Electronic-nose devices have received considerable attention in the field of sensor technology during the past twenty years, largely due to the discovery of numerous applications derived from research in diverse fields of applied sciences. Recent applications of electronic nose technologies have come through advances in sensor design, material improvements, software innovations and progress in microcircuitry design and systems integration. The invention of many new e-nose sensor types and arrays, based on different detection principles and mechanisms, is closely correlated with the expansion of new applications. Electronic noses have provided a plethora of benefits to a variety of commercial industries, including the agricultural, biomedical, cosmetics, environmental, food, manufacturing, military, pharmaceutical, regulatory, and various scientific research fields. Advances have improved product attributes, uniformity, and consistency as a result of increases in quality control capabilities afforded by electronic-nose monitoring of all phases of industrial manufacturing processes. This paper is a review of the major electronic-nose technologies, developed since this specialized field was born and became prominent in the mid 1980s, and a summarization of some of the more important and useful applications that have been of greatest benefit to man.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have evolved rapidly over the past decade driven primarily by military uses, and have begun finding application among civilian users for earth sensing reconnaissance and scientific data collection purposes. Among UAS, promising characteristics are long flight duration, improved mission safety, flight repeatability due to improving autopilots, and reduced operational costs when compared to manned aircraft. The potential advantages of an unmanned platform, however, depend on many factors, such as aircraft, sensor types, mission objectives, and the current UAS regulatory requirements for operations of the particular platform. The regulations concerning UAS operation are still in the early development stages and currently present significant barriers to entry for scientific users. In this article we describe a variety of platforms, as well as sensor capabilities, and identify advantages of each as relevant to the demands of users in the scientific research sector. We also briefly discuss the current state of regulations affecting UAS operations, with the purpose of informing the scientific community about this developing technology whose potential for revolutionizing natural science observations is similar to those transformations that GIS and GPS brought to the community two decades ago.
Da Xu , Hao Zhang , Hai-yi Gong , Jia-xin Chen, Jian-qing Ye, Tong Meng , Si-shun Gan, Fa-jun Qu, Chuan-min Chu, Wang Zhou *, Xiu-wu Pan*, Lin-hui Wang*, Xin-gang Cui * Department of Urology, The Gongli Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 200135 Shanghai, China Depanrtment of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 201805 Shanghai, China Department of Urology, The Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 200003 Shanghai, China Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, TsinghuaUniversity, 100084 Beijing, China Department of Bone Tumor Surgery, The Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, 200003 Shanghai, China Tongji University Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 200092 Shanghai, China Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, 200065 Shanghai, China Qiu-Jiang Bioinformatics Institute, 200003 Shanghai, China These authors contributed equally to this work, and all should be considered first author *Correspondence to: cuixingang@smmu.edu.cn (Xin-gang Cui) wanglinhui@smmu.edu.cn (Lin-hui Wang) panxiuwu@126.com (Xiu-wu Pan) brilliant212@163.com (Wang Zhou) Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 23 February 2020
Svitlana Zvarych, Olexandr Trokhymenko, Andrii Vorobyov
et al.
The relevance of the study is determined by the recognised problem of heterogeneity and fragmentation of the cyber defence terminology in Ukraine. The lack of a unified, systematic terminology hinders effective interagency communication, the development of organizational and regulatory documentation, and operational coordination in countering cyber threats. The interdisciplinary nature of cyber defence, which encompasses national security, technology, law, and other fields, reinforces the need to unify the conceptual apparatus. Until now, this area has been studied selectively, without considering terminology as a coherent system. The purpose of this article is to highlight a methodological approach to creating a cyber defense terminology system. The methodological basis of the work is the theoretical foundations of terminology, in particular the distinction between the concepts of “terminology” (as a spontaneously formed set of terms) and “terminology system” (as a consciously ordered, coherent, and structured system of concepts based on a specific concept). An analysis of the current state of cyber defence in Ukraine shows that, in parallel with the development of the cyber defence system itself, cyber defence terminology is in the process of active formation and is undergoing stages of coordination and consolidation in scientific publications and legislative acts. A methodological approach is proposed, which consists in systematising and structuring the existing terminological fund to give it the characteristics of a coherent terminology system. Following this approach, key components have been identified that form the basis of the terminology system structure. The proposed model consists of six main subsystems (groups of terms): fundamental terms and concepts, cyber defence objects, cyber threats and vulnerabilities, the functioning of the cyber defence system and its components, cyber defence entities, as well as the legal and regulatory environment. It is noted that the cyber defence terminology system is synthetic in nature, integrating concepts in the fields of information technology, politics, economics, law, and defence. The proposed methodological approach has made it possible to create a comprehensive and structured terminology system that allows for the unambiguous classification of any term related to cyber defence. It is emphasised that this system is not static and will evolve along with changes in technologies and forms of cyber warfare. The practical value of the research results lies in the development of methodological recommendations for the further formation and improvement of terms based on the principles of consistency and unambiguous interpretation, which will contribute to ensuring effective communication and cooperation between different sectors and their operational coordination in the field of cyber defence.
Fundamental science can sometimes take a long time until it is useful for practical applications, as was the case for Raman spectroscopy. For a long time, it lacked powerful excitation sources and sensitive detectors. However as technology evolved, the number of exciting applications has boomed. Modern Raman spectroscopy has significant advantages, especially in sample preparation. Handheld Raman devices can be very compact and therefore be easily taken to the sample instead of bringing the sample to the lab. Non-destructive measurements obviously are important in gemmology and mineralogy, even in space. In the field of archaeology, pigments in precious ancient paintings, scrolls or books can be identified. This application is also used to identify fraud and falsification and in studies from a medical school they have reported that Raman spectroscopy can be applied to distinguish cancerous tissue from healthy tissue. Due to the mobility and ruggedness of the handheld hardware, Raman spectroscopy can be used for police, firefighters, and military applications for identification of explosives and illicit drugs or warfare substances. With SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy), Raman spectroscopy can even be used for trace analysis. The SERS effect enhances the sensitivity of the Raman signal by a factor of up to 107. This enables, for example, measuring pesticide residuals on fruit or vegetable surfaces for food safety. It can also be used to identify traces of drugs, e.g. in urine. However, one of the most common Raman-applications is the identity check or verification of incoming goods (RMID) in the pharma industries, directly in the warehouse. Users appreciate the ease of use and the ruggedness of the Raman hardware.
Nicolas Reboul, Ashwin Chinnayya, Frédéric Paintendre
et al.
The Explosive Reactive Armors (ERA) are really efficient at reducing Shaped Charge Jet (SCJ) performance. The main destabilizing mechanism is the transverse movement of the front and rear moving plates (MP) on the SCJ. Therefore, a good understanding of the interaction SCJ/MP is essential for improving both weapon and armor systems. In a previous article, we have shown that interaction regimes are mainly influenced by the local collision geometry. Thus, in the collision point frame, the angle of collision between the continuous SCJ and the MP is a key parameter. This flow angle is acute for the Backward Moving plate (BMP) moving against the SCJ and obtuse for the Forward Moving Plate (FMP) moving alongside it. In the former, the jet is simply deflected, which is the regime 1 of deflection. In the latter, the interaction turns on an alternative creation of fragment and ligament, which is the regime 2. Fragments are parts of the jet that are only slightly deflected while ligaments are the curved material bridges that connect two consecutive fragments.When stretching, the jet is systematically subject to instabilities that disturb its surface, creating necks along it. Their growth finally leads to the jet fragmentation. In this article, we focus on this jet disturbance and its consequences on the SCJ/MP interaction.An experimental set-up was built to implement the interaction between a SCJ and a moving plate for different collision points, at different stand-off distances. The plate can interact with a smooth SCJ or a disturbed SCJ at a close and a far stand-off distance, respectively.One of the main results is the visualization of a regime change in SCJ/BMP interaction. A regime 1 (deflection) interaction changes into a ligament regime interaction (similar to a FMP regime 2) when the collision point stand-off is increased. It is proposed that this change can be attributed as the increase of the amplitude of the jet surface disturbances. This phenomenon is well captured by the γSPH simulations. Finally, using both experimental and numerical approaches, we propose a new detailed analysis of the different phenomena occurring during the interaction between a disturbed-surface jet and a moving plate. Interaction regime changes are linked to jet local geometry changes. The interactions of a BMP with a smooth SCJ or with a disturbed surface SCJ are geometrically not the same and, thus, generate different local flows and interaction mechanisms.However, some other simulations have been carried out with constant velocity jet whose surface has been previously disturbed. These simulations underline the influence of both disturbance wavelength λ and amplitude A on the interaction regimes.Surface disturbances of the SCJ, linked to its stretching, have a major influence on its interaction with a moving plate.
Today’s geopolitics has become more and more complicated, alliances change and the geopolitical actors shift from the background to the spotlight very quickly. In such a volatile environment, communication is a critical tool wielded by states and non-state actors alike. The tension between maintaining communication ethics—grounded in truth, transparency, and respect—and the urgent demand for communication efficiency—speed, clarity, and impact—has become increasingly pronounced. This article analyzes the complex interplay of these forces, with a focus on the influence of digital technologies, social media and information warfare. Drawing on case studies of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and global COVID-19 messaging, it tries to illustrate how ethical compromises can undermine efficiency in the long term and argues for a balanced communication strategy that upholds ethical standards without sacrificing strategic effectiveness.
Sara M Mohy,1,2 Mohamed F Abozeid,1,3 Wael M Seoudy,1,2 Ahmed Elshahid,4 Alaa EA Moubasher,5 Ashraf Hassan,6 Eman Elmorsy,7 Eman RM Hofny,5 Essamelden M Mohamed,8 Hanan Mohammed Saleh,9 Hanan Sabry,10 Khaled Gharib,11 Mohamed Abdelwahed Gaber,12 Mohamed Saad Hegazy,13 Mona A Atwa,14 Nayera Moftah,15 Nermeen Ibrahim Bedair,16 Noha Ezzat Mohammed,17 Samia Esmat,18 Tarek Ameen,19 Tarek Hussein,7 Yasser Mostafa Gohary,20 Mahmoud A Rageh1,4 1Venus Research Center, The Egyptian Society for Woman Health (VENUS), Cairo, Egypt; 2Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; 3Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 4Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 5Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt; 6Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt; 7Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; 8Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt; 9Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; 10Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt; 11Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; 12Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; 13Department of Dermatology, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt; 14Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; 15Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; 16Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt; 17Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt; 18Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; 19Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 20Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, EgyptCorrespondence: Mahmoud A Rageh, Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt, Email dr.mahmoudrageh@gmail.comBackground: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common dermatologic condition with significant psychological and social impact. Treatment remains challenging due to heterogeneity in patient response and limited long-term efficacy data.Objective: To develop expert consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of AGA tailored to the Egyptian population, considering region-specific clinical and systemic factors.Methods: A modified Delphi process was conducted in two rounds. Initially, a structured, evidence-informed questionnaire was distributed to 1,000 practicing dermatologists across Egypt; 723 completed the survey. Responses were analyzed and refined into consensus statements, which were subsequently evaluated by a panel of 20 senior dermatology professors. Statements achieving ≥ 75% agreement were considered consensus.Results: Twenty-seven consensus statements were established and categorized into seven key areas: diagnosis, minoxidil, antiandrogens, low-level laser therapy, adjuvant treatments, hair transplantation, and counseling/hair aids. These recommendations reflect a synthesis of current evidence and national clinical experience.Conclusion: This consensus provides a regionally relevant, evidence-based framework for AGA management in Egypt. It emphasizes individualized care, multidisciplinary strategies, and the integration of emerging therapies, and may serve as a model for practice in similar healthcare settings.Keywords: androgenetic alopecia, modified Delphi, consensus, hair loss
The use of wound dressings is gaining more and more popularity, especially in the field of tactical and military medicine. Developing wound dressings capable of facilitating wound treatment and reducing healing time is one of the challenges of modern science. So, sodium alginate (Alg) is a good candidate for the development of wound dressings due to its bio- and hemocompatibility and biodegradability. However, Alg has its shortcomings, which can be dispatched by modification.
The purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of Alg modification on the kinetics of ethonium release from crosslinked with Ca2+ ions samples. For this purpose, a method of Alg modifying with octane-1-amine was developed without the use of organic solvents and with the use of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDCl) as an initiator. The optimal parameters of alginate modification process were defined as 60 °С temperature and 24 hours duration. Physicochemical methods confirmed the success of the modification. Films based on the alginate modified with octane-1-amine (AlgM) were obtained using a calcium chloride solution as a crosslinker. The kinetics of swelling was studied and we found that the degree of swelling of the sample based on AlgM after 10 minutes is twice as large (? = 0.71) as for Alg (? = 0.37), which indicates a faster release of drugs.
It has been found that the kinetics of release of ethonium depends not only on the kinetics of swelling but also on the chemical nature of the drug. The ethonium was immobilised in alginate films as a model of bactericidal drug. The kinetics of ethonium release was studied at different pH values corresponding to the pH of healthy skin (5.5), open wounds (7.2) and inflamed wounds (8.2). It was found that the release of ethonium from the sample based on AlgM is more pH-sensitive and prolonged, compared to the sample based on Alg. This effect is explained by the appearance of an additional mechanism of retention of ethonium by AlgM due to hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions in the films.
The prolonged release properties observed in the drug-loaded samples make them promising candidates for the development of targeted drug delivery systems and wound dressings, which are particularly relevant for the treatment of chronic and burn wounds. Future research will focus on optimizing the crosslinking method and exploring potential applications of modified alginate-based materials in biomedical sciences.
The article is dedicated to the new method for early diagnostics of pathological conditions under the action of physiologically active substances with genotoxic properties. The method allows the evaluation of microsomal system of the liver under the action of xenobiotic alkylating type and the condition of microsomal oxidiation system in vivo. It is supposed to asses preliminary the norm of the reaction of organism (phenotype of bio-object) by the intensity of microsomal oxidiation during the study of the toxicological characteristics of physiologically active substances influencing the organism at low doses. The method includes the characteristics of hereditary intensity of epoxidiation (hydroxyliation) reactions of metabolism. Carbamazepine is used as a pharmacological probe. The article formulates the definition of the concept of norm, threshold for the harmful effect and prepatological state of organism.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to scientific research in the field of examining the shortcomings in the use of strategic communication for armaments. A comprehensive approach that rationalises the political, military, economic and technical decision-making process, as well as appropriate strategic communication with stakeholders, is required for the procurement of military equipment for the armed forces. The paper first analyses the existing shortcomings in the use of strategic communication in support of armaments, and then recommends a model for the adequate use of it. The results of a questionnaire survey and structured interviews with specialists in strategic communication and armaments show a high level of support for the use of strategic communication. However, the selected case studies on the Pandur and BVP modernization projects did not confirm the assumption of an improvement in the ability of the Czech Ministry of Defence to acquire new military equipment.
In connection with the increase of the level of terrorism, international crime, smuggling activities, and the military aggression of the russian federation against Ukraine, it became necessary to improve the system of countering these factors. In the documents regulating the professional training of personnel in the State Border Service of Ukraine (decrees of the President, resolutions of the Government of Ukraine, orders of the head of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, the Development Strategy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine), attention is focused on the need to train highly qualified officers capable of making effective decisions in the field of the state border of Ukraine protection. As a result of the theoretical analysis of the works of scientists, as well as the study of regulatory and legal documents on the organization of operational and service activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine personnel, it was determined that the formation of professional readiness is an important prerequisite for the effective performance of professional tasks by officers. Graduates must have the appropriate level of competence to solve specific professional tasks. One of the main prerequisites for becoming a specialist in the border field is the acquisition of practical work experience, which involves applying theoretical knowledge in practice, mastering general and professional competencies, forming ideas about the specific activities of the future border guard officer. Practical training involves the creation of real conditions that project the future activities of a border guard officer. It should be noted that an integral part of the practical training of cadets is practice at the state border protection bodies, which is conducted to consolidate theoretical knowledge obtained at a certain stage of training in accordance with the direction, specialty, acquisition and improvement of professional skills and abilities. According to their official duties, border guards communicate with persons who cross the state border. It is necessary to adhere to the standards of communication, which are based on the observance of the rights and freedoms of citizens, courtesy, restraint, culture and brevity. Border guards must communicate foreign language within the scope of their official duties to conduct border representative meetings and conduct interviews with foreigners, so they must have foreign language communicative competence, which is one of the components of the professional competence of a border guard.
У статті висвітлено сучасні підходи до оцінювання іншомовної компетентності прикордонників у країнах Європейського Союзу (ЄС). З’ясовано, що іншомовна підготовка персоналу прикордонних відомств країн ЄС відбувається на основі гармонізованих освітніх стандартів розроблених під егідою європейської агенції прикордонної і берегової охорони Фронтекс. Вимоги до спільної професійної діяльності прикордонників різних країн ЄС в умовах Інтегрованого управління кордонами передбачають високий рівень інтероперабельності, досягнення якого неможливе без спілкування усіма прикордонниками англійською мовою. Особливістю оцінювання професійної іншомовної компетентності персоналу в прикордонних відомствах країн ЄС є використання формативного і сумативного видів оцінювання, принципів фасилітації. Стратегія оцінювання навчальних досягнень прикордонників в країнах ЄС базується на таксономії Б. Блума, шкалах та рубриках оцінювання, системі забезпечення якості спільної професійної підготовки. Шкали оцінок в контексті спільної підготовки європейських прикордонників побудовані на основі оцінювальних рубрик для уникнення проблем із розумінням національних методик оцінювання. Оскільки характер спільної підготовки прикордонників країн ЄС є максимально практичним, обираються і відповідні методи оцінювання. З метою забезпечення достовірності оцінювання методи оцінювання наближені до практичних ситуацій пов’язаних з роботою персоналу прикордонного відомства. Вивчення особливостей організації спільної іншомовної підготовки прикордонників в країнах ЄС під егідою європейської агенції прикордонної охорони є необхідним для подальшого впровадження та адаптації набутого досвіду в систему професійної підготовки персоналу Державної прикордонної служби України.
Based on archival data, the article shows the poorly studied history of the formation of the Yakutsk regional administration in 1805, similar to Nerchinsk, which functioned in a cross-border environment. The role of Siberian officials in determining the new administrative and territorial status of the Oblast for Yakutia is highlighted. The urgency of the problem is due to the growth of scientific interest in the study of the historical experience of public administration, in particular, in Asian Russia. For the first time in historical science, the project “On the Improvement of the Yakutsk Region” is considered, namely, proposals for the administrative transformation of Yakutia, sponsored by local officials ‒ Ivan Evers, who served as a prominent judge for 10 years and Stepan Garnovsky, who was a zemstvo police officer for 7 years. The author also presents the positions of Siberian administrators represented by the Irkutsk military governor B. B. Lezzano and the Siberian Governor-General I. O. Selifontov on the implementation of this project. The study is based on historical-genetic, historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. As a result of the study, the main specific factors of the Yakutsk Territory were identified and analyzed, such as the geographical location, the vastness of the region, related to the distance from the provincial center ‒ Irkutsk and the small population that influenced the formation of the regional form of government in this northeastern outskirts of the Russian Empire. The supply of Okhotsk and other distant points of the state with state goods is noted as the key reason for the establishment of a special civil government in the city of Yakutsk ‒ the Yakutsk regional government in 1805 as a result of reforms of the Governor-General of Siberia I. O. Selifontov. In conclusion, the significance of the historical experience of the establishment and functioning of the regional form of government in Yakutia on the organization of management of the outskirts of Russia in the XIXth century is highlighted.
The article analyzes the background and outcomes of the introduction of official bilingualism in Belarus and Kazakhstan. This topic is quite relevant to Ukraine given that specific political forces repeatedly attempted to give Russian language state or official status at least at the regional level. The choice of the subject is determined by the fact that Belarus and Kazakhstan as well as Ukraine were the most Russified republics of the former Soviet Union had similar language problems after they declared independence.
Based on the analysis of official documents, sociological and statistical data, it was revealed that the introduction of bilingualism in Belarus and Kazakhstan had different scope, goals and outcomes. In Belarus, state bilingualism, as a continuation of Soviet Russification, led to the marginalization of the Belarusian language and the practical deprivation of the titular nation of an important component of its identity. In Kazakhstan, the policy of official bilingualism provided for the expansion of the use of the Kazakh language in all areas. However, since the free use of Russian is a statutory right, the promotion of the Kazakh language was limited mainly to ethnic Kazakhs and other turk ethnic groups, almost without affecting Russians and other minorities, among whom the level of knowledge and use of Kazakh is extremely low. Nowadays, official bilingualism is becoming an obvious obstacle to building a Kazakh political nation. These examples show that the policy of official bilingualism in countries burdened by the legacy of Russification poses risks to national security. Thus, we can conclude that the changes to the Ukrainian legislation aimed at ensuring the functioning of the Ukrainian language as the state language, overcoming the consequences of the Russification of the Ukrainian cultural and information space, were adopted on time.
What is the relationship between rebel governance and rebel military strength? Most existing research assumes that rebel governance enhances the military strength of the rebel group. I test this assumption with an original dataset of rebel governance services. The quantitative evidence presents a more complicated picture that belies a straightforward link between the two: governance appears to have either no relationship with rebel strength and sometimes even a negative and statistically significant relationship with rebel military capacity. To explain this surprising result, I generate a set of empirically grounded mechanisms using case vignettes that incorporate primary and secondary data. As a whole, the paper calls for greater theorizing and testing of the consequences of rebel governance, as well as the strategic motivations for its implementation.
Impressive and awe-inspiring by virtue of its sheer size and its overpowering minimalism, the Greenland ice sheet arches over the island, a flattened dome rising thousands of metres above the underlying bedrock. As Cold War tensions were on the rise in the years following the Second World War, this immense body of ice gained increasing geopolitical traction. The then Danish territory of Greenland was both strategically located between the main industrial centres of the two antagonists, the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as a source of strategic environmental intelligence. When Denmark was under German occupation during the 1940s, the US claimed territorial control over Greenland to protect its northern frontier, and later in 1951, the US secured their logistical stronghold in Greenland with the signing of the so-called Greenland Defense Agreement between Denmark and the US (Archer 1988; Lidegaard 1997; Olesen 2013). The Agreement granted the US almost complete freedom of action within three ‘defence areas’, including the infamous Thule Air Base in north-west Greenland. However, US visions of enrolling Greenland in its Cold War military apparatus extended well beyond the confines of the defence areas, all of which were established in the seasonally ice-free coastal zones. As Lt. Col. Emil Beaudry of the US Air Force noted in a report on high latitude defence: