Tehnologije su nam donijele nove mogućnosti u predstavljanju i dostupnosti glagoljske baštine. Digitalne tehnologije otvorile su put prema povezivanju građe i baštinskih ustanova, stoga se u radu prikazuju i analiziraju mrežne stranice institucija i pojedinaca, kao i više tematskih portala koja se bave glagoljskom baštinom. Posebno se predstavljaju izdanja senjske glagoljske tiskare koja su dostupna na digitalnim portalima. Analiza će ukazati na razine informacija i podataka koje nude pojedine mrežne stranice i portali, korisničku populaciju kojoj su namijenjeni, kao i virtualne izložbe i njihovu namjenu. Glavni cilj rada je prikazati nužnost digitalizacije i okupljanja digitalne glagoljske baštine, kao i potrebu njezine prezentacije, popularizacije i daljnje valorizacije. U radu se ukazuje na značaj znanstvenika, stručnjaka i knjižničara u očuvanju, okupljanju i prezentaciji senjske glagoljske baštine.
Language and Literature, History of Central Europe
Benjamin Schürch, Svenja Schray, Nicholas J Conard
The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic represents a key period in human history. At this time, we can grasp the technological concepts that Homo sapiens used in the early Upper Paleolithic. The age of the Aurignacian in combination with the three-dimensional ivory artworks, musical instruments and personal ornaments in the Swabian Jura sites emphasize the importance of this region for understanding and defining the Upper Paleolithic. During that time blade and bladelet production became the central interest of lithic production. The study of these lithic reduction sequences is essential for understanding technological inventions and socio-economic behaviors of early anatomically modern humans in Central Europe. So far, however, the lithic technology from the Aurignacian of the Swabian Jura has only been studied in detail at the site of Geißenklösterle. In this paper, we provide an exhaustive study based on the rich lithic assemblage from Vogelherd Cave combining both the chaîne opératoire approach and attribute analysis. This work highlights the importance of carefully sorting minimal raw material units and engaging in systematic refitting. These observations allow us to reconstruct entire reduction sequences including the biographies of both cores and tools. The source and physical characteristics of lithic raw materials greatly influenced decision-making during the reduction process. As in many other Paleolithic contexts, Aurignacian knappers thoroughly exploited imported raw materials while exhausting low quality local material to a lesser degree. Comparisons with other assemblages from the region help to facilitate the characterization of the Swabian Aurignacian. This comparison allows us to separate regional adaptations from more site-specific behaviors.
Kathryn Wall, Francesca Penner, Lindsey Wallace Goldman
et al.
A history of psychologically traumatic experiences can impact health outcomes for pregnant people and their infants. The perception and prevalence of traumatic experiences during pregnancy may differ by geographical region. To better understand trends in how and what kinds of psychological trauma are assessed globally, we conducted a secondary analysis on a larger systematic review examining psychological trauma measurement in pregnancy. Through a systematic literature review conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, completed between July 2021 and September 2023 using Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Cochrane, we identified 576 research studies assessing psychological trauma during pregnancy that were conducted across nine geopolitical regions. Most of these studies took place in North America, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, Asia, the Middle East or Northern Africa, Oceania, South America, and Central America. The fewest number of studies was conducted across multiple regions. We found that most studies measuring psychological trauma in pregnancy across the nine geopolitical regions assessed interpersonal trauma, and the fewest number of studies assessed healthcare trauma. Moreover, for each type of psychological trauma assessed, the greatest number of studies was conducted in North America. We also found that Central America, Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Middle East or Northern Africa, Europe, and studies conducted across multiple regions had one-third or more studies that only used in-house assessments, rather than previously validated assessments of psychological trauma. The results of this review emphasize the need for regionally specific and culturally appropriate measures of psychological trauma for pregnant people, which prioritize the types of psychological trauma that are most common in a given region. Newly developed measures can be used for screening and treatment of patients using trauma-informed obstetric care.
Nishit Patel, Hoang-Ha Nguyen, Jet van de Geest
et al.
Physical inactivity significantly contributes to obesity and other non-communicable diseases, yet efforts to increase population-wide physical activity levels have met with limited success. The built environment plays a pivotal role in encouraging active behaviors like walking. Walkability indices, which aggregate various environmental features, provide a valuable tool for promoting healthy, walkable environments. However, a standardized, high-resolution walkability index for Europe has been lacking. This study addresses that gap by developing a standardized, high-resolution walkability index for the entire European region. Seven core components were selected to define walkability: walkable street length, intersection density, green spaces, slope, public transport access, land use mix, and 15-minute walking isochrones. These were derived from harmonized, high-resolution datasets such as Sentinel-2, NASA's elevation models, OpenStreetMap, and CORINE Land Cover. A 100 m x 100 m hierarchical grid system and advanced geospatial methods, like network buffers and distance decay, were used at scale to efficiently model real-world density and proximity effects. The resulting index was weighted by population and analyzed at different spatial levels using visual mapping, spatial clustering, and correlation analysis. Findings revealed a distinct urban-to-rural gradient, with high walkability scores concentrated in compact urban centers rich in street connectivity and land use diversity. The index highlighted cities like Barcelona, Berlin, Munich, Paris, and Warsaw as walkability leaders. This standardized, high-resolution walkability index serves as a practical tool for researchers, planners, and policymakers aiming to support active living and public health across diverse European contexts.
Giorgio Baiamonte, Carmelo Agnese, Carmelo Cammalleri
et al.
The modelling of the occurrence of rainfall dry and wet spells (ds and ws, respectively) can be jointly conveyed using the inter-arrival times (it). While the modelling of it has the advantage of requiring a single fitting for the description of all rainfall time characteristics (including wet and dry chains, an extension of the concept of spells), the assumption on the independence and identical distribution of the renewal times it implicitly imposes a memoryless property on the derived ws, which may not be true in some cases. In this study, two different methods for the modelling of rainfall time characteristics at station scale have been applied: i) a direct method (DM) that fits the discrete Lerch distribution to it records, and then derives ws and ds (as well as the corresponding chains) from the it distribution; and ii) an indirect method (IM) that fits the Lerch distribution to the ws and ds records separately, relaxing the assumptions of the renewal process. The results of this application over six stations in Europe, characterized by a wide range of rainfall regimes, highlight how the geometric distribution does not always reasonably reproduce the ws frequencies, even when it are modelled by the Lerch distribution well. Improved performances are obtained with the IM, thanks to the relaxation of the assumption on the independence and identical distribution of the renewal times. A further improvement on the fittings is obtained when the datasets are separated into two periods, suggesting that the inferences may benefit for accounting for the local seasonality.
We study user history modeling via Transformer encoders in deep learning recommendation models (DLRM). Such architectures can significantly improve recommendation quality, but usually incur high latency cost necessitating infrastructure upgrades or very small Transformer models. An important part of user history modeling is early fusion of the candidate item and various methods have been studied. We revisit early fusion and compare concatenation of the candidate to each history item against appending it to the end of the list as a separate item. Using the latter method, allows us to reformulate the recently proposed amortized history inference algorithm M-FALCON \cite{zhai2024actions} for the case of DLRM models. We show via experimental results that appending with cross-attention performs on par with concatenation and that amortization significantly reduces inference costs. We conclude with results from deploying this model on the LinkedIn Feed and Ads surfaces, where amortization reduces latency by 30\% compared to non-amortized inference.
Data-driven approaches to philosophy have emerged as a valuable tool for studying the history of the discipline. However, most studies in this area have focused on a limited number of journals from specific regions and subfields. We expand the scope of this research by applying dynamic topic modelling techniques to explore the history of philosophy in Colombia and Latin America. Our study examines the Colombian philosophy journal Ideas y Valores, founded in 1951 and currently one of the most influential academic philosophy journals in the region. By analyzing the evolution of topics across the journal's history, we identify various trends and specific dynamics in philosophical discourse within the Colombian and Latin American context. Our findings reveal that the most prominent topics are value theory (including ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics), epistemology, and the philosophy of science. We also trace the evolution of articles focusing on the historical and interpretive aspects of philosophical texts, and we note a notable emphasis on German philosophers such as Kant, Husserl, and Hegel on various topics throughout the journal's lifetime. Additionally, we investigate whether articles with a historical focus have decreased over time due to editorial pressures. Our analysis suggests no significant decline in such articles. Finally, we propose ideas for extending this research to other Latin American journals and suggest improvements for natural language processing workflows in non-English languages.
Patrick Leigh Fermor’s travel narrative A Time of Gifts stages the liminal condition of the future writer leaving England in 1933 and aiming to reach Constantinople on foot. As he crosses Central Europe his digressions into medieval, Renaissance and modern European history function as distorted mirrors to the present-day history of political hostility. Forcing us to adjust our focus through repeated forms of displacement, Fermor allows us to share the narrator’s vulnerable position and to embark on his quest for poetic, pictorial and historical fragments that spur us to look beyond “the long night ahead” (TG 357).
The purpose of this study is to make a comparative analysis of the interconnections between language, environment and identity from an ecolinguistic point of view. It is meant to analyse the attachment of two Finno-Ugric poets, Demeter Lakatos and Alf Nilsen-Børsskog to their own cultural and natural environment.
History of Central Europe, Language and Literature
In many online sequential decision-making scenarios, a learner's choices affect not just their current costs but also the future ones. In this work, we look at one particular case of such a situation where the costs depend on the time average of past decisions over a history horizon. We first recast this problem with history dependent costs as a problem of decision making under stage-wise constraints. To tackle this, we then propose the novel Follow-The-Adaptively-Regularized-Leader (FTARL) algorithm. Our innovative algorithm incorporates adaptive regularizers that depend explicitly on past decisions, allowing us to enforce stage-wise constraints while simultaneously enabling us to establish tight regret bounds. We also discuss the implications of the length of history horizon on design of no-regret algorithms for our problem and present impossibility results when it is the full learning horizon.
Distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineages, discovered through various genomic surveillance initiatives, have emerged during the pandemic following unprecedented reductions in worldwide human mobility. We here describe a SARS-CoV-2 lineage - designated B.1.620 - discovered in Lithuania and carrying many mutations and deletions in the spike protein shared with widespread variants of concern (VOCs), including E484K, S477N and deletions HV69Δ, Y144Δ, and LLA241/243Δ. As well as documenting the suite of mutations this lineage carries, we also describe its potential to be resistant to neutralising antibodies, accompanying travel histories for a subset of European cases, evidence of local B.1.620 transmission in Europe with a focus on Lithuania, and significance of its prevalence in Central Africa owing to recent genome sequencing efforts there. We make a case for its likely Central African origin using advanced phylogeographic inference methodologies incorporating recorded travel histories of infected travellers. Here, the authors describe the emergence and spread of a new potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest, B.1.620. They show that this lineage, first identified in Lithuania, has established local transmission in Europe on multiple occasions and likely emerged in Central Africa.
The text revolves around the use of lake isles by Western Slavs and Western Balts in the North European Plain in the early Middle Ages. The main goal of this article is to collect, discuss and analyse early medieval written sources that provide information about the locations’ forms and functions among old communities. This process has resulted in a picture of the various uses of isles by Slavs (and, to a small extent, by the Balts) which may serve as the starting point for an analysis of archaeological sources.
History of Eastern Europe, History of Central Europe
Machine learning and NLP require the construction of datasets to train and fine-tune models. In this context, previous work has demonstrated the sensitivity of these data sets. For instance, potential societal biases in this data are likely to be encoded and to be amplified in the models we deploy. In this work, we draw from developments in the field of history and take a novel perspective on these problems: considering datasets and models through the lens of historical fiction surfaces their political nature, and affords re-configuring how we view the past, such that marginalized discourses are surfaced. Building on such insights, we argue that contemporary methods for machine learning are prejudiced towards dominant and hegemonic histories. Employing the example of neopronouns, we show that by surfacing marginalized histories within contemporary conditions, we can create models that better represent the lived realities of traditionally marginalized and excluded communities.
Alena Fornůsková, Zuzana Hiadlovská, Miloš Macholán
et al.
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is an Old World mammarenavirus found worldwide because of its association with the house mouse. When LCMV spills over to immunocompetent humans, the virus can cause aseptic meningitis; in immunocompromised persons, systemic infection and death can occur. Central Europe is a strategic location for the study of LCMV evolutionary history and host specificity because of the presence of a hybrid zone (genetic barrier) between 2 house mouse subspecies, Mus musculus musculus and M. musculus domesticus. We report LCMV prevalence in natural mouse populations from a Czech Republic–Germany transect and genomic characterization of 2 new LCMV variants from the Czech Republic. We demonstrate that the main division in the LCMV phylogenetic tree corresponds to mouse host subspecies and, when the virus is found in human hosts, the mouse subspecies found at the spillover location. Therefore, LCMV strains infecting humans can be predicted by the genetic structure of house mice.
The article continues the ongoing debate about a “pre-state” tribal society and the nature of its transformation into an early medieval “state” (regnum). The methodological approach is to understand this transformation as an institutional crisis within the tribal society. The opportuni-ties to detect the key moments of this process are tested on the narrative strategies of medieval chroniclers based on the expectation that creating Christian monarchic power took place under the control of the church that tried to influence its form to correspond to the characteristics of the given patrician tradition. It also benefits from the reality that the authors of these texts were clergymen for whom this idea was natural. Using comparative examination, it seeks out typical testimonies that can be considered traditional locations of literary memory of communication between the sovereign and the tribe. In this way, the study attempts to define the basic strategy the sovereign employed to subjugate “their” people within the framework of Christian ethical discourse.
A Village Remembered. Reconstruction of the Lemko Cultural Space from Before the Displacement on the Example of Bartne Village
Tragic events of the middle of the 20th century, which were massive displacements of Lemkos to the western territories, led to irreversible spatial changes in the whole Lemkovyna. This destruction of space was a multi- stage process which progressed from the 1940s to the present day. In the material context, places such as the village of Bartne described in the article were almost completely destroyed, and the people living there and creating it were displaced. Based on oral narratives of contemporary inhabitants of Bartne, the article attempts to reconstruct the cultural space of Bartne from before the displacement.