistic periods, we witness a marked tendency to locate the beginning of philosophy in a time going back further than Thales. Remarkably, ancient Greek thinkers most often traced the origins of philosophy to earlier non-Greek peoples. Contrary to the received view, then, I argue that (1) vanishingly few Greek writers pronounced Thales the first philosopher; and (2) most Greek thinkers did not even advocate a Greek origin of philosophy. Finally, I show that the view that philosophy originated with Thales (along with its misleading attribution to the Greeks in general) has roots in problematic, and in some cases manifestly racist, eighteenth-century historiography of philosophy.

Revista Lógoi

Juliana Vannucchi

Este artigo se propõe a realizar algumas considerações reflexivas e comparativas a respeito de certos aspectos da filosofia schopenhaueriana e de determinados elementos presentes na literatura hindu. Para isso, primeiramente, serão feitas breves explanações referentes aos conceitos de 'vontade' e 'representação', para que então seja apresentado introdutoriamente o hinduísmo, uma das religiões mais antigas e que ainda se faz fortemente presente no mundo contemporâneo, sendo a terceira com maior número de adeptos. Sequencialmente, algumas analogias serão tecidas e examinadas. Nesse âmbito, o texto se atém especialmente a uma comparação entre o conceito de representação e o véu de Maya e entre Brahman e Vontade, além de identificar a presença do desejo como um componente que reveste tanto a filosofia de Arthur Schopenhauer quanto o hinduísmo.

G. L. Kline, N. Lossky

Soo Eun Chae, Patricia A. Alexander

Relational reasoning is a higher-order executive function that involves the ability to perceive meaningful patterns within a body of seemingly unrelated information. In this study, the ability of 749 fourth (Mage = 10), sixth (Mage = 12), eighth (Mage = 14), and tenth graders (Mage = 16) to identify meaningful relational patterns was investigated. This general cognitive ability was assessed by means of the Test of Relational Reasoning-Junior (TORRjr), a 32-item measure organized into four 8-item scales that assess analogical, anomalous, antinomous, and antithetical reasoning. Students’ performance on the TORRjr was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, measurement invariance test, and non-parametric median-based analyses. The confirmatory factor analysis supported that the higher-order factor model was the best fit for the TORRjr data for the Korean students. The measurement was determined to be invariant by gender but variant across grade levels. The non-parametric analysis resulted in an asymptotic (a constant increasing up to grade 6 and then a level off witnessed from grades 8 to 10) development pattern in overall relational reasoning across the grades. In comparison to analogy and anomaly, antinomy and antithesis scores were more fully developed by grade 8 and that level of performance was maintained at grade 10. The TORRjr appeared to be a viable measure for the Korean samples up to approximately 15 years of age. The significance of these findings for research and instructional practice are discussed.

Salman Zarei, Ali Javan Esmaeili

Introduction: The assessment of global mental health indicates a rise in mental disorders especially those related to depression. Aim: Considering the high prevalence of depression symptoms and its serious implications, the aim of current study was to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between self-criticism and depression. Method: The research design was descriptive-correlational. Statitical population was dormitory male students at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A total of 270 students were selected via convenience sampling. Data was collected using General Self-efficacy Scale, Self- Criticising Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-II. Hierarchical regression was used to analyze data via SPSS-21. Results: Results showed that the relationship between self-criticism and depression (r=0.70, p<0.01) was significantly positive. On the other hand, self-efficacy and depression related to one another negatively (r=-0.47, p<0.01), as so did self-criticism and self-efficacy (r=-0.59, p<0.01). Results from hierarchical regression suggested self-efficacy not midiate the relationship between self-criticism and depression (P=0.096) although 49.6% of the depression variance was accounted by the two variables. Conclusion: Overall, given the direct effect of self-criticism on depression, it is reasonable to expect that diminished self-criticism reduces depression among university students.

Darrell L. Whitman

Carlos Javier Frías Sánchez

El concepto “reflexión” implica individualidad y cultura. Por ello, llegar a acuerdos de mínimos en aspectos cruciales de la realidad exige un relativo esfuerzo de abstracción y de comprensión de lo diferente, particularmente si analizamos el pensamiento de pueblos que nos son lejanos.Las filosofías orientales siguen siendo extrañas al pensamiento occidental generalizado. Sus principios rectores se vierten en un estilo de moral distinta. El cambio, dicho en abstracto, se percibe peligroso en un hemisferio y como parte de la misma vida en el otro.En este contexto, “pensar la guerra” debe sufrir o sufre los mismos contrastes.De descubrir sus peculiaridades va este trabajo de análisis.En nuestros días, los chinos, por ejemplo, siguen sintiendo internamente el orden del universo de raíz milenaria, budista, confucionista. La efervescencia cultural que significó la revolución comunista, aunque afectó las relaciones sociales, no pudo eliminar la ancestral inclinación de este pueblo hacia la armonía y el orden celestial. Siguen pensando la guerra en forma muy similar a sus clásicos eternos.

Michael Weisberg

F. Guala

T. Brosch, D. Sander