Hasil untuk "Men"

V. Vaccarino, L. Parsons, N. Every et al.

Catherine C. Eckel, P. Grossman

R. Hofstra, R. M. Landsvater, I. Ceccherini et al.

A. Kalleberg, Kevin T. Leicht

T. Han, E. van Leer, J. Seidell et al.

L. Borghi, T. Schianchi, T. Meschi et al.

E. Geer, W. Shen

S. Ochoa, J. Usall, J. Cobo et al.

Recent studies have begun to look at gender differences in schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis in an attempt to explain the heterogeneity of the illness. However, a number of uncertainties remain. This paper tries to summarize the most important findings in gender differences in schizophrenia and first-psychosis episodes. Several studies indicate that the incidence of schizophrenia is higher in men. Most of the studies found the age of onset to be earlier in men than in women. Findings on symptoms are less conclusive, with some authors suggesting that men suffer more negative symptoms while women have more affective symptoms. Premorbid functioning and social functioning seem to be better in females than males. However, cognitive functioning remains an issue, with lack of consensus on differences in neuropsychological profile between women and men. Substance abuse is more common in men than women with schizophrenia and first-episode psychosis. In terms of the disease course, women have better remission and lower relapse rates. Lastly, there is no evidence of specific gender differences in familial risk and obstetric complications. Overall, gender differences have been found in a number of variables, and further study in this area could help provide useful information with a view to improving our care of these patients.

K. Brady, C. Randall

S. Nielsen, Zengkui Guo, C. M. Johnson et al.

A. M. Johnson, Catherine H. Mercer, B. Erens et al.

J. Swim, Lauri Hyers, Laurie L. Cohen et al.

Luigi Ferrucci, A. Corsi, F. Lauretani et al.

We hypothesized that the rising levels of inflammatory markers with aging is explained by cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity becoming progressively more prevalent in older persons. Information on inflammatory markers, cardiovascular risk factors, and diseases was collected in 595 men and 748 women sampled from the general population (age, 20-102 years). In both men and women, older age was associated with higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-18, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen, while soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) increased significantly with age only in men. Adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity, the age regression coefficients became substantially smaller in models predicting IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-18, and fibrinogen and larger in the model predicting sIL6r. Adjustment for cardiovascular morbidity substantially reduced the effect of age on CRP in men but not in women. Findings were confirmed in a subgroup of 51 men and 45 women with low risk profile and no cardiovascular morbidity. Part of the "proinflammatory state" in older persons is related to the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factor and morbidity.

Dhilipan Pradap Rangaraju, Natarajan Sekar

Cystic adventitial disease (CAD) is a rare vascular condition characterized by mucinous cyst formation within the adventitial layer of arteries, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to symptoms such as intermittent claudication. This case report describes a 44-year-old woman who presented with typical intermittent calf claudication and no significant prior medical history. Arterial Doppler ultrasound revealed a hypoechoic lesion surrounding the popliteal artery, suggestive of extrinsic compression and significant luminal stenosis. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the diagnosis of CAD involving the left popliteal artery. The patient underwent complete surgical excision of the cyst and arterial reconstruction using an interposition vein graft. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and she remained symptom-free at her 2-year follow-up, with no evidence of recurrence. CAD is estimated to represent approximately 0.1% of vascular disorders, more commonly affecting middle-aged men. The condition often requires surgical intervention due to its progressive nature and unclear etiology. Despite its rarity, CAD should be considered in young patients presenting with vascular insufficiency in the absence of atherosclerotic risk factors.

Anna-Maria De Cesare

As has been shown in various studies considering different languages, in professional contexts women tend to be referred to differently than men. While men are typically referred to by their surname (e. g., Fermi), women are more often referenced with their full name (e. g., Samantha Cristoforetti) or first name alone (e. g., Samantha). The present study proposes an empirical case study investigating whether this gender-indexing bias is also present in texts generated by large language models (LLMs). Based on the analysis of a self-assembled data collection comprising 420 biographies produced by GPT-4 on 140 eminent Italian and French female and male personalities, our study reveals that the synthetic texts investigated not only reflect the gender biases found in human-authored texts but, in some cases, even amplify them.

Sayma Sultana, London Cavaletto, Bianca Trinkenreich et al.

While systemic workplace bias is well-documented in non-computing fields, its specific impact on software engineers remains poorly understood. This study addresses that gap by applying Social Identity Theory (SIT) to investigate four distinct forms of bias: lack of career development, stereotyped task selection, unwelcoming environments, and identity attacks. Using a vignette-based survey, we quantified the prevalence of these biases, identified the demographics most affected, assessed their consequences, and explored the motivations behind biased actions. Our results show that career development and task selection biases are the most prevalent forms, with over two-thirds of victims experiencing them multiple times. Women were more than three times as likely as men to face career development bias, task selection bias, and an unwelcoming environment. In parallel, individuals from marginalized ethnic backgrounds were disproportionately targeted by identity attacks. Our analysis also confirms that, beyond gender and race, factors such as age, years of experience, organization size, and geographic location are significant predictors of bias victimization.

Patrik Vymyslický, David Marko, Dagmar Pavlů et al.

Abstract In some physical activities with simultaneous mental task, we can observe greater muscle fatigability in women than in men. These differences are evident in various muscle groups, especially during low-intensity isometric or intermittent isometric contractions with the simultaneous heavy mental task. The aim of this study was to monitor the effect of heavy mental task on sex differences in muscle fatigability during isometric contraction of moderate intensity in the biceps brachii muscle. Seventeen men (27.1 ± 2.5 years) and seventeen women (26.2 ± 3.5 years) attended two sessions (control and stressor) where they performed isometric contraction of the biceps brachii muscle to failure at an intensity of 40% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). In control session, the participants performed the isometric contraction to failure alone. In stressor session, a simultaneous heavy mental task was included (subtracting the number 13 from any four-digit number). The time to task failure (TTF) and percentage decrease in the median frequency (MDF) were monitored. We did not observe a sex: session interaction effect for the TTF nor the MDF percentage decrease and therefore we can assume that simultaneous heavy mental task did not affect women more than men. We also did not observe a session effect, so we also can state that the simultaneous heavy mental task did not affect the TTF or the MDF percentage decrease. A sex effect was not observed for the percentage decrease in MDF, but it was statistically significant for TTF, where women lasted 47.9% longer in the control session and 56.4% longer in the stressor session. The simultaneous heavy mental task during isometric contraction to failure of the biceps brachii muscle of moderate intensity does not have a greater effect on women than on men.

Pengxiang Luan, Yunmiao Pan, Sanyuan Hu et al.

Results: There were significant differences in weight loss outcomes between women in the central and noncentral obesity groups in the first and third months after surgery; however, no significant differences were observed in the sixth and twelfth months. No significant differences were observed in weight loss outcomes between men in the central and noncentral obesity groups. There were significant differences in the development of central obesity between the two sexes and between those with and without type 2 diabetes. There were significant differences in body mass index (BMI) and white blood cell counts between women in the central and noncentral obesity groups, with patients with central obesity having higher BMI values and white blood cell counts before surgery. There were significant differences in the platelet count (PLT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels between men in the central and noncentral obesity groups, with patients with central obesity having lower PLT, higher GGT, HbA1c, and FPG levels. There was a significant correlation between WHR and early weight loss outcomes after surgery.

Roger Antabe, Florence W Anfaara, Yujiro Sano et al.

<h4>Background</h4>Since its inception in 2003, Ghana's Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) has received considerable scholarly attention on the determinants of enrollment. While most of these studies highlight the role of some socioeconomic and geographical factors, no study has explored the intersection of educational attainment and residence on NHIS enrollment. We aim to contribute to the literature and health policy in Ghana by examining the intersection of educational attainment and rural-urban residence on NHIS enrollment among women and men.<h4>Methods</h4>We used nationally representative data from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). Using STATA 17, we applied multivariable logistic regression to our analytical sample comprising women (n = 14997) and men (n = 7040).<h4>Results</h4>Overall, we found that more women (90%) than men (73%) enrolled on the NHIS. Adjusting for a range of control variables, we found that women and men with secondary (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.28-2.02; OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.16-1.82) and higher education (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.24-2.64; OR: 2.85, 95% CI: 2.03-3.99) were more likely to have enrolled into the NHIS compared to those with no formal education. This difference was particularly heightened among women and men with no education. Rural women (96%) and men (90%) with higher education had higher enrollment rates compared to their urban counterparts.<h4>Conclusion</h4>We recommend revising the NHIS equity and pro-poor policy to include vulnerability at the intersection of low educational attainment and rural residence.

Sydney Anuyah

In this short article, I leverage the National Crime Victimization Survey from 1992 to 2022 to examine how income, education, employment, and key demographic factors shape the type of crime victims experience (violent vs property). Using balanced classification splits and logistic regression models evaluated by F1-score, there is an isolation of the socioeconomic drivers of victimization "Group A" models and then an introduction of demographic factors such as age, gender, race, and marital status controls called "Group B" models. The results consistently proves that higher income and education lower the odds of violent relative to property crime, while men younger individuals and racial minorities face disproportionately higher violentcrime risks. On the geographic spectrum, the suburban models achieve the strongest predictive performance with an accuracy of 0.607 and F1 of 0.590, urban areas benefit from adding education and employment predictors and crime in rural areas are still unpredictable using these current factors. The patterns found in this study shows the need for specific interventions like educational investments in metropolitan settings economic support in rural communities and demographicaware prevention strategies.