Hasil untuk "History of Asia"

Z. An, G. Kukla, S. C. Porter et al.

T. Abdullah, Tamara L. Brown

Adi Simhi, Fazl Barez, Martin Tutek et al.

How does the conversational past of large language models (LLMs) influence their future performance? Recent work suggests that LLMs are affected by their conversational history in unexpected ways. For instance, hallucinations in prior interactions may influence subsequent model responses. In this work, we introduce History-Echoes, a framework that investigates how conversational history biases subsequent generations. The framework explores this bias from two perspectives: probabilistically, we model conversations as Markov chains to quantify state consistency; geometrically, we measure the consistency of consecutive hidden representations. Across three model families and six datasets spanning diverse phenomena, our analysis reveals a strong correlation between the two perspectives. By bridging these perspectives, we demonstrate that behavioral persistence manifests as a geometric trap, where gaps in the latent space confine the model's trajectory. Code available at https://github.com/technion-cs-nlp/OldHabitsDieHard.

J. Decker, S. McKay, M. Rolf et al.

The domestication and development of cattle has considerably impacted human societies, but the histories of cattle breeds and populations have been poorly understood especially for African, Asian, and American breeds. Using genotypes from 43,043 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphism markers scored in 1,543 animals, we evaluate the population structure of 134 domesticated bovid breeds. Regardless of the analytical method or sample subset, the three major groups of Asian indicine, Eurasian taurine, and African taurine were consistently observed. Patterns of geographic dispersal resulting from co-migration with humans and exportation are recognizable in phylogenetic networks. All analytical methods reveal patterns of hybridization which occurred after divergence. Using 19 breeds, we map the cline of indicine introgression into Africa. We infer that African taurine possess a large portion of wild African auroch ancestry, causing their divergence from Eurasian taurine. We detect exportation patterns in Asia and identify a cline of Eurasian taurine/indicine hybridization in Asia. We also identify the influence of species other than Bos taurus taurus and B. t. indicus in the formation of Asian breeds. We detect the pronounced influence of Shorthorn cattle in the formation of European breeds. Iberian and Italian cattle possess introgression from African taurine. American Criollo cattle originate from Iberia, and not directly from Africa with African ancestry inherited via Iberian ancestors. Indicine introgression into American cattle occurred in the Americas, and not Europe. We argue that cattle migration, movement and trading followed by admixture have been important forces in shaping modern bovine genomic variation.

Fan C, Li X, Pi B et al.

Chenliang Fan,1 Xiaosi Li,1 Baizhi Pi,2 Jiasheng Wu,3 Heping Shen,3 Yumiao Guo,3 Xiaoyan Wu1 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Intensive Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Yumiao Guo, Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China, Email guoym0328@163.com Xiaoyan Wu, Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People’s Republic of China, Email wxy87751@163.comAbstract: Melioidosis is prevalent in Southeast Asia, acquired via breathing or skin contact with water or soil contaminated by Burkholderia pseudomallei. This article reports a 42-year-old male melioidosis patient without underlying diseases or travel history to epidemic areas, discussing its significance for epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment in non-epidemic areas. The patient’s clinical manifestations, disease progression, previous treatment, admission examination, diagnostic process, treatment and follow-up results were retrospectively analyzed. tNGS, microbial culture and WGS were used for sample and pathogen identification and genetic analysis. The patient had recurrent fever with erythema nodosum on the left lower limb. Misdiagnosed and treated ineffectively in other hospitals, he was diagnosed with melioidosis in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University. The strain was identified as Burkholderia pseudomallei, type ST46. Appropriate antibiotic treatment was selected based on drug sensitivity test results. After 6 months of follow-up, most lesions were absorbed, laboratory indicators normalized and the clinical effect was good. Epidemiological investigations suggested ST46 might be transmitted via non-traditional routes related to the fact that 15 days before the onset of the disease, the patient had purchased live turtles and the soil for raising them online which were sourced from Yunnan, indicating the possibility of geographical transmission. This case enriches understanding of melioidosis’ non-traditional transmission, strain transmission, clinical diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the importance of considering the disease in non-endemic areas’ differential diagnosis and the need for further epidemiological surveillance and research.Keywords: melioidosis, targeted next-generation sequencing, non-endemic areas, non-traditional transmission

Linqiang He, Tianjun Zhou, Zhun Guo et al.

Abstract Spring persistent rainfall is a unique climate phenomenon that prevails in East Asia today, providing precious water resources to this densely populated region. However, its Cenozoic history and underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we show that the spring persistent rainfall in East Asia has emerged since the Miocene, whereas it previously flourished in North America during the Eocene, as revealed by climate models integrated with climate proxies. The contrasting evolution of spring persistent rainfall in East Asia and North America is determined by paleogeography and further influenced by CO2-induced warming. The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the westward drift of the Rocky Mountains have triggered a mid-latitude Rossby wave train since the Miocene, altering the position and intensity of the subtropical highs and thus rainfall patterns. Our results illuminate the Cenozoic evolution of spring persistent rainfall, with implications for the spring climate under the extreme future warming.

Komala Subramanyam Cherukuri, Pranav Abishai Moses, Aisa Sakata et al.

Oral histories are vital records of lived experience, particularly within communities affected by systemic injustice and historical erasure. Effective and efficient analysis of their oral history archives can promote access and understanding of the oral histories. However, Large-scale analysis of these archives remains limited due to their unstructured format, emotional complexity, and high annotation costs. This paper presents a scalable framework to automate semantic and sentiment annotation for Japanese American Incarceration Oral History. Using LLMs, we construct a high-quality dataset, evaluate multiple models, and test prompt engineering strategies in historically sensitive contexts. Our multiphase approach combines expert annotation, prompt design, and LLM evaluation with ChatGPT, Llama, and Qwen. We labeled 558 sentences from 15 narrators for sentiment and semantic classification, then evaluated zero-shot, few-shot, and RAG strategies. For semantic classification, ChatGPT achieved the highest F1 score (88.71%), followed by Llama (84.99%) and Qwen (83.72%). For sentiment analysis, Llama slightly outperformed Qwen (82.66%) and ChatGPT (82.29%), with all models showing comparable results. The best prompt configurations were used to annotate 92,191 sentences from 1,002 interviews in the JAIOH collection. Our findings show that LLMs can effectively perform semantic and sentiment annotation across large oral history collections when guided by well-designed prompts. This study provides a reusable annotation pipeline and practical guidance for applying LLMs in culturally sensitive archival analysis. By bridging archival ethics with scalable NLP techniques, this work lays the groundwork for responsible use of artificial intelligence in digital humanities and preservation of collective memory. GitHub: https://github.com/kc6699c/LLM4OralHistoryAnalysis.

Zefanya Bramantasaputra, Dea Daniella Wangsawijaya, Bharathram Ganapathisubramani

The present study experimentally investigates the recovery of smooth-wall turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) following non-equilibrium pressure gradients (PGs). The imposed pressure gradient history (PGH) comprises favourable-adverse pressure gradient (FAPG) sequences of varying strength, followed by recovery to zero-pressure-gradient (ZPG) conditions. Hot-wire anemometry measurements were obtained at multiple downstream stations in the recovery region, with friction Reynolds numbers $Re_τ$ ranging from 2000 to 6000 depending on downstream development. Comparative analysis at matched $Re_τ$ and Clauser pressure gradient parameter $β$ enables clear assessment of history effects on TBL behaviour. Results show that increasing PGH strength enhances the wake in mean velocity profiles and amplifies turbulence intensities across the boundary layer, including the inner peak, logarithmic region, and outer peak (a signature of APG). Downstream, the mean flow gradually recovers toward a ZPG-like state, but turbulence in the outer region retains a lasting impact of PGH. Spectral analysis indicates that PGH primarily affects outer-layer scales, introducing a distinct PG peak and modifying the VLSM peak - with energy amplification dependent on PGH strength and spatial characteristics governed by history effects. Downstream recovery involves merging of large-scale wavelengths and the reorganisation of turbulence structures toward a ZPG-like state - although the `recovered' VLSM streamwise length becomes shortened due to the mixing of lengthscales with the PG peak. These results demonstrate that even under matched local parameters, TBLs retain a clear imprint of their upstream history, consistent with the findings of Preskett et al. (2025); moreover, this study provides new insights regarding the central role of scale interactions in the recovery mechanism of TBL subjected to complex PGH.

Anh Truong, Ahmed H. Mahmoud, Mina Konaković Luković et al.

Processing visual data often involves small adjustments or sequences of changes, e.g., image filtering, surface smoothing, and animation. While established graphics techniques like normal mapping and video compression exploit redundancy to encode such small changes efficiently, the problem of encoding small changes to neural fields -- neural network parameterizations of visual or physical functions -- has received less attention. We propose a parameter-efficient strategy for updating neural fields using low-rank adaptations (LoRA). LoRA, a method from the parameter-efficient fine-tuning LLM community, encodes small updates to pre-trained models with minimal computational overhead. We adapt LoRA for instance-specific neural fields, avoiding the need for large pre-trained models and yielding lightweight updates. We validate our approach with experiments in image filtering, geometry editing, video compression, and energy-based editing, demonstrating its effectiveness and versatility for representing neural field updates.

D. Washbrook

Konstantinos Dimopoulos, Anish Ghoshal, Theodoros Papanikolaou

Considering inflationary magnetogenesis induced by time-dependent kinetic and axial couplings of a massless Abelian vector boson field breaking the conformal invariance we show in this article that, surprisingly, the spectral shape of the large-scale primordial magnetic field power spectrum is insensitive to the post-inflationary history, namely the barotropic parameter ($w$) and the gauge coupling functions of the post-inflationary era.

Weizhi Tang, Vaishak Belle

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown a promise and emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability and even outperform humans in certain ToM tasks. To evaluate and extend the boundaries of the ToM reasoning ability of LLMs, we propose a novel concept, taxonomy, and framework, the ToM reasoning with Zero, Finite, and Infinite Belief History and develop a multi-round text-based game, called $\textit{Pick the Right Stuff}$, as a benchmark. We have evaluated six LLMs with this game and found their performance on Zero Belief History is consistently better than on Finite Belief History. In addition, we have found two of the models with small parameter sizes outperform all the evaluated models with large parameter sizes. We expect this work to pave the way for future ToM benchmark development and also for the promotion and development of more complex AI agents or systems which are required to be equipped with more complex ToM reasoning ability.

Guanglin He, Jiawen Wang, Lin Yang et al.

Abstract Background Fine-scale genetic structure of ethnolinguistically diverse Chinese populations can fill the gap in the missing diversity and evolutionary landscape of East Asians, particularly for anthropologically informed Chinese minorities. Hmong–Mien (HM) people were one of the most significant indigenous populations in South China and Southeast Asia, which were suggested to be the descendants of the ancient Yangtze rice farmers based on linguistic and archeological evidence. However, their deep population history and biological adaptative features remained to be fully characterized. Objectives To explore the evolutionary and adaptive characteristics of the Miao people, we genotyped genome-wide SNP data in Guizhou HM-speaking populations and merged it with modern and ancient reference populations via a comprehensive population genetic analysis and evolutionary admixture modeling. Results The overall genetic admixture landscape of Guizhou Miao showed genetic differentiation between them and other linguistically diverse Guizhou populations. Admixture models further confirmed that Miao people derived their primary ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people. The estimated identity by descent and effective population size confirmed a plausible population bottleneck, contributing to their unique genetic diversity and population structure patterns. We finally identified several natural selection candidate genes associated with several biological pathways. Conclusions Guizhou Miao possessed a specific genetic structure and harbored a close genetic relationship with geographically close southern Chinese indigenous populations and Guangxi historical people. Miao people derived their major ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people and experienced a plausible population bottleneck which contributed to the unique pattern of their genetic diversity and structure. Future ancient DNA from Shijiahe and Qujialing will provide new insights into the origin of the Miao people.

S. Lai, Ying Qin, B. Cowling et al.

SUMMARY Avian influenza viruses A(H5N1) have caused a large number of typically severe human infections since the first human case was reported in 1997. However, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological analysis of global human cases of H5N1 from 1997-2015. Moreover, few studies have examined in detail the changing epidemiology of human H5N1 cases in Egypt, especially given the most recent outbreaks since November 2014 which have the highest number of cases ever reported globally over a similar period. Data on individual cases were collated from different sources using a systematic approach to describe the global epidemiology of 907 human H5N1 cases between May 1997 and April 2015. The number of affected countries rose between 2003 and 2008, with expansion from East and Southeast Asia, then to West Asia and Africa. Most cases (67.2%) occurred from December to March, and the overall case fatality risk was 53.5% (483/903) which varied across geographical regions. Although the incidence in Egypt has increased dramatically since November 2014, compared to the cases beforehand there were no significant differences in the fatality risk , history of exposure to poultry, history of human case contact, and time from onset to hospitalization in the recent cases.

Jessica E. Thorne, Aaron S. G. Robotham, Sabine Bellstedt et al.

Gas-phase metallicities of galaxies are typically measured through auroral or nebular emission lines, but metallicity also leaves an imprint on the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) of a galaxy and can be estimated through SED fitting. We use the ProSpect SED fitting code with a flexible parametric star formation history and an evolving metallicity history to self-consistently measure metallicities, stellar mass, and other galaxy properties for $\sim90\,000$ galaxies from the Deep Extragalactic VIsible Legacy Survey (DEVILS) and Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey. We use these to trace the evolution of the mass-metallicity relation (MZR) and show that the MZR only evolves in normalisation by $\sim0.1\,$dex at stellar mass $M_\star = 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$. We find no difference in the MZR between galaxies with and without SED evidence of active galactic nuclei emission at low redshifts ($z<0.3$). Our results suggest an anti-correlation between metallicity and star formation activity at fixed stellar mass for galaxies with $M_\star > 10^{10.5}\,M_\odot$ for $z<0.3$. Using the star formation histories extracted using ProSpect we explore higher-order correlations of the MZR with properties of the star formation history including age, width, and shape. We find that at a given stellar mass, galaxies with higher metallicities formed most of their mass over shorter timescales, and before their peak star formation rate. This work highlights the value of exploring the connection of a galaxy's current gas-phase metallicity to its star formation history in order to understand the physical processes shaping the MZR.

Hanlin Wang, Huayu Lu, Lin Zhao et al.

The Asian monsoon variations under global temperature changes during the Pliocene are still debated. Here we use a sedimentary record of phytoliths (plant silica) from the Weihe Basin, central China, to explore the history of C4 grasses and quantitatively reconstruct the Asian monsoon climate since the late Miocene. Our results show that C4 grasses have been a dominant grassland component since ~11.0 Ma. A subsequent marked decrease in warm- and humid-adapted C4 grasses and an increase in cool- and dry-adapted C3 grasses occurred in the Pliocene, ~4.0 Ma; the phytolith-based quantitative reconstruction of mean annual precipitation marked a decrease from 800~1673 mm to 443~900 mm, indicating a reduction in Asian monsoon rainfall in the Pliocene. Our newly obtained records conflict with the hypothesis that the growth of the Tibetan Plateau strengthened the Asian monsoon rainfall. Nevertheless, they emphasize the importance of global temperature as a determinant of Pliocene Asian monsoon variations. Asian summer monsoons and their links to global temperature changes have been the subject of intense debate. Here the authors reconstruct the Asian monsoon climate since the late Miocene, using plant silica records of C4 and C3 grasses in central China, and find that global cooling caused Asian monsoon rainfall to decrease markedly in the late Pliocene.

Martin Gehlmann

Gina Konstantopoulos

Introduction to the special issue of Studia Orientalia Electronica, collecting papers from the international conference “The Strange and the Familiar: Identity and Empire in the Ancient Near East,” held at the University of Helsinki on August 23 and 24, 2019.

Eun Ji Kim, Taekyu Kim, J. Conigliaro et al.

Roseann Liu, Savannah Shange