Hasil untuk "Law of nations"

I. Abubakar, Sarah L Dalglish, B. Angell et al.

Ibrahim Abubakar, Sarah L Dalglish, Blake Angell, Olutobi Sanuade, Seye Abimbola, Aishatu Lawal Adamu, Ifedayo M O Adetifa, Tim Colbourn, Afolabi Olaniyi Ogunlesi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Eme T Owoaje, Iruka N Okeke, Adebowale Adeyemo, Gambo Aliyu, Muktar H Aliyu, Sani Hussaini Aliyu, Emmanuel A Ameh, Belinda Archibong, Alex Ezeh, Muktar A Gadanya, Chikwe Ihekweazu, Vivianne Ihekweazu, Zubairu Iliyasu, Aminatu Kwaku Chiroma, Diana A Mabayoje, Mohammed Nasir Sambo, Stephen Obaro, Adesola Yinka-Ogunleye, Friday Okonofua, Tolu Oni, Olu Onyimadu, Muhammad Ali Pate, Babatunde L Salako, Faisal Shuaib, Fatimah Tsiga-Ahmed, Fatima H Zanna

Haneul Yoo, Won Ik Cho, Geunhye Kim et al.

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on many tasks, but their progress remains uneven across languages and cultures, often reflecting values latent in English-centric training data. To enable practical cultural alignment, we propose a scalable approach that leverages national social studies curricula as a foundation for culture-aware supervision. We introduce CuCu, an automated multi-agent LLM framework that transforms national textbook curricula into open-ended, culture-specific question-answer pairs. Applying CuCu to the Korean national social studies curriculum, we construct KCaQA, comprising 34.1k open-ended QA pairs. Our quantitative and qualitative analyses suggest that KCaQA covers culture-specific topics and produces responses grounded in local sociocultural contexts.

T. B. Hansen, F. Stepputat, G. Steinmetz et al.

Huiding Chen, Andrew Guide, Lina Sulieman et al.

While national biobanks are essential for advancing medical research, their non-probability sampling designs limit their representativeness of the target population. This paper proposes a method that leverages high-quality national surveys to create synthetic sampling weights for non-probabilistic cohort studies, aiming to improve representativeness. Specifically, we focus on deriving more accurate base weights, which enhance calibration by meeting population constraints, and on automating data-supported selection of cross-tabulations for calibration. This approach combines a pseudo-design-based model with a novel Last-In-First-Out criterion, enhancing the accuracy and stability of the estimates. Extensive simulations demonstrate that our method, named RAILS, reduces bias, improves efficiency, and strengthens inference compared to existing approaches. We apply the proposed method to the All of Us Research Program, using data from the National Health Interview Survey 2020 and the American Community Survey 2022 and comparing prevalence estimates for common phenotypes against national benchmarks. The results underscore our method's ability to effectively reduce selection bias in non-probability samples, offering a valuable tool for enhancing biobank representativeness. Using the developed sampling weights for the All of Us Research Program, we can estimate the prevalence of the United States population for phenotypes and genotypes not captured by national probability studies.

Lei Di, Bowen Yin

The deterioration and degradation of the marine environment is having an increasingly obvious and serious impact on human rights. This article introduces a human rights-based approach to the issue of protecting and preserving the marine environment. The extraterritorial application of human rights treaties at sea and the open-ended nature of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea enable the human rights-based approach to be effectively integrated with marine issues. Although this human rights-based approach can add a humanitarian dimension to marine environmental governance, facilitate the interpretation of relevant provisions, and enhance the legitimacy of certain environmental enforcement measures of coastal states, the direct approach relying on environmental rights lacks sufficient normative basis, and the indirect approach relying on other affected human rights cannot effectively address marine environmental issues per se. This article suggests a comprehensive human rights orientation that balances collective rights with individual rights, civil and political rights with economic, social, and cultural rights in the process of safeguarding the rights of indigenous groups and the right to public participation. Incorporating good practices from regional and national levels, this approach can advance the international lawmaking process for establishing a human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable marine environment.

Inés Pardo Baena

En este artículo, en primer lugar, se analizan los antecedentes del defensor del pueblo español. Se estudiarán en profundidad tanto el ombudsman sueco, como antecedente principal, como el defensor civitatis y el justicia mayor de Aragón, quienes, aunque no hayan sido precursores directos de esta entidad, sin duda han influido de una manera u otra en su configuración. En segundo lugar, se estudia la organización del defensor del pueblo, así como su configuración (estructura, proceso de nombramiento, cese, incompatibilidades y prerrogativas). Los antecedentes y la configuración del defensor del pueblo responden a la formación de su institución (sus bases) para que, posteriormente, se proceda a la naturaleza jurídica y las funciones, una parte mucho más centrada en los procedimientos.

B. Riley, B. Long

Krishna P. B., Adithya P S, Titus K. Mathew

Expansion of the universe is caused by the departure from the holographic equipartition. This principle, the law of emergence, first postulated in the context of Einstein's gravity has been extended successfully to more general gravity theories like Gauss-Bonnet and Lovelock gravity. We derive the law of emergence for braneworld models of gravity, starting from the more fundamental and well established principle, the first law of thermodynamics. More specifically, we derive the law of emergence in the context of RS II braneworld, Warped DGP model and Gauss-Bonnet braneworld and compare the derived law with the one proposed by Sheykhi for the braneworld models. We further show that the law of emergence leads to the maximization of horizon entropy in all these braneworld models. While the law of emergence effectively implies the maximization of horizon entropy, it could be derived from the first law of thermodynamics. Our results suggest that the horizon thermodynamics is the backbone of the law of emergence in the braneworld scenarios.

Tom Kaufmann, Johann Reger

The update law in the indirect adaptive control scheme can be extended to include feedthrough of an error term. This reduces undesired oscillations of the calculated weights. When the $σ$-modification is used for achieving robustness against unstructured uncertainties, the gain of the feedthrough in the update law cannot be chosen arbitrarily. Compared to our previous result, we show stability of the closed loop for a larger parameter-range for the gain of the feedthrough in the update law. This parameter-range includes a configuration for which the influence of the integration in the update law diminishes over time, i.e. for which the adaptation for large times is governed solely by the feedthrough in the update law. By initializing at zero, this allows for removing the integration from the update law, resulting in a static update law. For the purely linear case, the adaptation acts like a disturbance observer. Frequency-domain analysis of the closed loop with a second order plant shows that removing the integration from the update law with $σ$-modification and feedthrough affects how precisely disturbances in the low-frequency band are observed. If the damping injected into the adaptation process by the $σ$-modification exceeds certain bounds, then the precision is increased by using the static update law.

Bettina Steible

This article explores the impact of the CJEU case law on the independence of constitutional courts in EU member states that have not experienced an illiberal shift, and whether it will lead to further convergence among EU members regarding their models of constitutional justice. While EU standards on judicial independence have justifiably emerged in a context of crisis, they have become autonomous standards of EU law, applicable to all EU member states. However, such standards may be at odds with the current legal frameworks and practices operating in some EU member states. This paper argues that the development of EU standards on judicial independence and impartiality may positively impact member states that do not experience a rule of law decline. On the one hand, they underline possible anomalies that may exist in the appointment procedures of national constitutional judges. On the other hand, this tension paves the way for a European dialogue on the definition of constitutional justice and the promotion of a rule of law culture.

Hilde Weerts, Raphaële Xenidis, Fabien Tarissan et al.

Concerns regarding unfairness and discrimination in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) systems have recently received increased attention from both legal and computer science scholars. Yet, the degree of overlap between notions of algorithmic bias and fairness on the one hand, and legal notions of discrimination and equality on the other, is often unclear, leading to misunderstandings between computer science and law. What types of bias and unfairness does the law address when it prohibits discrimination? What role can fairness metrics play in establishing legal compliance? In this paper, we aim to illustrate to what extent European Union (EU) non-discrimination law coincides with notions of algorithmic fairness proposed in computer science literature and where they differ. The contributions of this paper are as follows. First, we analyse seminal examples of algorithmic unfairness through the lens of EU non-discrimination law, drawing parallels with EU case law. Second, we set out the normative underpinnings of fairness metrics and technical interventions and compare these to the legal reasoning of the Court of Justice of the EU. Specifically, we show how normative assumptions often remain implicit in both disciplinary approaches and explain the ensuing limitations of current AI practice and non-discrimination law. We conclude with implications for AI practitioners and regulators.

Steffen Jaap Skotvoll Bakker, Jonas Martin, E. Ruben van Beesten et al.

National freight transport models are valuable tools for assessing the impact of various policies and investments on achieving decarbonization targets under different future scenarios. However, these models struggle to address several critical elements necessary for strategic planning, such as the development and adoption of new fuel technologies over time, inertia in transport fleets, and uncertainty surrounding future transport costs. In this paper, we develop a strategic network design model, named STraM, that explicitly incorporates these key factors. STraM provides a network design plan that includes infrastructure investments and fuel technology decisions, aiming to achieve cost-effective decarbonization of the freight transport system. The model's output can be used as input for higher-resolution national freight transport models to yield results with greater operational detail. We demonstrate the application of STraM through a case study of Norway, offering valuable insights into the strategic planning of sustainable freight transport.

Dhion Meitreya Vidhiasi, Aceng Ruhendi Saifullah, Andika Dutha Bachari

Defamation remains a prevalent occurrence on a global scale. In Indonesia, the fervor surrounding the outcomes of the 2014 presidential election contestation has led to a noticeable escalation in the level of fanaticism among supporters of the respective presidential and vice-presidential candidates. Frequently, the act of posting tweets on the social media platform Twitter can result in the author becoming entangled in a legal dispute pertaining to defamation. The objective of this research is to investigate the potential occurrence of defamation committed by Natalius Pigai, the former National Human Rights Commission (Komnas HAM) member. The analytical framework employed in this study to assess the linguistic techniques employed in the data, with the aim of identifying potential instances of defamation, was Appraisal Theory as proposed by Martin and White (2005). The data was extracted from a Twitter post authored by Natalius Pigai (@NataliusPigai2) on October 1, 2021. The findings indicated that Jokowi and Ganjar were subjected to poor evaluation in relation to their treatment of the Papuan population. The presence of this adverse evaluation also gives rise to the possibility of defamation in accordance with the provisions outlined in the Criminal Code and the ITE Law. The presence of credible factual evidence supports the assertion that Natalius Pigai's tweet can be classified as hate speech, which has the potential to result in defamation. The findings derived from this study could potentially facilitate the application of law enforcement strategies in the Indonesian police investigation, as well as in other nations that are undertaking comparable reforms to those observed in Indonesia.

Garth J Bouwers

This article examines the various regional and supranational organisations of emerging countries that could benefit from a codification of private international law rules. They include the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA), the African Union (AU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). In addition, the article analyses the envisaged instruments that may be especially relevant in the context of the abovementioned organisations. These include the Preliminary Draft Uniform Act on the Law of Obligations in the OHADA Region, the proposed African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts and the Asian Principles of Private International Law. More specifically, the article focusses on the provisions regarding the determination of the law applicable, particularly those rules relating to a tacit choice of law in international commercial contracts.

Luís Guilherme Nascimento de Araujo, Caroline Müller Bitencourt, Clovis Gorczevski

A pluralidade de normas e normatividades é uma condição inerente ao próprio direito como forma de regulação social. Nesse aspecto, o pluralismo, antes do que uma concepção teórica, é um traço material e concreto do fenômeno jurídico. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o pluralismo jurídico no Brasil, com foco na realidade dos povos originários, pela perspectiva da teoria crítica do direito que, por sua vez, concebe e projeta um pluralismo de caráter emancipatório. A partir disso, questiona-se: em que medida o pluralismo jurídico, desde uma perspectiva crítica do direito e do Estado, contribui para o reconhecimento de direitos dos povos originários no Brasil? Sustenta-se que o pluralismo jurídico emancipatório pode contribuir positivamente para a proteção dos povos originários no país, o que será demostrado através da análise de dois casos concretos que dialogarão com os conceitos expostos. Utilizou-se da técnica de investigação bibliográfica teórico-conceitual.

Daniel Coleman

As Western technology companies increasingly rely on user data globally, extensive data protection laws and regulations emerged to ensure ethical use of that data. These same protections, however, do not exist uniformly in the resource-rich, infrastructure-poor African countries, where Western tech seeks to establish its presence. These conditions provide an ideal landscape for digital colonialism. Digital colonialism refers to a modern-day “Scramble for Africa” where largescale tech companies extract, analyze, and own user data for profit and market influence with nominal benefit to the data source. Under the guise of altruism, large scale tech companies can use their power and resources to access untapped data on the continent. Scant data protection laws and infrastructure ownership by western tech companies open the door for exploitation of data as a resource for-profit and a myriad of uses including predictive analytics. One may believe that strengthening data protection laws will be a barrier to digital colonialism. However, regardless of their relative strength or weakness, data protection laws have limits. An analysis of Kenya's 2018 data protection bill, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and documented actions of largescale tech companies exemplifies how those limits create several loopholes for continued digital colonialism including, historical violations of data privacy laws; limitations of sanctions; unchecked mass concentration of data, lack of competition enforcement, uninformed consent, and limits to defined nation-state privacy laws.

Robert Eisenberg, Xavier Oriols, David K. Ferry

Kirchhoff's Current Law is an essential tool in the design of circuits that operate very quickly, faster than nanoseconds. But Kirchhoff's current is often identified as the flow of particles. The continuity equation or the Maxwell-Ampere law shows that the sum of displacement current $\textbf{plus}$ particle current is conserved by Maxwell's equations and Kirchhoff's law. Kirchoff included the displacement current in the current of his law, from early on. This Kirchhoff current (including the displacement current) does not vary with spatial location in the ionic channels of biology. Electronic circuits switching in nanoseconds are analyzed using the Bohm representation of quantum mechanics including particle and displacement current.

Soobin Cho, Panki Kim, Jaehun Lee

Continuing from arXiv:2102.01917v2, in this paper, we discuss general criteria and forms of liminf laws of iterated logarithm (LIL) for continuous-time Markov processes. Under some minimal assumptions, which are weaker than those in arXiv:2102.01917v2, we establish liminf LIL at zero (at infinity, respectively) in general metric measure spaces. In particular, our assumptions for liminf law of LIL at zero and the form of liminf LIL are truly local so that we can cover highly space-inhomogenous cases. Our results cover all examples in arXiv:2102.01917v2 including random conductance models with long range jumps. Moreover, we show that the general form of liminf law of LIL at zero holds for a large class of jump processes whose jumping measures have logarithmic tails and Feller processes with symbols of varying order which are not covered before.

Justine Réveillas

Negotiations within the United Nations on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions provide an ideal timeliness to propose a new legal principle to transform the environmental governance of the areas beyond national jurisdictions (ABNJ). As part of a collective work on the definition of a principle of ecological solidarity with a universal vocation, this contribution is an opportunity to deepen the reflections through a normative application of ecological solidarity to the Ocean system. Thanks to scientific progress, the natural sciences describe the Ocean system as a model of fact ecological solidarity, marked by the interdependence of ecosystems and living beings. However, this ecological solidarity is today largely ignored by the international law of the sea. This non-consideration of the law in the face of the ecological reality of the Ocean system invites us to rethink the modalities of governance in the light of ecological solidarity and to propose a principle of ecological solidarity to protect marine biodiversity located beyond national jurisdictions.

U. Beck, N. Sznaider