Hasil untuk "Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture"

Hankun Kang, Di Lin, Zhirong Liao et al.

With the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), respecting indigenous cultures becomes essential for models' culturally safety and responsible global applications. Existing studies separately consider cultural safety and cultural knowledge and neglect that the former should be grounded by the latter. This severely prevents LLMs from yielding culture-specific respectful responses. Consequently, adaptive cultural safety remains a formidable task. In this work, we propose to jointly model cultural safety and knowledge. First and foremost, cultural-safety and knowledge-paired data serve as the key prerequisite to conduct this research. However, the cultural diversity across regions and the subtlety of cultural differences pose significant challenges to the creation of such paired evaluation data. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework that integrates authoritative cultural knowledge descriptions curation, LLM-automated query generation, and heavy manual verification. Accordingly, we obtain a dataset named AdaCultureSafe containing 4.8K manually decomposed fine-grained cultural descriptions and the corresponding 48K manually verified safety- and knowledge-oriented queries. Upon the constructed dataset, we evaluate three families of popular LLMs on their cultural safety and knowledge proficiency, via which we make a critical discovery: no significant correlation exists between their cultural safety and knowledge proficiency. We then delve into the utility-related neuron activations within LLMs to investigate the potential cause of the absence of correlation, which can be attributed to the difference of the objectives of pre-training and post-alignment. We finally present a knowledge-grounded method, which significantly enhances cultural safety by enforcing the integration of knowledge into the LLM response generation process.

Elizabeth A. McCrea, Dilip Mirchandani

Purpose – This paper examines how business schools can respond to calls to increase their impact by effectively leveraging experiential learning approaches that address complex societal issues. It develops a comprehensive framework that categorizes student roles in experiential learning for societal impact (ELSI). Design/methodology/approach – The paper synthesizes multiple theoretical frameworks of societal impact competencies and analyzes various experiential learning modalities in business education. It presents a typography organizing experiential learning activities along two dimensions: classroom-based versus community-based experiences and students as investments versus agents of change. Findings – The analysis reveals three distinct roles students play in ELSI: as investments in future impact, as current agents of change and as beneficiaries of societal impact initiatives. The paper demonstrates how different experiential learning modalities serve these roles and how they contribute to developing crucial competencies for addressing complex societal challenges. Practical implications – The paper provides business educators with an actionable framework for designing and implementing experiential learning activities that foster societal impact competencies. The typography of learning activities offers practical guidance for curriculum development and program design across different institutional contexts. Social implications – The framework addresses how business education can contribute to achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals through experiential learning while also highlighting the potential for business education to reduce inequalities and create pathways out of poverty for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Originality/value – To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the paper presents an original conceptual framework that integrates multiple theoretical perspectives on societal impact education and provides a practical typology for implementing experiential learning initiatives in business schools. This integration of theory and practice advances understanding of how to effectively prepare students for making meaningful societal contributions.

Manu Sebastian, Sreenath Balakrishnan, Safvan Palathingal

The mechanical environment of a substrate plays a key role in influencing the behavior of adherent biological cells. Traditional tunable substrates have limitations as their mechanical properties cannot be dynamically altered in-situ during cell culture. We present an alternate approach by using compliant mechanisms that enable realization of tunable substrate properties, specifically, invertible Poisson's ratio and tunable stiffness. These mechanisms transition between positive and negative Poisson's effects with tunable magnitude through a bistable Engaging-Disengaging Compliant Mechanism (EDCM). EDCM allows stiffness between two points of the substrate to switch between zero and theoretically infinite. In the stiffened state, lateral deformation reverses under a constant axial load, while in the zero-stiffness state, the deformation direction remains outward as that of re-entrant structure. EDCM in conjunction with an offset mechanism also allows tuning of the effective stiffness of the entire mechanism. We present analytical models correlating geometric parameters to displacement ratios in both bistable states and through illustrative design cases, demonstrate their potential for designing dynamic and reconfigurable cell culture substrates.

Israel Abebe Azime, Tadesse Destaw Belay, Dietrich Klakow et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in solving mathematical problems expressed in natural language. However, multilingual and culturally-grounded mathematical reasoning in low-resource languages lags behind English due to the scarcity of socio-cultural task datasets that reflect accurate native entities such as person names, organization names, and currencies. Existing multilingual benchmarks are predominantly produced via translation and typically retain English-centric entities, owing to the high cost associated with human annotater-based localization. Moreover, automated localization tools are limited, and hence, truly localized datasets remain scarce. To bridge this gap, we introduce a framework for LLM-driven cultural localization of math word problems that automatically constructs datasets with native names, organizations, and currencies from existing sources. We find that translated benchmarks can obscure true multilingual math ability under appropriate socio-cultural contexts. Through extensive experiments, we also show that our framework can help mitigate English-centric entity bias and improves robustness when native entities are introduced across various languages.

Jiahao Ying, Wei Tang, Yiran Zhao et al.

This paper introduces a Dual Evaluation Framework to comprehensively assess the multilingual capabilities of LLMs. By decomposing the evaluation along the dimensions of linguistic medium and cultural context, this framework enables a nuanced analysis of LLMs' ability to process questions within both native and cross-cultural contexts cross-lingually. Extensive evaluations are conducted on a wide range of models, revealing a notable "CulturalLinguistic Synergy" phenomenon, where models exhibit better performance when questions are culturally aligned with the language. This phenomenon is further explored through interpretability probing, which shows that a higher proportion of specific neurons are activated in a language's cultural context. This activation proportion could serve as a potential indicator for evaluating multilingual performance during model training. Our findings challenge the prevailing notion that LLMs, primarily trained on English data, perform uniformly across languages and highlight the necessity of culturally and linguistically model evaluations. Our code can be found at https://yingjiahao14. github.io/Dual-Evaluation/.

Piyawat Lertvittayakumjorn, David Kinney, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran et al.

Generative large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated gaps in diverse cultural awareness across the globe. We investigate the effect of retrieval augmented generation and search-grounding techniques on LLMs' ability to display familiarity with various national cultures. Specifically, we compare the performance of standard LLMs, LLMs augmented with retrievals from a bespoke knowledge base (i.e., KB grounding), and LLMs augmented with retrievals from a web search (i.e., search grounding) on multiple cultural awareness benchmarks. We find that search grounding significantly improves the LLM performance on multiple-choice benchmarks that test propositional knowledge (e.g., cultural norms, artifacts, and institutions), while KB grounding's effectiveness is limited by inadequate knowledge base coverage and a suboptimal retriever. However, search grounding also increases the risk of stereotypical judgments by language models and fails to improve evaluators' judgments of cultural familiarity in a human evaluation with adequate statistical power. These results highlight the distinction between propositional cultural knowledge and open-ended cultural fluency when it comes to evaluating LLMs' cultural awareness.

Rubén García-Benito

The Audio Mostly (AM) conference has long been a platform for exploring the intersection of sound, technology, and culture. Despite growing interest in sonic cultures, discussions on the role of cultural diversity in sound design and sonification remain limited. This paper investigates the implicit biases and gaps within the discourse on music and sound aesthetics, challenging the notion of music as a 'universal language'. Through a historical and cross-cultural analysis of musicology and ethnomusicology, the profound influence of cultural context on auditory perception and aesthetic appraisal is highlighted. By drawing parallels between historical music practices and contemporary sound design, the paper advocates for a more inclusive approach that recognizes the diversity of sonic traditions. Using music as a case study, we underscore broader implications for sound design and sonification, emphasizing the need to integrate cultural perspectives into auditory design practices. A reevaluation of existing frameworks in sound design and sonification is proposed, emphasizing the necessity of culturally informed practices that resonate with global audiences. Ultimately, embracing cultural diversity in sound design is suggested to lead to richer, more meaningful auditory experiences and to foster greater inclusivity within the field.

Cheonsu Jeong, Seongmin Sim, Hyoyoung Cho et al.

This paper presents an intelligent work automation approach in the context of contemporary digital transformation by integrating generative AI and Intelligent Document Processing (IDP) technologies with an Automation Agent to realize End-to-End (E2E) automation of corporate financial expense processing tasks. While traditional Robotic Process Automation (RPA) has proven effective for repetitive, rule-based simple task automation, it faces limitations in handling unstructured data, exception management, and complex decision-making. This study designs and implements a four-stage integrated process comprising automatic recognition of supporting documents such as receipts via OCR/IDP, item classification based on a policy-driven database, intelligent exception handling supported by generative AI (large language models, LLMs), and human-in-the-loop final decision-making with continuous system learning through an Automation Agent. Applied to a major Korean enterprise (Company S), the system demonstrated quantitative benefits including over 80% reduction in processing time for paper receipt expense tasks, decreased error rates, and improved compliance, as well as qualitative benefits such as enhanced accuracy and consistency, increased employee satisfaction, and data-driven decision support. Furthermore, the system embodies a virtuous cycle by learning from human judgments to progressively improve automatic exception handling capabilities. Empirically, this research confirms that the organic integration of generative AI, IDP, and Automation Agents effectively overcomes the limitations of conventional automation and enables E2E automation of complex corporate processes. The study also discusses potential extensions to other domains such as accounting, human resources, and procurement, and proposes future directions for AI-driven hyper-automation development.

Jill Walker Rettberg, Hermann Wigers

Can a language model trained largely on Anglo-American texts generate stories that are culturally relevant to other nationalities? To find out, we generated 11,800 stories - 50 for each of 236 countries - by sending the prompt "Write a 1500 word potential {demonym} story" to OpenAI's model gpt-4o-mini. Although the stories do include surface-level national symbols and themes, they overwhelmingly conform to a single narrative plot structure across countries: a protagonist lives in or returns home to a small town and resolves a minor conflict by reconnecting with tradition and organising community events. Real-world conflicts are sanitised, romance is almost absent, and narrative tension is downplayed in favour of nostalgia and reconciliation. The result is a narrative homogenisation: an AI-generated synthetic imaginary that prioritises stability above change and tradition above growth. We argue that the structural homogeneity of AI-generated narratives constitutes a distinct form of AI bias, a narrative standardisation that should be acknowledged alongside the more familiar representational bias. These findings are relevant to literary studies, narratology, critical AI studies, NLP research, and efforts to improve the cultural alignment of generative AI.

Sharifa Sultana, Hafsah Mahzabin Chowdhury, Zinnat Sultana et al.

Reproductive well-being education in the Global South is often challenged as many communities perceive many of its contents as misinformation, misconceptions, and language-inappropriate. Our ten-month-long ethnographic study (n=41) investigated the impact of sociocultural landscape, cultural beliefs, and healthcare infrastructure on Bangladeshi people's access to quality reproductive healthcare and set four design goals: combating misinformation, including culturally appropriate language, professionals' accountable moderation, and promoting users' democratic participation. Building on the model of `\textit{Distributive Justice,}' we designed and evaluated \textit{`Socheton,'} a culturally appropriate AI-mediated tool for reproductive well-being that includes healthcare professionals, AI-language teachers, and community members to moderate and run the activity-based platform. Our user study (n=28) revealed that only combating misinformation and language inappropriateness may still leave the community with a conservative mob culture and patronize reproductive care-seeking. This guides well-being HCI design toward being culturally appropriate in the context of reproductive justice with sensitive marginalized communities.

Srishti Yadav, Zhi Zhang, Daniel Hershcovich et al.

Investigating value alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) based on cultural context has become a critical area of research. However, similar biases have not been extensively explored in large vision-language models (VLMs). As the scale of multimodal models continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to assess whether images can serve as reliable proxies for culture and how these values are embedded through the integration of both visual and textual data. In this paper, we conduct a thorough evaluation of multimodal model at different scales, focusing on their alignment with cultural values. Our findings reveal that, much like LLMs, VLMs exhibit sensitivity to cultural values, but their performance in aligning with these values is highly context-dependent. While VLMs show potential in improving value understanding through the use of images, this alignment varies significantly across contexts highlighting the complexities and underexplored challenges in the alignment of multimodal models.

Yufei Gao, Jiaying Fei, Nuo Chen et al.

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have shown remarkable performance in high-resource languages. However, their effectiveness diminishes significantly in the contexts of low-resource languages. Current multilingual enhancement methods are often limited to text modality or rely solely on machine translation. While such approaches help models acquire basic linguistic capabilities and produce "thin descriptions", they neglect the importance of multimodal informativeness and cultural groundedness, both of which are crucial for serving low-resource language users effectively. To bridge this gap, in this study, we identify two significant objectives for a truly effective MLLM in low-resource language settings, namely 1) linguistic capability and 2) cultural groundedness, placing special emphasis on cultural awareness. To achieve these dual objectives, we propose a dual-source strategy that guides the collection of data tailored to each goal, sourcing native web alt-text for culture and MLLM-generated captions for linguistics. As a concrete implementation, we introduce MELLA, a multimodal, multilingual dataset. Experiment results show that after fine-tuning on MELLA, there is a general performance improvement for the eight languages on various MLLM backbones, with models producing "thick descriptions". We verify that the performance gains are from both cultural knowledge enhancement and linguistic capability enhancement. Our dataset can be found at https://opendatalab.com/applyMultilingualCorpus.

Alev Aslan

Minsang Kim, Seungjun Baek

Large language models (LLMs) closely interact with humans, and thus need an intimate understanding of the cultural values of human society. In this paper, we explore how open-source LLMs make judgments on diverse categories of cultural values across countries, and its relation to training methodology such as model sizes, training corpus, alignment, etc. Our analysis shows that LLMs can judge socio-cultural norms similar to humans but less so on social systems and progress. In addition, LLMs tend to judge cultural values biased toward Western culture, which can be improved with training on the multilingual corpus. We also find that increasing model size helps a better understanding of social values, but smaller models can be enhanced by using synthetic data. Our analysis reveals valuable insights into the design methodology of LLMs in connection with their understanding of cultural values.

Tarek Naous, Michael J. Ryan, Alan Ritter et al.

As the reach of large language models (LMs) expands globally, their ability to cater to diverse cultural contexts becomes crucial. Despite advancements in multilingual capabilities, models are not designed with appropriate cultural nuances. In this paper, we show that multilingual and Arabic monolingual LMs exhibit bias towards entities associated with Western culture. We introduce CAMeL, a novel resource of 628 naturally-occurring prompts and 20,368 entities spanning eight types that contrast Arab and Western cultures. CAMeL provides a foundation for measuring cultural biases in LMs through both extrinsic and intrinsic evaluations. Using CAMeL, we examine the cross-cultural performance in Arabic of 16 different LMs on tasks such as story generation, NER, and sentiment analysis, where we find concerning cases of stereotyping and cultural unfairness. We further test their text-infilling performance, revealing the incapability of appropriate adaptation to Arab cultural contexts. Finally, we analyze 6 Arabic pre-training corpora and find that commonly used sources such as Wikipedia may not be best suited to build culturally aware LMs, if used as they are without adjustment. We will make CAMeL publicly available at: https://github.com/tareknaous/camel

Bayu Adhi Tama, Jaehong Kim, Jaehyuk Park et al.

Culture is a collection of connected and potentially interactive patterns that characterize a social group or a passed-on idea that people acquire as members of society. While offline activities can provide a better picture of the geographical association of cultural traits than online activities, gathering such data on a large scale has been challenging. Here, we use multi-decade longitudinal records of cultural events from Meetup.com, the largest event-based social networking service, to examine the landscape of offline cultural events. We analyze the temporal and categorical event dynamics driven by cultural diversity using over 2 million event logs collected over 17 years in 90 countries. Our results show that the national economic status explains 44.6 percent of the variance in total event count, while cultural characteristics such as individualism and long-term orientation explain 32.8 percent of the variance in topic categories. Furthermore, our analysis using hierarchical clustering reveals cultural proximity between the topics of socio-cultural activities (e.g., politics, leisure, health, technology). We expect that this work provides a landscape of social and cultural activities across the world, which allows us to better understand their dynamical patterns as well as their associations with cultural characteristics.

Yuanjun Xu, Zhu An, Ning Huang et al.

This paper introduces the necessity and significance of the investigation of cultural heritage objects. The multi-technique method is useful for the study of cultural heritage objects, but a comprehensive analytical instrument is a better choice since it can guarantee that different types of information are always obtained from the same analytical point on the surface of cultural heritage objects, which may be crucial for some situations. Thus, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF)/X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF)/Raman spectroscopy (RS) comprehensive analytical instruments are more and more widely used to study cultural heritage objects. The two types of comprehensive analytical instruments are discussed in detail and the XRF/XRD instruments are further classified into different types on the basis of structure, type and number of detectors. A new comprehensive analytical instrument prototype that can perform XRF, XRD and RS measurements simultaneously has been successfully developed by our team and the preliminary application has shown the analysis performance and application potential. This overview contributes to better understand the research progress and development tendency of comprehensive analytical instruments for the study of cultural heritage objects. The new comprehensive instruments will make researchers obtain more valuable information on cultural heritage objects and further promote the study on cultural heritage objects.

Darcia Narvaez

David Loye pointed us to one of Charles Darwin’s aims that often has been overlooked, to explain the evolution of humanity’s moral sense. Most people focus on Darwin’s aim to explain speciation, changes in traits across generations. In studying the moral sense, Darwin assumed it was innate, though he found it more evident among non-Western peoples he met than among his British compatriots. His finding is not a surprise if you understand when and how most human sociomoral capacities are shaped—after birth, by immersive experience. Humanity’s evolved developmental niche, or evolved nest, appears to be crucial for the development of moral sense because it provides the support needed to optimize the development of psychosocial neurobiological systems. To reestablish and maintain the moral sense, humanity needs to restore the provision of the evolved nest to all people, especially children.

mojtaba kharazmi

Introduction At the beginning of the tenth century AH by establishment of the safavid dynasty the evolution of architecture and urbanisation in most cities of Iran was appeared and new style of urbanism and Architecture expanded in famous cities like Qazvin and Isfahan which were known as the capital. Moreover, a smaller city such as Kerman changed in Architecture and urbanisation. In Afshar, Zandieh and Qajarieh dynasty, the capital had frequent change and Western urbanization and architecture expanded herein which later influenced the native architecture and as a result, different buildings appeared. Because of its political position and importance, Kerman not only used architectural patterns from the ruling dynasty, but also received influence from special sample and climate condition in the process of shaping the city. The process of reconstruction and expansion of Kerman in safavid period was designed in coordination of the location of city, the methodical and systematic pattern. This was applied by the subsequent dynasty especially Qajar. Various, complicated and relatable factors shaped the structure of architecture and the city iself. The study of possible changes in Kerman structure during the Safavid period can illustrate the differences made in historical system of this city.The research questions that we will answer in this article are as follows:Firstly, what were the Spatial-physical characteristics of Kerman in Safavid period and what was the reason of shape changing in Safavid period in the aforementioned city.Secondly, whether Kerman is designed according to the Esfahan’s patterns of urbanization. It is hypothesized that the structure rules of kerman was based on spatial-physical characteristics of Ganjali Khan and according to this statement the city had changed flourishing and expanding in proportion to the commercial-economic spaces. The structure of Kerman is a bit affected by Isfahan urbanization, but the difference is that the development of Kerman is based on its special condition and communication position.  Methodology This study is descriptive, historical and analytic by using library research and studying the available written documents. Through these elements, the structure of the myth will be explained according to the local resource and adapting it to the current condition of city and archaeological data.  DiscussionIn Safavid period, Kerman had four important Spatial-physical characteristics including: 1- Kohandezh (Citadel)  2- Shahr i- no (new city) 3- Masjed Jame no (new Jame Mosque) and 4- districts of the city.In this period, part of some districs had changed. Even though from Safavid period until Shah Abbas I era, there exist few information about the architecture and mentality of Kerman and the developments of this city, but from Shah Abbas era,  this situation changed and different resources pointed out to this city regularly. According to these resources, we can study the changes and later present a general view.The available evidence shows that main expansions and changes in the structure of Kerman in Safavid period appeared in Shah Abbas I and Shah Abbas II; however, during Shah Safi and Shah Soleyman these expansions can be traced very rarely.In this period, one can trace the relation between three elements of mosque, citadel and square and their communicative element which is Bazar in different ways from previous periods.In kerman during Safavid period, major changes appeared in the structure of the city, these changes can be examined in several dimensions. First, changes in the structure of city constructing square and its surrounding buildings which were mad by rulers and political faces, and second, the changes made by the general public, such as the construction of districs in the north and south of the city. These changes took place significantly and on a large scale, which caused a new face of Kerman to be appeared in this period. The selection of this part of the city as part of the urban renewal and revitalization by Ganjali Khan had several important reasons. Firstly, due to population movement during the Muzaffarid period, with the construction of the Mosque Jame in the east and the Pamenar Mosque in the north-east, people wanted to go again to the tomb of Turan Shah, which was a holy place and also due to its proximity to Malek Mosque (which may have been the Kerman Grand Mosque before the construction of the Mozaffari Jame Mosque). Secondly, the renovation of places and  districts near Ganjali Khan square has been one of the priorities of urban reconstruction and expansion. The reconstructions of the central south part of the city ( districts around Malek Mosque) have been formed after the square and the buildings around it. This population transfer and revitalization of districts were part of the ambitious and long-term changes that were predictable due to the concentration of facilities and they justified the expansion of the city to the west at this time.The districts of Kerman were divided according to the tribal conflicts in the Safavid period (Mashizi, 1991, p. 389). That is, the east side of the Bazar belongs to one group and the west side of the Bazar to the other groups. This Bazar was known as Khajeh Bazar and led from the east to Tal Shahr quarter and from the west to Pai Katang and Qutbabad quarters, which then reached Ganjali Khan square. It then led south to the Malek Mosque, with the Nemati groups on the west and the Heydari groups on the east. The quarters that before the Safavid period actually formed the ossification of the city of Kerman were Shah Adel quarter in the south of the city, "Masjed-e-Molk" quarter Next to Shah Adel quarter, "Pikecting" quarter in the north of Ganjali Khan complex, "Bazar Qala" quarter in the south of the city "Qutbabad" quarter in the northeast of Ganjali Khan complex, "Mardakan" quarter in the north of the city and near "Gabri" gate, "Khawajajeh" quarter in the north of the city "Zoroastrian" " quarter in the north of the city and outside the city wall and "Kuliha" quarter (in the Kermani dialect of gipsies) in the northwest of Ganjali-Khan complex. During the Safavid period, quarters around the city center created by Ganjali Khan underwent significant changes and transformations. Three quarters in the northern part of Ganjali Khan complex were rebuilt. Sar-e-Tal or Sar-e-Pol quarter in the north-east of the complex (north of Optional Bazaar) and gipsies quarter in north. In Ganjali Khan endowment letter, the location of this quarter is mentioned near Ganjali Khan Caravanserai in the east of the square and it is called "the new quarters of Kerman" (Bastani parizi, 1991 ,p.  128).  Conclusion During the Safavid period, the city experienced various changes that had a great impact on the growth of the city in this period and later periods. Following the example of Ganjali Khan in insisting on the implementation of his great plan, which he called "New City", lots of changes took place in the design and construction of Kerman, which were also used by the later rulers of the Safavid period in that city. In fact, in this period, the urban communication structure which was previously more north-south changed to west-east, the density of reconstruction of quarters around Ganjali Khan complex and especially "North Shahr-e- no" were more significant.About forty years later, this construction density was formed in the southern part of the complex, close to the southern communication road to the Ganjali Khan complex and also close to the government citadel. The construction of the East-West Bazar which took place during the reign of Shah Abbas I and during the reign of Ganjali Khan, was a sign of very extensive and long-term changes in the creation of a new city initiated firstly by the construction Ganjali Khan complex.

karim golshanirad

Introduction Establishing security is one of the most important issues in any society, so that if a government fails to establish the security of its citizens, all activities will be disrupted and life will be impossible. After establishing the Achaemenid Empire in 559 BC, Cyrus the Great used his military genius to form the world's first great empire and conquer large parts of Asia. His successor, Cambyses, followed his father's footsteps and succeeded in adding Egypt and Libya to the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus and Cambyses spent most of their time in war and had little opportunity to carry out internal reforms. Darius the Great (522-486 BC) was the first emperor to carry out extensive administrative, political, economic and security reforms in ancient times in a way that his actions lasted until the end of the Achaemenid dynasty. Later, the governments that came to power in Iran adopted his actions, and even today in many parts of the world, Darius's reforms in the field of security can be observed.   Methodology The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library based with the use of valid sources and references. The necessity of the present research is that security is very necessary for every society and country and is like oxygen for human breathing. Studying the history and actions taken by civilized societies of the past regarding the creation of security, helps us to have more and better security in today's world. The importance of the present study is that the analytical method investigates the reason for the security reforms and innovations in the time of Darius the Great and the impact of these reforms on the Achaemenid era.   Discussion After Cyrus took control of Persia, he tried to conquer various lands in Asia. For this reason, during his reign of about 29 years (559-530 BC), he was able to conquer most of Asia. After the death of Cambyses and the revolt of Gaumatus the Magi, the entire Achaemenid realm was in turmoil until finally Darius in 522 BC took power. At this time to create more security in the vast Achaemenid territory, reforms such as: the division of the empire into twenty states of satrapies, the creation of an advanced information system called the ears and eyes of the king and the creation of the Great Royal Road by Darius the Great. Darius, after suppressing the early revolts of his rule, came to the conclusion that the empire created by Cyrus the Great was not well-structured needing fundamental changes and innovations in various fields. These reforms created security in the realm. Achaemenid and prolonged dynasty.     Conclusion Domination over the vast territory of the Achaemenid Empire, which included the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe, in addition to military and combat capabilities, required an advanced and new security system. After Darius the Great ascended to the throne in 522 BC, revolts spread throughout the whole country. After succeeding in the suppression the revolts, he decided that reforms were needed to save the empire from possible future revolts. At this time, in order to control the vast territory more and better, the Achaemenid land was divided into several states or sub-Saharan lands. At the head of each satrapy or province was a mayor or governor. khshathrapāvan (the governor) was obliged to carry out all the affairs of the province under his command, but his main duty, in addition to the accomplishment of affairs of the province under his control, was to obey the great king. In order that the governors do not revolt, Darius appointed a man as his secretary, who was obliged to report everything to the center. In addition, the military garrison of each province was not under the control of Khashtreh Pawon, but directly under the Shah’s. At this time, especially after the reforms made by Darius the Great, a very advanced information system was created. People named "The King's Eyes and Ears" were chosen from the relatives and trusted individuals of the Shah, whose task was to roam throughout the vast Achaemenid realm and report the slightest matter to the Shah. For better managing his vast territory and establishing the security of the people, Darius built roads known as the "Royal Road". After Darius the Great ascended to the throne in 522 BC, large revolts broke out in It took place throughout the Achaemenid Empire that Darius, with the help of his loyal allies, was able to suppress the revolts. After the revolts subsided, Darius came to the conclusion that the empire did not have a strong administrative and security structure. Moreover, Cyrus and Cambyses spent less time in conquests and battlefields and had little opportunity to reform the administrative, economic, political and security fields. Therefore, Darius tried to make new reforms and strengthen the imperial structure. In fact, Darius does not abandon Cyrus policy, as scholars believe, but strengthens the same policy. Therefore, the reason for the early revolts of Darius's rule and his new reforms was not the weakness of Cyrus' liberal policy, but the liberal policy of Cyrus the Great was the strength of his rule, so that Darius the Great and his successors tried to continue this policy until the end of the Achaemenid period. The advanced administrative and security system created by Darius led to the establishment of lasting security in the Achaemenid Empire, so that according to ancient texts, the world entered a phase of peace and tranquility. In addition, the new system made the imperial structure strong and stable and as a consequence, the Achaemenid dynasty lasted about 150 years after Darius. The reforms continued by Darius' successors and its traces are visible even up to this day. The roots of today's world security system could be traced back to the time of Darius the Achaemenid.