Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

D. Goldhagen

H. Soloveitchik

Continuing the contribution to medieval Jewish intellectual history, this book's author focuses here on the radical pietist movement of Ḥasidei Ashkenaz and its main literary work, Sefer Ḥasidim, and on the writings and personality of the Provençal commentator Ravad of Posquières. In both areas the author challenges mainstream views to provide a new understanding of medieval Jewish thought. Some of the essays are revised and updated versions of work previously published, and some are entirely new, but in all of them the author challenges reigning views to provide a new understanding of medieval Jewish thought. The section on Sefer Ḥasidim brings together over half a century of the author's writings on German Pietism, many of which originally appeared in obscure publications, and adds two new essays. The first of these is a methodological study of how to read this challenging work and an exposition of what constitutes a valid historical inference, while the second reviews the validity of the sociological and anthropological inferences presented in contemporary historiography. In discussing Ravad's oeuvre, the author questions the widespread notion that Ravad's chief accomplishment was his commentary on Maimonides' Mishneh Torah; his Talmud commentary, he claims, was of far greater importance and was his true masterpiece. He also adds a new study that focuses on the acrimony between Ravad, as the low-born genius of Posquières, and R. Zeraḥyah ha-Levi of Lunel, who belonged to the Jewish aristocracy of Languedoc, and considers the implications of that relationship.

Maximilian Heinz Beck, Izabela A. Brachaczek, Pimrapat Gebert et al.

Abstract Background In recent years, there has been a growing number of case reports documenting delayed seroma in patients with a history of breast surgery and reconstruction. The occurrence of these seromas has been associated with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. So far, there are few systematic analyses on postoperative complications in breast surgery since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Study design We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis to assess the incidence of postoperative complications in two major university breast care centers in Germany during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (August 1st, 2021, to January 31st, 2022) compared to a reference period (August 1st, 2019, to January 31st, 2020) before the pandemic. Results A total of 987 patients were included in this retrospective analysis, with 492 patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and 495 patients in the reference period. There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of seroma after breast surgery. However, complications such as erythema, wound infection, and wound healing disorders were notably more frequent during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Multivariate analysis revealed that increasing patient age, smoking, breast implant reconstruction, axillary lymph node dissection, and previous radiation were significant clinical risk factors for seroma development. Conclusion While our findings did not indicate an elevated incidence of seroma during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, we observed increased rates of erythema, wound healing disorders, and wound infection. Additional real-world evidence is needed for understanding both early and late complications following breast surgery in the context of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 endemic.

Piotr Kordel, Marcin Rządeczka, Marcin Rządeczka et al.

IntroductionFleeing from war can be terrifying and result in Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), a mental health condition that can occur in the first month after a traumatic event. The study aimed to identify the prevalence of ASD among Ukrainian refugees and identify its risk factors to create a profile of the most vulnerable refugees.MethodsThis cross-sectional study of 637 Ukrainian war-displaced persons and refugees in 2022 used the Acute Stress Disorder Scale.ResultsThe prevalence of ASD among participants was high (93.5%). Several factors increasing the risk of developing ASD in the sample were identified, e.g., witnessing Russian attacks (OR 2.92, 95% CI 1.26–6.78), insufficient financial resources (OR 3.56, 95% CI 1.61–7.91), and feeling of loneliness in the host country (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.58–8.69). Pre-existing depression and the death of a close person, among others, were found to significantly (p < 0.05) exacerbate the ASD symptoms. At the same time, neither age, the distance traveled, time spent on fleeing the country, nor the type of companionship during refuge (escaping alone, with children, pets or the older adults) correlate with the severity of symptoms.ConclusionThe study shows extreme levels of trauma among Ukrainian war refugees and displaced persons. Knowledge regarding ASD vulnerabilities in the present conflict may facilitate prompt and adequate psychological help. Since ASD can be an antecedent of PTSD and several autoimmune disorders, these results may also serve as a predictor of future challenges for Ukrainian society.

Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Jean-Basile Andriambeloson, Sylvia Atsalis et al.

The concept of “facilitated restoration” aims at native biodiversity reinstatement with the help of animal seed dispersers attracted by fruiting trees. Yet, large-crowned trees will have to develop in the early stages of restoration; therefore, seed dispersal provided by small generalist mammals and birds that use rapidly growing herbs, shrubs, and small trees at early stages of forest succession would accelerate biodiversity restoration. Due to the elusive lifestyle of these small animals, it is unclear what species can contribute to the early stages of this process. Using the primate genus <i>Microcebus</i> (adult body mass about 60 g) as an example, we illustrate that these small generalists are possible seed dispersers in the early stages of forest restoration, not yet used by larger frugivores. We show that <i>Microcebus</i> spp. dispersed more seeds from herbs, shrubs, and small trees than large frugivorous primate species. These plants tend to have smaller seeds than large tree species and are often pioneer species not considered in forest restoration projects. Facilitating the colonization of restoration plots by generalist small seed dispersers that use shrubby habitats may improve plant diversity by adding a more natural sequence of successional stages towards mature forests in Madagascar and elsewhere in the tropics.

Britta Stumpe, Bernd Marschner

Urban green spaces, such as parks, cemeteries, and allotment gardens provide important cooling functions for mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. In the densely populated Ruhr Area (Germany), rehabilitated tailing piles (TPs), as relicts of the coal-mining history, are widespread hill-shaped landscape forms mainly used for local recreation. Their potential role as cooling islands has never been analyzed systematically. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the TP surface cooling potential compared to other urban green spaces (UGSs). We analyzed the factors controlling the piles’ summer land surface temperature (LST) patterns using k-mean clustering and random forest regression modeling. Generally, mean LST values of the TPs were comparable to those of other UGSs in the region. Indices describing vegetation moisture (NDMI), vitality (NDVI), and height (VH) were found to control the LST pattern of the piles during summer. The index for soil moisture (TVDI) was directly related to VH, with the highest values on the north and northeast-facing slopes and lowest on slopes with south and southeast expositions. Terrain attributes such as altitude, slope, aspect, and curvature were of minor relevance in that context, except on TPs exceeding heights of 125 m. In conclusion, we advise urban planners to maintain and improve the benefit of tailing piles as green cooling islands for UHI mitigation. As one measure, the soil’s water-holding capacity could be increased through thicker soil covers or soil additives during mine tailing rehabilitation, especially on the piles’ south and southeast expositions.

Anna Cappellotto

THE MYTH OF APOLLO AND PAN IN ALBRECHT VON HALBERSTADT’S METAMORPHOSES’. Tracing back the history of Ovid’s reception in the Middle Ages cannot disregard the German medieval literary tradition. Ovidian traces can be found in several Middle High German works, mostly in the form of allusions, images, and references. Germany also has produced the first presumably complete translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, which was composed at the time of the Landgrave Hermann I of Thuringia by a Saxon cleric, Albrecht von Halberstadt. Except for some fragments belonging to an Oldenburg 13th-century manuscript, we can read Albrecht’s Metamorphoses only thanks to Jörg Wickram’s Early Modern German adaptation (1545). This analysis will focus on the myth of the music contest between Apollo and Pan and the metamorphosis of king Midas, who was condemned to have donkey’s ears as a punishment for having questioned Tmolus’s verdict. The narration is handed down in fragment B (Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, mgf 831) and offers a good test-bed for analysing Albrecht’s choices in dealing with a subject which, by content, does not offer any easy handhold for cultural adaptation. Some examples of Albrecht’s translation strategies will help understand the relationship between the source text, the German translation, and the receiving culture.

Abbas Jong, Abbas Jong

This paper advances the theory of Configurational Field Analysis (CFA) as a reconfiguration of Pierre Bourdieu’s field theory, aiming to address the limitations of Global Field Theory in analyzing the complexities of global and transnational phenomena. While the concept of the Global Field extended Bourdieu’s ideas to transnational and global arenas, it has been critiqued for its structural determinism, Eurocentrism, and its inability to fully capture the fluid, indeterminate, and contingent nature of global social dynamics. In response, this paper introduces social configurations as dynamic, relational constructs that emerge from specific historical and contextual conditions, rather than as fixed and universal structures. By integrating the concept of social configurations into field theory, CFA reconceptualizes social spaces as fluid and contested arenas where power, capital, and influence are continually negotiated. The paper proceeds by revisiting the foundations and critiques of Global Field Theory, followed by the introduction of social configurations and their theoretical advantages. Finally, it presents Configurational Field Analysis as a comprehensive framework, detailing its analytical steps and demonstrating its applicability to contemporary global issues. This framework not only addresses the methodological and analytical gaps in Global Field Theory but also offers a more adaptable and context-sensitive approach for understanding the complexities of global interactions.

Luis A. Anchordoqui, Ignatios Antoniadis, Karim Benakli et al.

We make use of swampland conjectures to explore the phenomenology of neutrino-modulino mixing in regions of the parameter space that are within the sensitivity of experiments at the CERN's Forward Physics Facility (FPF). We adopt the working assumption of Dirac mass terms which couple left- and right-handed neutrinos. We further assume that the 3 right-handed neutrinos are 0-modes of bulk 5-dimensional states in the dark dimension, a novel scenario which has a compact space with characteristic length-scale in the micron range that produces a natural suppression of the 4-dimensional Yukawa couplings, yielding naturally light Dirac neutrinos. We formulate a specific realization of models with high-scale supersymmetry breaking that can host a rather heavy gravitino (m3/2∼250TeV) and a modulino with mass scale (m4∼50eV) within the FPF discovery reach.

J. Sidaway, C. Woon

H. Bergenholtz, S. Tarp

In the history of lexicography, a lot has been said about dictionary users and their needs. This paper will focus on two theories that both share the postulate that dictionaries are tools made by human beings in order to solve specific problems. The first theory is developed by the German scholar H.E. Wiegand and it will be argued that his theory about dictionary use should be considered a linguistic reconstruction of information items in existing dictionaries. The other theory is the modern theory of lexicographic functions that takes all the theoretical and practical consequences of the basic postulate that dictionaries are utility products.

Juan Manuel Vinas-Rios, Jan-Henning Wölm, Richard Martin Sellei et al.

Abstract Background The notion that all acute hip fractures are a surgical entity requiring either surgical fracture fixation or hip replacement represents a historic dogma, particularly within the orthopaedic community of the United States. The present study from a European regional trauma center was designed to challenge the notion that stable and undisplaced femoral neck fractures represent an absolute indication for surgical management. Methods The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that stable and undisplaced femoral neck fractures of the Garden types 1 and 2 can be safely managed nonoperatively. A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out at a regional orthopaedic trauma center in Germany from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2021. The inclusion criteria specified patients older than 18 years suffering a < 24 h, traumatic, femoral neck fracture Garden types 1 and 2. Exclusion criteria included Garden types 3 and 4 femoral neck fractures, pregnancy, active infection or previous surgery, tumor-associated fractures, medical history of femoral neck necrosis, vascular injury associated with femoral neck fractures, nerve injury associated to a femoral neck fracture and ≥ 24 h femoral neck fracture. The primary intention of this research was to identify deterioration of fracture retention with an ensuing unplanned trip to the operating room in femoral neck fractures Garden types 1 and 2. Secondary were included unplanned readmissions and complications such as surgical site infection. Results A total of 41 undisplaced femoral neck fractures (Garden types 1 and 2) were included in this study; n = 20 were in the resulting admission operatively treated (group 1) and n = 21 were treated conservatively. The mean age in group 1 was 76 years; women (70%). In group 2 it was 81 years with a female dominance (71.4%). Admission status: Garden types 1 and 2, group 1 n = 13/7 and group 2 n = 15/6. Subsequent femoral neck fracture displacement (Y/N) (in case of operation, before operation) group 1 n = 14/6 and group 2 n = 6/15. Conclusion According with our results, patients sustaining Garden type 1 femoral neck fractures, depending on age and comorbidities, should be treated conservatively with weight bearing and under physiotherapeutic instructions. In case of femoral neck fractures Garden type 2, a surgical treatment should be performed in order to avoid femoral neck fractures to slip after weight bearing by lacking of fracture impaction.

Marion Weckerle

Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, les puissances en guerre engagèrent sur les différents fronts des avions ainsi que des hydravions. Suite à l’invasion de la Belgique par l’Allemagne et l’établissement d’une première base d’hydravions à Zeebrugge en 1914, puis une seconde à Ostende, la France réagit avec la mise en place de ses propres hydrobases côtières dans la Manche. Les escadrilles d’hydravions français étaient mobilisées dans la lutte anti-sous-marine, tandis que les escadrilles allemandes remplissaient des missions multitâches en appui aux navires et aux sous-marins. Les constructeurs d’hydravions explorèrent des démarches de conception différentes pour répondre aux besoins opérationnels, amenant des hydravions de diverses spécialisations à opérer dans les Flandres.

Max Emil Schön, Kessy Abarenkov, Sigisfredo Garnica

Bistorta vivipara is a widespread herbaceous perennial plant with a discontinuous pattern of distribution in arctic, alpine, subalpine and boreal habitats across the northern Hemisphere. Studies of the fungi associated with the roots of B. vivipara have mainly been conducted in arctic and alpine ecosystems. This study examined the fungal diversity and specificity from root tips of B. vivipara in two local mountain ecosystems as well as on a global scale. Sequences were generated by Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region followed by an analysis of accurately annotated nuclear segments including ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences available from public databases. In total, 181 different UNITE species hypotheses (SHs) were detected to be fungi associated with B. vivipara, 73 of which occurred in the Bavarian Alps and nine in the Swabian Alps–with one SH shared among both mountains. In both sites as well as in additional public data, individuals of B. vivipara were found to contain phylogenetically diverse fungi, with the Basidiomycota, represented by the Thelephorales and Sebacinales, being the most dominant. A comparative analysis of the diversity of the Sebacinales associated with B. vivipara and other co-occurring plant genera showed that the highest number of sebacinoid SHs were associated with Quercus and Pinus, followed by Bistorta. A comparison of B. vivipara with plant families such as Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Orchidaceae, and Pinaceae showed a clear trend: Only a few species were specific to B. vivipara and a large number of SHs were shared with other co-occurring non-B. vivipara plant species. In Sebacinales, the majority of SHs associated with B. vivipara belonged to the ectomycorrhiza (ECM)-forming Sebacinaceae, with fewer SHs belonging to the Serendipitaceae encompassing diverse ericoid–orchid–ECM–endophytic associations. The large proportion of non-host-specific fungi able to form a symbiosis with other non-B. vivipara plants could suggest that the high fungal diversity in B. vivipara comes from an active recruitment of their associates from the co-occurring vegetation. The non-host-specificity suggests that this strategy may offer ecological advantages; specifically, linkages with generalist rather than specialist fungi. Proximity to co-occurring non-B. vivipara plants can maximise the fitness of B. vivipara, allowing more rapid and easy colonisation of the available habitats.

Jens Koppka

The Triassic reptile Eifelosaurus triadicus is an icon of the Geopark Vulkaneifel and the Natural History Museum of Gerolstein (West Eifel, Rhineland Palatinate, W Germany). We explore the research history, including geoconservation aspects, and summarize current knowledge of Eifelosaurus, the sole fossil of its kind, identified as an early rhynchosaur. We discuss the local geology, stratigraphy and paleontology of the Lower Triassic in the Eifel area, with emphasis on local palaeoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the Buntsandstein. Among those are spectacular finds of numerous lycopods at Lammersdorf, only few kilometers from Oberbettingen, the source of the partial skeleton of Eifelosaurus. The famous fossil is important for local geotourism, with a hiking trail leading to the quarry where the reptile was probably discovered. Eifelosaurus is an important geoeducational topic for school groups, tourists and locals who visit exhibitions in the “Naturkundemuseum” of Gerolstein, participate in programs and guided tours through the museum.

Henrike Kohpeiß

La mer, immense et indéterminée, représente de façon métaphorique et concrète un lieu associé à l’aventure comme au danger, à l’infini comme à la dissolution du sujet. Le statut de la mer dans la lecture de l’Odyssée par Adorno et Horkheimer est ici confronté aux analyses actuelles sur la traite des esclaves du 16e au 18e siècle par le Middle Passage de l’Atlantique et ses conséquences pour la société étasunienne présente. Le non-identique sert ici de cadre conceptuel pour comprendre les processus de subjectivation et d’assujettissement d’Ulysse et des esclaves dans l’espace amorphe de la mer. Le concept adornien permet de penser à la fois les potentiels et les dangers d’une identité détruite, mais également de les mettre en perspective selon des contextes politiques particuliers.

G. Aad, B. Abbott, D.C. Abbott et al.

A search for non-resonant Higgs boson pair production, as predicted by the Standard Model, is presented, where one of the Higgs bosons decays via the H→bb channel and the other via one of the H→WW⁎/ZZ⁎/ττ channels. The analysis selection requires events to have at least two b-tagged jets and exactly two leptons (electrons or muons) with opposite electric charge in the final state. Candidate events consistent with Higgs boson pair production are selected using a multi-class neural network discriminant. The analysis uses 139 fb−1 of pp collision data recorded at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. An observed (expected) upper limit of 1.2 (0.9−0.3+0.4) pb is set on the non-resonant Higgs boson pair production cross-section at 95% confidence level, which is equivalent to 40 (29−9+14) times the value predicted in the Standard Model.

Frank Müller, Salima Naït Ahmed, Éliette Pinel

M. Aaboud, G. Aad, B. Abbott et al.

A search for W′-boson production in the W′→tb¯→qq¯′bb¯ decay channel is presented using 36.1fb−1 of 13 TeV proton–proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015 and 2016. The search is interpreted in terms of both a left-handed and a right-handed chiral W′ boson within the mass range 1–5 TeV. Identification of the hadronically decaying top quark is performed using jet substructure tagging techniques based on a shower deconstruction algorithm. No significant deviation from the Standard Model prediction is observed and the results are expressed as upper limits on the W′→tb¯ production cross-section times branching ratio as a function of the W′-boson mass. These limits exclude W′ bosons with right-handed couplings with masses below 3.0 TeV and W′ bosons with left-handed couplings with masses below 2.9 TeV, at the 95% confidence level.

Frank W Stahnisch

Until the beginning 1930s the traditional dogma that the human central nervous system did not possess any abilities to adapt functionally to degenerative processes and external injuries loomed large in the field of the brain sciences (Hirnforschung). Cutting-edge neuroanatomists, such as the luminary Wilhelm Waldeyer (1836–1921) in Germany or the Nobel Prize laureate Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) in Spain, debated any regenerative and thus plastic properties in the human brain. A renewed interest arose in the scientific community to investigate the pathologies and the healing processes in the human central nervous system after the return of the high number of brain injured war veterans from the fronts during and after the First World War (1914–1918). A leading research center in this area was the Institute for the Scientific Study of the Effects of Brain Injuries, which the neurologist Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918) had founded shortly before the war. This article specifically deals with the physiological research on nerve fiber plasticity by Albrecht Bethe (1872–1954) at the respective institute of the University of Frankfurt am Main. Bethe conducted here his paradigmatic experimental studies on the pathophysiological and clinical phenomena of peripheral and central nervous system regeneration.