Hasil untuk "Japanese language and literature"

H. Takeuchi, Yasuhiro Mori, Y. Tsutsumi

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a movement disorder associated with antipsychotics, most frequently affects the lower face and jaw muscles, but can also affect walking, breathing and use of the hands and limbs. Knowledge of TD among physicians may be limited, and the pathophysiology of TD is poorly understood. We conducted this review to summarise the current knowledge surrounding the pathophysiology of TD and present recommendations for prevention and treatment based on a literature search and roundtable discussion attended by psychiatrists in Japan. It has been suggested that dopamine hypersensitivity, damaged gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons and/or increased production of reactive oxygen species may contribute to development of TD. Symptoms can profoundly affect everyday life; patients who develop TD have poorer prognoses, worse health-related quality of life, greater social withdrawal and higher mortality than patients without TD. Traditional treatment options include dietary supplements, although evidence for their effectiveness is low. Among pharmaceutical interventions, there is moderate evidence that switching to the second-generation antipsychotic clozapine, which has a lower affinity for dopamine D2 receptors than other antipsychotics, may improve symptoms. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) inhibitors, which oppose the increased dopaminergic activity associated with prolonged antipsychotic use by interfering with dopamine uptake and storage, have the strongest evidence for efficacy. VMAT-2 inhibitors are approved in the United States for the treatment of TD, and the first VMAT-2 inhibitor was approved in Japan for this indication in March 2022. Most guidelines recommend treating TD by first reducing the dose of antipsychotics or switching to clozapine or other second-generation antipsychotics, which have a lower association with TD than first-generation antipsychotics. We recommend focusing on prevention and monitoring for TD when prescribing antipsychotics, given that TD is often irreversible. Physicians should treat with antipsychotics only when necessary and at the lowest effective dose, and frequently monitor for TD symptoms. Plain Language Summary Plain Language Summary (In Japanese) Visual Summary Visual Summary (In Japanese)

Noorlila Ahmad, Abu Yazid Abu Bakar

This study suggests an intervention treatment relating to the dances and songs of “Dikir Barat” and “Kuda Kepang” and utilizes the distinctive methods of Malay traditional performance. Children with specific difficulties will benefit from the therapy’s emphasis on audience perception skills and socialization. The audience for this study, which comprised students and people with special needs, was polled using a survey questionnaire that was provided as part of a special concert. The descriptive analysis of the 5-point Likert scale survey’s 20 items yielded the proportion of each item. As a result, it has been found that shows, particularly those that incorporate the performing arts of singing, dancing, and acting, greatly affect and have an impact on groups with special needs. This study adds to the body of knowledge by demonstrating how conventional music therapy can encourage children with special needs to become more actively involved in their own lives as well as that of their community.

S. V. Chironov

This paper uses an ad hoc corpus of an acknowledged translation of a play by Anton Chekhov to study means of expressing causality in Russian and Japanese discourse. Lexemic distribution of corresponding connectives in the bilingual text appears to be much wider and less ordered than that of the dictionary, reflecting trends in cognitive, illocutionary and meta-use of connectives, that have been broadly acknowledged in linguistic literature. This study confirms a consistent feature of connectives as being pragmatically, rather than semantically determined, resulting in a broad and various distribution. On the other hand, pragmatically oriented connectives become a powerful help for the translator who generally seeks additional means to cover up inevitable lacunae between two linguistically rooted mental realities. The most striking discovery, however, lies in the obvious disproportion of referring to causality in spoken speech between Russian and Japanese speakers. The Japanese appear to make extensive use of explicit causality relations in order to strengthen their stance vis-à-vis their counterpart in conversation. This is performed either through appealing to universal logic or eliciting compassion to one’s personal circumstances, thus exploiting a mindset strongly favoring rationality while playing for empathy under the cooperation maxim. Contrarily, Russians, generally less accommodating and in a high-context language game of a different sort, seem set on downplaying references to causal relations, relegating them to vaguer types of connectives (AND type) or omitting them completely, with one notable exception in mention negative results of an undesired action. This tentative conclusion, of course, awaits confirmation on a wider range of newer data, calling for further study in the field of contrastive rhetoric and creation of more bilingual corpora.

Bartosz T. Wojciechowski, Władysław T. Miodunka

MIKOLAJ REJ AND HIS EPOCH (POLISH RENAISSANCE) IN JAPANESE: SEVERAL THOUGHTS CONCERNING THE BOOK ミコワイ・レイ氏の鏡と動物園. ZWIERCIADŁO I ZWIERZYNIEC PANA MIKOŁAJA REJA The article opens with remarks on Mikołaj Rej as outlined in Czesław Miłosz’s The History of Polish Literature, along with some observations on Rej’s language that became the material basis for the first grammatical description of the Polish language by Piotr Statorius-Stojeński in 1568. The next part of the article includes an outline of Professor Sekiguchi Tokimasa’s academic profile. Professor Sekiguchi is one of Japan’s foremost authorities in Polish Studies, as well as prolific writer and translator whose output includes translations of Rej’s literary legacy enclosed in the volume in question. The text also gives a detailed analysis of the original Japanese work, including its presentation of Mikołaj Rej as an author, but also commented fragments of his works: Speculum, Bestiary, Figliki (Facetiae), and The Image of a Good Man’s Life. The concluding part comments on Rej’s epoch which is commonly labeled “The Golden Age of Polish Culture”.

A. N. Meshcheryakov

Using the example of the article “The Centenary of the Japanese Revolution” (1968) by the outstanding Japanologist Nikolai Konrad, the author examines his understanding of the “Meiji Revolution”. Holding on, by and large, to the Marxist views on history, Nikolai Konrad turned out to be surprisingly close to “bourgeois” historians in understanding the Meiji Revolution. The “bourgeois” and Soviet historians (including Konrad himself), who were in conflict relations, consistently qualified the Meiji Revolution as a “progressive” (positive) event that introduced Japan to the “world” (i.e., Western and the only one possible) civilization. Marxist and “bourgeois” thinkers differed in their assessment of the future (whether or not communism was the highest stage of progress), but their view of the Japanese past showed amazing unanimity. The keenness on the theory of progress was so allembracing that Nikolai Konrad’s assessments of specific historical phenomena of the Tokugawa period demonstrate outright error and bias. None of the “advanced” European countries could boast of such a long-lasting social peace as that which we observe in the Tokugawa period, which, however, did not prevent Konrad (as well as other Western historians) from branding the Tokugawa rule as “reactionary” and “stagnant”.

I. P. Lebedeva

Despite the economic difficulties of the last two and a half decades, Japan remains to be one of the richest countries in the world. In addition, it is also one of the most prosperous countries - both in terms of distribution of the results of economic growth among the population, as well as by a number of characteristics of the standard of living. The article examines the influence of education democratization, the ideology of lifetime employment, government policies of equalizing revenues and support weak sectors and others on the formation of the middle class. The basic indicators of standard of living of the Japanese are given.

Daniele Durante

-

A. P. Lugavtsova

The article examines the Ōbaku Zen portrait painting, which is an essential part of the cultural heritage of the sect, and its relation to the tradition of the Buddhist portrait called chinzō. The Ōbaku school, the third branch of Japanese Zen Buddhism after Rinzai and Sōtō, was established in Japan during the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) by Chinese immigrants. The art of the Ōbaku monks had a significant impact on the formation of the cultural image of the Tokugawa period, since the huge surge in its popularity led to the transformation of certain genres of art, in particular, painting, where so called “Chinese styles” appeared. An example of this transformation is the widespread distribution of the Ōbaku portraits, considered in the article. The article analyzes the Chinese origins of the Buddhist portrait genre, its traditional features that became key characteristics, as well as the development of chinzō in medieval Japan. Special attention is paid to the description of Ōbaku portraits as a unique genre and the analysis of the biographies of the sect’s most famous portrait painters. The article also addresses the inconsistencies between Ōbaku portraits and some stylistic and functional features of the chinzō tradition, the reasons for which lie in the influence of Western painting style and the need to produce a large number of images for the new temples of the sect. The author concludes that, despite the obvious differences (a clear emphasis on frontality, a special use of light and shadow borrowed from Western artists, a large number of works produced as opposed to uniqueness), the essence of Ōbaku Buddhist portraits corresponds to the chinzō tradition, which was intended to express a close relationship between a Zen master and his student, to confirm his achievement of enlightenment, and were also used as a substitute for a deceased monk during temple rituals. Ōbaku portraits continued to perform these key functions, which allows them to be considered a full-fledged part of the chinzō genre.

M. M. Grajdian

In the particular context of post-Cold War Japanese animation, the name of Miyazaki Gorō 宮崎 吾朗 (born 1967) is mostly related to the name of his illustrious father, Miyazaki Hayao 宮崎 駿 (born 1942). Professionally speaking,  Miyazaki Gorō is a landscaper  (construction consultant in  the planning and designing of parks and gardens) as well as an animation director of two animation movies and one TV animation series. This paper focuses on the two animation movies  released by Studio Ghibli under Miyazaki Gorō’s direction: Tales from the Earthsea (ゲド戦記 Gedo senki, 2006) and From Up On Poppy Hill (コクリコ坂から Kokuriko-zaka kara, 2011). Miyazaki Gorō’s two animation movies are described and analyzed, both as ideological manifestos continuing and, from a certain point onward, transcending what might be called the “Ghibli paradigm” and as aesthetical masterworks  combining  the “Ghibli paradigm” with fresh visions of employing animation as a medium, exploring, absorbing and integrating influences from beyond geographical boundaries and striving to break the “Japanese” limitations of the artistic language utilized in his approach to animated expressive modes.

Ayako Kano

-

I. Rohiyatussakinah

The current trend of globalization and development in information technology had boosted the new curriculum of Merdeka Belajar, Kampus Merdeka (MBKM), which has become a universal issue in higher education at several universities in Indonesia. In this demanding and challenging information era in which we live, EFL instruction at higher education institutions needs to offer the students more than general proficiency in English. However, it is not an easy task to design a curriculum at the university level to address these issues. The aim of the research to design a communicative language teaching program developed for teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) at X University. It aims to illustrate the rationale and process of designing a flexible curriculum for university students. This study used a Qualitative research design to present the data. The result clearly showed about The curriculum presented in this paper is intended to be a model for teaching EFL or other foreign languages at higher education institutions based on the case of EFL education in Japan related to MBKM, still relevant to adopt Japan Education policy in our Higher educational program most of them need communicative language teaching for their proficiency in English at higher educational level.

I. Rifai, C. Setiadi, J. Renaldo et al.

Ever since its declaration in 2016 by the Japanese government, the society 5.0 concept has been largely adopted by global communities. It is argued that to implement the concept successfully, the research and the teaching of foundational skills like numeracy, literacy, or ICT at the elementary school level should be mandatory. This article reports the research and the teaching of the 21st literacy skills of Japan and Indonesia in the past four years (2016 - 2020). We reviewed the research and the teaching of 21st century skills at the elementary education level in both countries. The research databases used to search the literature were Google Scholar, ERIC, Education Abstracts, PsycINFO, and Social Sciences Citation Index. The inclusion criteria used to sort the studies were literacy skills/elementary/Japan/Indonesia/digital literacy/information literacy/ITS literacy and limited to studies that were done from 2016 – 2020 After reviewing ten studies, this pilot systematic review study preliminary found that open-access studies on the 21st literacy skills in Japan’s elementary school were restricted, so it was harder to find than studies that discussed similar topics in the Indonesian context. Existing studies in Japan at the elementary level prioritize the research and the teaching of literacy skills of information, ICT, and foreign language literacies. In contrast, studies in Indonesia focus on basic, scientific, and foreign language literacies.

Linna Meilia Rasiban, Amalia Rahmayanti, Renariah Renariah et al.

The purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of Japanese loanwords (gairaigo) used in culinary content on Instagram, and to describe the analytical framework of those meaning and formation. This study used descriptive qualitative method with data sources from 8 Instagram accounts of culinary content. This data in this study including 74 postings and 115 data of loanwords use from the Instagram accounts. The results from this study showed that lexical and word-formation structure that form the Japanese loanwords mostly were the compound word form (fukugougo) because many cuisine terms used two or more words. The results also showed that many of Japanese loanwords in culinary content are using derivative forms and acronyms. It is suggested that teachers and Japanese learners should be aware of these structure changes and semantic change in Japanese loanwords, which can help Japanese learners to understand the meaning of loanwords in Japanese.

I. A. Degtev

The article considers the evaluations of Japan and its policy in 1940-1945 by the Soviet leadership and diplomats on the basis of materials from the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Federation. The research analyses official and personal sources, in particular, Soviet-Japanese agreements and diplomatic correspondence, as well as the diaries of the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo Yakov Malik. The first part of the article considers the views of the Soviet leadership on Japan in the early 1940s and argues that the evaluation of Japan in the official rhetoric depended on external circumstances and factors: the dynamics of changes of the balance of power in Europe and coordination between the powers of the antiHitler coalition. While, in the beginning, Moscow saw Japan as a friendly country, based on the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact, later, since the denunciation of this pact in 1945, in view of the coming victory over Germany and the declaration of war against Japan, the Soviet Union's official position changed. As a result of these changes, we can see the return of negative connotations of Japan, which was reflected in the contents of the official correspondence and the Soviet press. The second part presents an analysis of the Soviet ambassador in Tokyo Yakov Malik's diaries, which demonstrate private evaluations of Japanese policy. It is noted that the explanation of events through the prism of Marxist-Leninist optics in foreign policy defined Japan as an imperialist power and an enslaver of Asian peoples. In domestic politics, Malik tends to divide the population of Japan by socio-economic characteristics - the “Japanese” and the “Japanese people”, i.e., those who exploit and those who are exploited, respectively. In general, Malik's diaries allow us to trace the dynamics of the changing mood among the Japanese elite during the war. So, with the involvement of new historical materials, it is possible to expand the understanding of Japan in 1940-1945 among the Soviet leadership and diplomats.

Ikuya Aizawa, Jim McKinley

M. Sakurai, Bismark Adu-Gyamfi

The number of foreign residents and tourists in Japan has been dramatically increasing in recent years. Despite the fact that Japan is prone to natural disasters, with each climate-related event turning into an emergency such as with record rainfalls, floods and mudslides almost every year, non-Japanese communication infrastructure and everyday disaster drills for foreigners have received little attention. This study aims to understand how a resilient communication ecosystem forms in various disaster contexts involving foreigners. Within a framework of information ecology we try to get an overview of the communication ecosystem in literature and outline its structure and trends in social media use. Our empirical case study uses Twitter API and R programming software to extract and analyze tweets in English during Typhoon 19 (Hagibis) in October 2019. It reveals that many information sources transmit warnings and evacuation orders through social media but do not convey a sense of locality and precise instructions on how to act. For future disaster preparedness, we argue that the municipal government, as a responsible agent, should (1) make available instructional information in foreign languages on social media, (2) transfer such information through collaboration with transmitters, and (3) examine the use of local hashtags in social media to strengthen non-Japanese speaker's capacity to adapt.

R. Abuliezi, A. Kondo, H. Qian

AIM To conduct a systematic review to understand the experiences of foreign-educated nurses in Japan. BACKGROUND The experiences of foreign nurses in host countries, and the challenges they face, have been widely investigated around the world. However, no systematic review has focused on the experience of foreign-educated nurses in Japan. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines. Japan Medical Abstract Society, Citation Information by National Institute of Informatics, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and PubMed databases were used for the literature search. Inclusion criteria were research articles published between 2013 and 2020 written in Japanese or English. A quality assessment was performed using Version 2018 of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Selected articles were read repeatedly, and relevant contents were extracted and summarized thematically. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were selected for the review. The themes generated included (1) reasons for nurses to come to Japan, (2) experiences and current situations among the Economic Partnership Agreement nurses/nurse candidates living in Japan, and (3) experiences and current situation of nurses who had returned to their home countries. The second theme was classified into four categories: language and communication barriers, low pass rates for the national qualification exam, adaptation to workplaces and social environments, and psychological distress. CONCLUSION Foreign nurses in Japan face various challenges and difficulties, even after they return to their home countries. Solving these problems may improve the wellbeing of foreign-educated nurses in Japan. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY The results from the current review highlight the necessity for immediate intervention by policymakers to improve the current support system for Economic Partnership Agreement nurses/nurse candidates. A thorough pre-arrival orientation should be provided for the nurse candidates to able them to make a well-informed choice.

Noriko J. Horiguchi

-

Wolfgang Schamoni

Rezension von Stefan Keppler-Tasaki (2020): Wie Goethe Japaner wurde. Internationale Kulturdiplomatie und nationaler Identitätsdiskurs 1889–1989. München: IUDICIUM Verlag, 191 S.

K. P. Olympio, C. Gonçalves, F. J. Salles et al.