How does the conversational past of large language models (LLMs) influence their future performance? Recent work suggests that LLMs are affected by their conversational history in unexpected ways. For instance, hallucinations in prior interactions may influence subsequent model responses. In this work, we introduce History-Echoes, a framework that investigates how conversational history biases subsequent generations. The framework explores this bias from two perspectives: probabilistically, we model conversations as Markov chains to quantify state consistency; geometrically, we measure the consistency of consecutive hidden representations. Across three model families and six datasets spanning diverse phenomena, our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the two perspectives. By bridging these perspectives, we demonstrate that behavioral persistence manifests as a geometric trap, where gaps in the latent space confine the model's trajectory. Code available at https://github.com/technion-cs-nlp/OldHabitsDieHard.
Michael M. Shara, Kenneth M. Lanzetta, Alexandra Masegian
et al.
Recurrent novae undergo thermonuclear-powered eruptions separated by less than 100 yr, enabled by subgiant or red giant donors transferring hydrogen-rich matter at very high rates onto their massive white dwarf companions. The most rapidly moving parts of envelopes ejected in successive recurrent nova events are predicted to overtake and collide with the slowest ejecta of the previous eruption, leading to the buildup of vast (∼10–100 pc) superremnants surrounding all recurrent novae, but only three examples are currently known. We report deep narrowband imaging and spectroscopy, which have revealed a ∼70 pc diameter shell surrounding the frequently recurring nova RS Ophiuchi. We estimate the superremnant mass to be ∼20–200 M _⊙ , expanding at a few tens of km/s, with an age of order 50–100 kyr. Its extremely low surface brightness and large angular size help explain the hitherto surprising absence of nova superremnants. Our results support the prediction that all recurrent novae are surrounded by similar extended structures.
Until the early 19th century, the selection of educational measures available to parents in relation to the children under their care was not usually legally restricted. A change in this issue can be observed with the emergence of family law regulations in European civil law codifications. In the case of the Polish territories that had been under Russian, Prussian/German and Austrian rule since 1795, the laws enacted on this issue were not of a native, Polish character, but were imposed by the three ruling states. Each of these laws, which were in force in the 19th century, explicitly referred to the parental authority. Due to the political distribution of power at the time, the same provisions (Russian, German and/or Austrian) were in force in other regions of East-Central Europe, which today constitute the territory of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine and Czechia. The exception to this was the Kingdom of Hungary (including present-day Slovakia), which enjoyed wide legal autonomy under the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, as well as Kingdom of Romania (including present-day Moldova), which was creating its own legislation. The situation changed after the First World War, when newly established or reborn independent states adapted existing laws to their needs or enacted their own, and after the Second World War, when the whole of East-Central Europe found itself in the Communist Eastern Bloc. In that time, we can observe an increasing interference in the autonomy of parents, when, for example, in Polish provisions disciplining disappeared from the catalogue of explicitly mentioned educational measures. Attention should also be paid to international law, especially the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and its implementation into the legal order of former socialist states. The author attempts to review and briefly summarize the regulations on parental authority in the basic legal acts in force in Poland and other East-Central European states throughout history.
Komala Subramanyam Cherukuri, Pranav Abishai Moses, Aisa Sakata
et al.
Oral histories are vital records of lived experience, particularly within communities affected by systemic injustice and historical erasure. Effective and efficient analysis of their oral history archives can promote access and understanding of the oral histories. However, Large-scale analysis of these archives remains limited due to their unstructured format, emotional complexity, and high annotation costs. This paper presents a scalable framework to automate semantic and sentiment annotation for Japanese American Incarceration Oral History. Using LLMs, we construct a high-quality dataset, evaluate multiple models, and test prompt engineering strategies in historically sensitive contexts. Our multiphase approach combines expert annotation, prompt design, and LLM evaluation with ChatGPT, Llama, and Qwen. We labeled 558 sentences from 15 narrators for sentiment and semantic classification, then evaluated zero-shot, few-shot, and RAG strategies. For semantic classification, ChatGPT achieved the highest F1 score (88.71%), followed by Llama (84.99%) and Qwen (83.72%). For sentiment analysis, Llama slightly outperformed Qwen (82.66%) and ChatGPT (82.29%), with all models showing comparable results. The best prompt configurations were used to annotate 92,191 sentences from 1,002 interviews in the JAIOH collection. Our findings show that LLMs can effectively perform semantic and sentiment annotation across large oral history collections when guided by well-designed prompts. This study provides a reusable annotation pipeline and practical guidance for applying LLMs in culturally sensitive archival analysis. By bridging archival ethics with scalable NLP techniques, this work lays the groundwork for responsible use of artificial intelligence in digital humanities and preservation of collective memory. GitHub: https://github.com/kc6699c/LLM4OralHistoryAnalysis.
Zefanya Bramantasaputra, Dea Daniella Wangsawijaya, Bharathram Ganapathisubramani
The present study experimentally investigates the recovery of smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) following non-equilibrium pressure gradients (PGs). The imposed pressure gradient history (PGH) comprises favourable-adverse pressure gradient (FAPG) sequences of varying strength, followed by recovery to zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) conditions. Hot-wire anemometry measurements were obtained at multiple downstream stations in the recovery region, with friction Reynolds numbers $Re_τ$ ranging from 2000 to 6000 depending on downstream development. Comparative analysis at matched $Re_τ$ and Clauser pressure gradient parameter $β$ enables clear assessment of history effects on TBL behaviour. Results show that increasing PGH strength enhances the wake in mean velocity profiles and amplifies turbulence intensities across the boundary layer, including the inner peak, logarithmic region, and outer peak (a signature of APG). Downstream, the mean flow gradually recovers toward a ZPG-like state, but turbulence in the outer region retains a lasting impact of PGH. Spectral analysis indicates that PGH primarily affects outer-layer scales, introducing a distinct PG peak and modifying the VLSM peak - with energy amplification dependent on PGH strength and spatial characteristics governed by history effects. Downstream recovery involves merging of large-scale wavelengths and the reorganisation of turbulence structures toward a ZPG-like state - although the `recovered' VLSM streamwise length becomes shortened due to the mixing of lengthscales with the PG peak. These results demonstrate that even under matched local parameters, TBLs retain a clear imprint of their upstream history, consistent with the findings of Preskett et al. (2025); moreover, this study provides new insights regarding the central role of scale interactions in the recovery mechanism of TBL subjected to complex PGH.
Teza, której bronimy w artykule, jest dwojaka. Po pierwsze, twierdzimy, że Nowa Huta przeszła przez dwie nowoczesności — socjalistyczną i postsocjalistyczną. Krakowska dzielnica jest punktem węzłowym, w którym te dwie nowoczesności — a być może i więcej — splatają i ścierają się ze sobą. Po drugie, argumentujemy, że Nowa Huta stanowi materialny znak ciągłości i zerwań polskiej historii. Stoi ona w centrum polskich sporów tożsamościowych, w których strony zawsze muszą się jakoś ustosunkować do socjalistycznej przeszłości.
Dla jednych — symbol zbrodniczego systemu narzuconego przez radzieckiego okupanta, inżynierii, której poddano polskie społeczeństwo i synonim szpetoty. Choć również miejsce walki o krzyż i oporu, który klasa robotnicza stawiła rzekomo reprezentującej ją partii. Dla drugich — element dziedzictwa kulturowego, które trzeba chronić; realizacja progresywnych ideałów sprawiedliwości społecznej, a współcześnie najbardziej zielona dzielnica Krakowa.
Teoretycznymi podstawami naszej argumentacji są teoria wielu nowoczesności Shmuela Eisenstadta oraz teoria dwóch nowoczesności Susanne Brandtstädter. Rozpoczynamy od omówienia nowoczesności okresu socjalistycznego w Nowej Hucie opierając się na treściach ówczesnej sztuki propagandowej oraz krytycznej, tworzących narrację o dzielnicy. Następnie przechodzimy do okresu postsocjalistycznego, analizując zmiany, którym w wyniku transformacji ustrojowej podlegała Nowa Huta i dyskurs o niej. Na zakończenie porównujemy nowoczesność postsocjalistyczną do socjalistycznej.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Poland
W artykule przedstawiono sylwetkę związanego z Turkiem oraz Kaliszem pisarza i krytyka literackiego Włodzimierza Pietrzaka. Przeprowadzona w zasobach archiwalnych, muzealnych i bibliotecznych kwerenda pozwoliła ustalić szereg nowych faktów związanych z życiem i twórczością pisarza oraz odkryć nieznane fotografie poety i dokumenty związane z okresem studiów na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim.Biografię opracowaną na bazie archiwalnych i prasowych źródeł wzbogacono o dane zawarte w powojennych wspomnieniach członków Klubu Artystycznego „S” i Konfederacji Narodu, a także literatów, z którymi łączyły W. Pietrzaka zarówno związki artystyczno-literackie, jak i długoletnie przyjaźnie. Zebrany materiał ukazuje pisarza jako intelektualistę, erudytę, eseistę, współpracownika największych pism literackich dwudziestolecia międzywojennego oraz odesłania kulisy jego zaangażowania politycznego.
In lieu of an abstract: In a largely anthropocentric view of history, plants and other non-human beings occupy a position of marginality (Marder). While plants remain central in narratives meant for children and young adults, they serve a subservient role in the storyline which tends to focus on child characters (Höing). Thus, approaching youth literature from the perspective of critical plant studies can provide intriguing insights on how meanings are created and imposed onto the natural world. The 13 essays in the volume provide a comprehensive understanding of colonial, postcolonial, and Indigenous approaches to plants and their representation in Australian youth literature, as well as transnational perspectives from Poland, Ukraine, and Aotearoa New Zealand.
The DHI Warsaw library is a specialized academic and reference library. Its collection spans the history of Germany and Poland, the history of German-Polish relations in a European and international context, and the history of Eastern European Jews.
History (General) and history of Europe, Political science
Considering inflationary magnetogenesis induced by time-dependent kinetic and axial couplings of a massless Abelian vector boson field breaking the conformal invariance we show in this article that, surprisingly, the spectral shape of the large-scale primordial magnetic field power spectrum is insensitive to the post-inflationary history, namely the barotropic parameter ($w$) and the gauge coupling functions of the post-inflationary era.
Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown a promise and emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability and even outperform humans in certain ToM tasks. To evaluate and extend the boundaries of the ToM reasoning ability of LLMs, we propose a novel concept, taxonomy, and framework, the ToM reasoning with Zero, Finite, and Infinite Belief History and develop a multi-round text-based game, called $\textit{Pick the Right Stuff}$, as a benchmark. We have evaluated six LLMs with this game and found their performance on Zero Belief History is consistently better than on Finite Belief History. In addition, we have found two of the models with small parameter sizes outperform all the evaluated models with large parameter sizes. We expect this work to pave the way for future ToM benchmark development and also for the promotion and development of more complex AI agents or systems which are required to be equipped with more complex ToM reasoning ability.
We apply the political stress index as introduced by Boldstone (1991) and implemented by Turchin (2013), to the case study of Poland. The approach quantifies political and social unrest as a single quantity based on a multitude of economic and demographic variables. The present-day data allow us to directly apply index without the need of simulating the elite component, as was done previously. Neither model version shows appreciable unrest levels for the present, while the simulated model applied to partial historical data yields the index in remarkable agreement with the fall of communism in Poland.We next analyze the model's sensitive dependence on its parameters (the hallmark of chaos), which limits its utility and application to other countries. The original equations cannot, by construction, describe the elite fraction for longer time-periods; and we propose a modification to remedy this problem. The model still holds some predictive power, but we argue that some components should be reinterpreted if one wants to keep its dynamical equations.
The Poland--Scheraga model, introduced in the 1970's, is a reference model to describe the denaturation transition of DNA. More recently, it has been generalized in order to allow for asymmetry in the strands lengths and in the formation of loops: the mathematical representation is based on a bivariate renewal process, that describes the pairs of bases that bond together. In this paper, we consider a disordered version of the model, in which the two strands interact via a potential $βV(\hatω_i,\barω_j)+h$ when the $i$-th monomer of the first strand and the $j$-th monomer of the second strand meet. Here, $h\in\mathbb R$ is a homogeneous pinning parameter, $(\hatω_i)_{i\geq 1}$ and $(\barω_j)_{j\geq 1}$ are two sequences of i.i.d.~random variables attached to each DNA strand, $V(\cdot,\cdot)$ is an interaction function and $β>0$ is the disorder intensity. Our main result finds some condition on the underlying bivariate renewal so that, if one takes $β,h\downarrow0$ at some appropriate (explicit) rate as the length of the strands go to infinity, the partition function of the model admits a non-trivial, i.e. disordered, scaling limit. This is known as an \textit{intermediate disorder} regime and is linked to the question of disorder relevance for the denaturation transition. Interestingly and surprisingly, the rate at which one has to take $β\downarrow0$ depends on the interaction function $V(\cdot,\cdot)$ and on the distribution of $(\hatω_i)_{i\geq 1}$, $(\barω_j)_{j\geq 1}$. On the other hand, the intermediate disorder limit of the partition function, when it exists, is universal: it is expressed as a chaos expansion of iterated integrals against a Gaussian process~$\mathcal{M}$, which arises as the scaling limit of the field $(e^{βV(\hatω_i,\barω_j)})_{i,j\geq 0}$ and exhibits strong correlations on lines and columns.
Jessica E. Thorne, Aaron S. G. Robotham, Sabine Bellstedt
et al.
Gas-phase metallicities of galaxies are typically measured through auroral or nebular emission lines, but metallicity also leaves an imprint on the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) of a galaxy and can be estimated through SED fitting. We use the ProSpect SED fitting code with a flexible parametric star formation history and an evolving metallicity history to self-consistently measure metallicities, stellar mass, and other galaxy properties for $\sim90\,000$ galaxies from the Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) and Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We use these to trace the evolution of the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and show that the MZR only evolves in normalisation by $\sim0.1\,$dex at stellar mass $M_\star = 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$. We find no difference in the MZR between galaxies with and without SED evidence of active galactic nuclei emission at low redshifts ($z<0.3$). Our results suggest an anti-correlation between metallicity and star formation activity at fixed stellar mass for galaxies with $M_\star > 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$ for $z<0.3$. Using the star formation histories extracted using ProSpect we explore higher-order correlations of the MZR with properties of the star formation history including age, width, and shape. We find that at a given stellar mass, galaxies with higher metallicities formed most of their mass over shorter timescales, and before their peak star formation rate. This work highlights the value of exploring the connection of a galaxy's current gas-phase metallicity to its star formation history in order to understand the physical processes shaping the MZR.
Foundation for the Development and Supportof Armenian Studies “Aniv”: a brief overview of activities
The Foundation for the Development and Support of Armenian Studies“Aniv” was officially registered in 2015 in Moscow and in 2019 in Yerevan. Previously,its founders (private persons) individually carried out various projects relatedto Armenian issues. The mission of the foundation is to support the interests of Armeniaand Armenians through academic research, cultural and public projects. Themain areas of its activity are: organizing and conducting research on the history andculture of Armenia; promoting the development of dialogue in the field of Armenianstudies (armenology), establishing and developing contacts between Armenian academicsfrom different countries of the world; preservation and popularization of thehistorical and cultural heritage of the Armenian people; supporting researchers andyoung scientists involved in Armenian research.
During the Second World War Dr. Edith Faupel intensively helped the Spanish students and soldiers of the Blue Division, the unit that fought in Russia within the Wehermacht troops. She was the wife of the first German Ambassador in the National Spain, General Wilhelm Faupel (1936–1937). Faupel was the director of The Iberian-American Institute and of the German-Spanish Society at a time. She and her husband fully served the regime of the National Socialists during its existence in Germany. The action of this woman and her motifs are studied in this article. It is also analysed how her activities were determined by the changes on the fronts of World War II.