Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Ying Xue, Xiaohe Geng, Xingxing Liang et al.

<i>Calonectria ilicicola</i> (anamorph: <i>Cylindrocladium parasiticum</i>) is a globally important soil-borne fungal pathogen, causing Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) in peanuts (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) and red crown rot (RCR) in soybeans (<i>Glycine max</i>), two legume crops central to global food security. Under favorable conditions, these diseases can cause yield losses of 15–50%, with severe epidemics causing substantial economic damage. A defining feature of <i>C. ilicicola</i> is its production of melanized microsclerotia that persist in soil for up to seven years, complicating long-term disease management across major production regions worldwide. The recent spread of RCR into the U.S. Midwest highlights the adaptive potential of the pathogen and underscores the urgency of updated, integrated control strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge on disease symptoms, pathogen biology, the life cycle, isolation techniques, and molecular diagnostics, with particular emphasis on recent genomic and multiomics advances. These approaches have identified key virulence-associated genes and core pathogenicity factors, providing new insights into host–pathogen interactions and enabling more targeted resistance breeding through marker-assisted selection and the use of wild germplasm. We critically evaluate integrated disease management strategies, including host resistance, chemical and biological control, cultural practices, and physical interventions, highlighting their complementarities and limitations. By integrating classical pathology with emerging molecular and ecological innovations, this review provides a comprehensive background for developing more effective and sustainable management approaches for CBR and RCR.

Lin Chen, Bingzhi Chen, Lulu Chu et al.

Fresh-cut taro, renowned for its high nutritional value and convenience, is prone to rapid browning post-cutting, which hinders its storage life. This study focused on the effects of L-ascorbic acid (AA) combined with ultrasound (US) treatment (AS) on the storage quality and transcriptome analysis of fresh-cut slices of Yongding June Red Taro. Compared to the control (CK) group, AS treatment effectively reduced the weight loss rate of taro slices, maintained higher hardness, delayed the increase of browning, and inhibited the accumulation of O2− and H2O2. Furthermore, the AS group showed increased glutathione levels and maintained higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase, yet decreased the contents of flavonoids and reducing sugars. Simultaneously, in the AS group, the activities of tyrosinase and lipoxygenase were lowered, thereby preserving the high sensory quality of fresh-cut taro slices. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the AS and CK groups were annotated and categorized into 50 and 20 functional groups based on the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, respectively. Notably, both groups exhibited significant enrichment in processes related to photosynthesis, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and isoflavone biosynthesis. Therefore, we concluded that AS treatment could alleviate oxidative stress and maintain storage quality by regulating metabolic pathways. These findings provide insights into the physiological changes occurring in taro immediately after cutting and serve as an essential basis for developing effective storage and preservation techniques.

Hanzeng Wang, Fude Wang, Juan Wu et al.

<i>Populus koreana</i> emits a wide array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with potential ecological functions; however, the tissue-specific distribution and underlying regulatory mechanisms of these compounds remain poorly understood. This study employed an integrated approach combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics and RNA-seq to systematically profile VOC composition and gene expression in terminal buds, stems and leaves of <i>P. koreana</i>. A total of 207 VOCs were identified, predominantly terpenes and aromatic compounds, exhibiting distinct tissue-specific accumulation patterns. Terminal buds were enriched in limonene and caryophyllene, while leaves showed higher concentrations of alcohols and phenolic aldehydes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 12,733 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among the three organs, with substantial enrichment in terpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways. Notably, key upregulated genes in buds, including TPS21 and PAL1, correlated with observed VOC profiles. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) further identified 6365 genes strongly associated with bud-specific VOC biosynthesis. Integrated omics analyses indicated coordinated regulation of phenylalanine metabolism and transcription factors in VOC production. These findings illuminate the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific VOC accumulation in <i>P. koreana</i>, enhancing our understanding of metabolic specialization and ecological adaptation in woody plants.

Zou-Yan Wu, Jia-Heng Chen, Hong-Liang Shi

The subgenus Morphohaptoderus Tschitschérine, 1898, of the genus Pterostichus in Hubei is reviewed, with 14 species recognized. Among them, eleven species are distributed in Shennongjia, and the remaining three species are from Wufeng County. Ten new species are described: Pterostichus (Morphohaptoderus) quyuani sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 1700 m), P. (M.) lisao sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 1884 m), P. (M.) lingjun sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 1361 m), P. (M.) wangshu sp. nov. (type locality: Wufeng, alt. 900–1000 m), P. (M.) yaotiao sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 1700 m), P. (M.) lianquan sp. nov. (type locality: Wufeng, alt. 900–1000 m), P. (M.) zhizheng sp. nov. (type locality: Wufeng, alt. 900–1000 m), P. (M.) xuanzhang sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 2700 m), P. (M.) rongyu sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 1361 m), and P. (M.) chachi sp. nov. (type locality: Shennongjia, alt. 2500 m). The scientific names of all these new species are derived from Qu Yuan and his poems. All 14 species of the subgenus in Hubei Province are keyed, described, and illustrated. Additional comments on the subgenus Morphohaptoderus are also provided, primarily focusing on morphology and species relationships.

Yunmin Zeng, Yunmin Zeng, Yunmin Zeng et al.

IntroductionPhytoremediation is a promising strategy for cleaning up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils. This study investigated the effectiveness of four plant species—cotton, ryegrass, tall fescue, and wheat—in enhancing PAH removal from soils contaminated with diesel oil, PAHs, and aged oily sludge.MethodsAged oily sludge-contaminated soil was artificially prepared, and the selected plants were cultivated in different hydrocarbon-contaminated soils (diesel oil, PAHs, and oily sludge). The fate of PAHs was analyzed by measuring their distribution in rhizospheric soil and plant tissues. Root concentration factors (RCFs) and transpiration stream concentration factors (TSCFs) were used to evaluate PAH translocation and accumulation in plant tissues and their interactions with the rhizosphere.ResultsThe study demonstrated that plants enhanced PAH removal by 20%–80%, with wheat showing the highest efficiency. PAH removal was generally more effective in oily sludge-contaminated soil than in diesel oil or PAH-contaminated soil. Plant uptake of PAHs accounted for 2%–10% of total removal and exhibited a strong linear correlation with root weight. RCFs were linearly correlated with LogKow (3–6), indicating that the four plant species did not significantly concentrate PAHs in their roots.DiscussionThe findings confirm the potential of phytoremediation for PAH-contaminated soils, particularly using wheat as an effective species. The low RCFs and TSCFs suggest that PAH uptake was limited, implying that rhizodegradation and microbial interactions may play a more critical role than direct plant accumulation. This study supports phytoremediation as a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to conventional soil remediation methods, reducing economic and environmental burdens.

Kaizheng Lu, Yiyang Gu, YiXin Du et al.

Abstract Seasonal drought has hindered the sustainable growth of the Camellia oil tree industry. While brassinolide (BL) can mitigate drought stress in plants to some extent, the regulatory mechanisms underlying BL’s effects in Camellia oil tree remain unclear. To investigate the mechanisms by which BL alleviates drought stress in Camellia oil tree, three-year-old ‘Huashuo’ cutting seedling was exposed to three experimental treatments: CK (normal watering), UW (no watering), and BL (no watering, sprayed with 1 mg∙L− 1 BL). Leaf anatomical observation, hormone quantification, and transcriptomic profiling were performed on leaf samples collected at days 2, 4, and 6 following treatments. The results demonstrated that (i) BL treatment significantly increased leaf and spongy tissue thickness; (ii) BL reduced ABA and IAA levels in leaves under drought stress; (iii) WGCNA identified three modules linked to ABA, IAA, and their corresponding hormone levels, with subsequent analysis infer NAC transcription factors (TFs) as the primary regulators in these modules. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of BL in alleviating drought stress in tree crop and provides a fundamental reference for molecular breeding and genetic improvement of Camellia oil tree.

Junli Zhang, Xue Bai, Fen Li et al.

IntroductionInflammation and oxidative stress can seriously endanger the health and growth of beef cattle. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SB) has significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. However, studies on the application of SB stems and leaves as roughage in animal husbandry are limited. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of adding different proportions of SB stems and leaves to roughage on the microbial diversity of bovine feces.MethodsIn total, 20 cattles (Simmental xlocal yellow cattle) were randomly divided into four groups: CON, G1, G2, and G3 (with 3%, 6%, and 9% SB stems and leaves added to the roughage, respectively). All cattles were exposed to pre-experimental conditions for 15 days and experimental conditions for 90 days. Growth performance indicators were measured on the 0th, 15th, 45th, and 90th days of the formal experiment. Blood was collected for measuring biochemical performance indices. Fresh fecal samples were collected on the 90th day for 16S sequencing to study the microbial diversity of cow feces.ResultsThe results showed that during the experiment, the F/G of the G1, G2, and G3 groups was significantly lower than that of the CON group (P &lt; 0.05). The IL-10 content in the serum of the G3 group was significantly greater than that in the CON group (P &lt; 0.05). The 16S rRNA results revealed significant differences in the composition of the bacterial community between the SB groups and the CON group. At the phylum level, adding the stems and leaves of SB significantly decreased the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and the relative abundances of Spirochaetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Proteobacteria decreased. At the genus level, Anaerovibrio, Epulopiscium, Akkermansia, Bacteroides, YRC22, Paludibacter, 5-7N15, Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, and Anaeroplasma were identified as markers of intergroup differences. These intergroup differential microbiota were associated with pathways such as amino acid biosynthesis, fatty acid and lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate biosynthesis, carbohydrate degradation, nucleoside and nucleotide degradation, fermentation, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, glycan biosynthesis, and glycan degradation.DiscussionOur findings revealed that adding the stems and leaves of SB to feed can promote body growth and antioxidant capacity and increase the diversity of the gut microbiota. This new feeding strategy can improve the efficiency of cattle farming.

Guan Hongjie, Liu Xinyu

The presence of biocrusts changes water infiltration in the Mu Us Desert. Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of biocrusts and parameterization of soil hydraulic properties are important to improve simulation of infiltration and soil water dynamics in vegetation-soil-water models. In this study, four treatments, including bare land with sporadic cyanobacterial biocrusts (BL), lichen-dominated biocrusts (LB), early-successional moss biocrusts (EMB), and late-successional moss biocrusts (LMB), were established to evaluate the effects of biocrust development on soil water infiltration in the Mu Us Desert, northwest of China. Moreover, a combined Wooding inverse approach was used for the estimation of soil hydraulic parameters. The results showed that infiltration rate followed the pattern BL > LB > EMB > LMB. Moreover, the LB, EMB, and LMB treatments had significantly lower infiltration rates than the BL treatment. The saturated soil moisture (θs) and shape parameter (αVG) for the EMB and LMB treatments were higher than that for the BL and LB treatments, although the difference among four treatments was insignificant. Water retention increased with biocrust development at high-pressure heads, whereas the opposite was observed at low-pressure heads. The development of biocrusts influences van Genuchten parameters, subsequently affects the water retention curve, and thereby alters available water in the biocrust layer. The findings regarding the parameterization of soil hydraulic properties have important implications for the simulation of eco-hydrological processes in dryland ecosystems.

Su-Ying Guo, Lu Li, Li-Juan Zhang et al.

Schistosomiasis is a water-borne parasitic disease distributed worldwide, while schistosomiasis japonica localizes in the People’s Republic of China, the Philippines, and a few regions of Indonesia. Although significant achievements have been obtained in these endemic countries, great challenges still exist to reach the elimination of schistosomiasis japonica, as the occurrence of flooding can lead to several adverse consequences on the prevalence of schistosomiasis. This review summarizes the influence of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and interventions responding to the adverse impacts from the One Health perspective in human beings, animals, and the environment. For human and animals, behavioral changes and the damage of water conservancy and sanitary facilities will increase the intensity of water contact. For the environment, the density of <i>Oncomelania</i> snails significantly increases from the third year after flooding, and the snail habitats can be enlarged due to active and passive diffusion. With more water contact of human and other reservoir hosts, and larger snail habitats with higher density of living snails, the transmission risk of schistosomiasis increases under the influence of flooding. With the agenda set for global schistosomiasis elimination, interventions from the One Health perspective are put forward to respond to the impacts of increased flooding. For human beings, conducting health education to increase the consciousness of self-protection, preventive chemotherapy for high-risk populations, supply of safe water, early case finding, timely reporting, and treating cases will protect people from infection and prevent the outbreak of schistosomiasis. For animals, culling susceptible domestic animals, herding livestock in snail-free areas, treating livestock with infection or at high risk of infection, harmless treatment of animal feces to avoid water contamination, and monitoring the infection status of wild animals in flooding areas are important to cut off the transmission chain from the resources. For the environment, early warning of flooding, setting up warning signs and killing cercaria in risk areas during and post flooding, reconstructing damaged water conservancy facilities, developing hygiene and sanitary facilities, conducting snail surveys, using molluscicide, and predicting areas with high risk of schistosomiasis transmission after flooding all contribute to reducing the transmission risk of schistosomiasis. These strategies need the cooperation of the ministry of health, meteorological administration, water resources, agriculture, and forestry to achieve the goal of minimizing the impact of flooding on the transmission of schistosomiasis. In conclusion, flooding is one of the important factors affecting the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica. Multi-sectoral cooperation is needed to effectively prevent and control the adverse impacts of flooding on human beings, animals, and the environment.

Musa Azmaz

In recent years, new cynipid species have been described and new records were provided in Turkey where is the most species-rich region in the Western Palearctic region. In this study, some cynipid galls were collected from roots (close to the surface) or branches below the soil surface of the host oak (Andricus csokai, A. quercusradicis, A. rhyzomae, A. schoenroggei, A. stonei). A. rhyzomae and A. schoenroggei among these species are new records for the cynipid (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) fauna of Turkey. In addition, a new host oak was recorded for A. quercusradicis and A. rhyzomae. Also, the first location record of A. stonei was provided with this study although the species previously is known from Turkey. With this study, these five species were reported for the first time for the study area (Afyonkarahisar).

Joanna Mucha, Weile Chen

Xueying Fu, Qiang Wu, Jian Wang et al.

Anthocyanins from flowers of the butterfly pea (<i>Clitoria ternatea</i> L.) are promising edible blue food colorants. Food processing often faces extreme pHs and temperatures, which greatly affects the color and nutritional values of anthocyanins. This study explored the color, spectra, storage stability, and antioxidant properties of <i>C. ternatea</i> anthocyanin extract (CTAE) at different pHs. The color and absorption spectra of CTAEs at a pH of 0.5–13 were shown, with their underlying structures analyzed. Then, the storage stability of CTAEs were explored under a combination of pHs and temperatures. The stability of CTAE declines with the increase in temperature, and it can be stored stably for months at 4 °C. CTAEs also bear much resistance to acidic and alkaline conditions but exhibit higher thermal stability at pH 7 (blue) than at pH 0.5 (magenta) or pH 10 (blue-green), which is a great advantage in food making. Antioxidant abilities for flower extracts from the butterfly pea were high at pH 4–7, as assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging assays, and decreased sharply when the pH value exceeded 7. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the application of butterfly pea flowers and imply their great prospect in the food industry.

Yuting Jin, Junxia Li, Xueping Bai et al.

In trees, both radial growth and earlywood or latewood differentiation of xylem can reflect responses not only to internal stimuli but also to changes in the external environment. Here, we examined the effect of age and environment on the proportion of latewood to earlywood (PLE) in Larix gmelinii (Dahurian larch) from boreal forests in Eurasia to gain a better understanding of the influence of climate change on genetically controlled characteristics of tree growth. Distinctive differentiation and interannual changes in growth divergences were dependent on age, whereas the influence of environmental factors was also limited. The low-frequency change in the PLE has a juvenile effect, and the variation is unstable. The proportions of latewood to earlywood changed significantly with age during the first 100 years of life (p < 0.05), and environmental factors had a limited impact on the PLE during this stage. However, environmental effects on the PLE became statistically significant when trees were over 100 years old. The average temperature in June–August had a significantly negative correlation with the PLE with temporal changes. The PLE increased significantly with decreased annual mean temperature (p < 0.05) with geospatial variations. After 100 years of tree age, temperature played a crucial role in PLE changes. This suggests that the abnormal radial growth of Larix gmelinii, as indicated by the PLE, will occur in response to rising temperatures. Therefore, PLE-related supporting structures and intrinsic physiological processes in trees can be expected to undergo complex changes, the nature of which is uncertain, as temperatures rise globally. The variation in the PLE could lead to significant changes in the growth of the dominant tree species and hence in the structure and function of boreal forests in cold temperate zones.

Hongyi Yang, Xingyu Zhao, Lili Li et al.

Abstract Background Ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) play important roles in mineral cycling and plant nutrient acquisition, and they increase plant survival in nutrient-poor environments. In this study, we detected the colonization of EMF using a green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression method and in situ PCR. Results Genetic transformants of Cryptosporiopsis ericae and Sordariomycetes sp. expressing GFP were obtained via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. GFP transformants were able to infect Vaccinium uliginosum, and their fluorescence was visible in the hair roots. Both in situ PCR and the GFP-expressing method indicated that EMF could colonize the hair roots of V. uliginosum 2 weeks after inoculation. Conclusions This research represents the first attempt to detect ericoid mycorrhizal colonization using in situ PCR. A GFP-expressing method is an excellent system for detecting the colonization of EMF, but it is dependent on the successful transformation and expression of the gfp gene. In situ PCR and the GFP expression may be developed as new tools to study the interactions of EMF both with ericaceous plants and with the environment.

Pengwei Wang, Roman Pleskot, Jingze Zang et al.

Arabidopsis EH/Pan1 proteins are part of the TPLATE complex (TPC) that is required for endocytosis in plants. Here, the authors show AtEH/Pan1 proteins also act in actin-mediated autophagy, by interacting with VAP27-1 at ER-PM contact sites and recruiting TPLATE and AP-2 complex subunits, clathrin and ARP2/3/ proteins to autophagosomes.

Anderson Pertuzzatti, Bruno Conte, André Luiz Missio et al.

RESUMO O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a resistência da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus cloeziana submetidas a diferentes condições de umidade a impactos. Para tanto, os corpos de prova foram distribuídos em três condições de umidade (seco, climatizado e saturado). Foram avaliadas as propriedade de resistência a impactos, massa específica e teor de umidade de equilíbrio. Os dados foram interpretados por meio de análise de variância fatorial. Dessa maneira, verificou-se que a madeira de E. cloeziana foi mais resistente a impactos na condição saturada em comparação com as amostras climatizada e seca. Já o E. grandis não apresentou diferença significativa entre as condições de umidade testadas. O E. cloeziana demonstrou maior capacidade de absorver impactos em relação ao E. grandis. Ambas as espécies foram classificadas como pouco resistentes a impactos. Portanto, não é recomendado a utilização das espécies estudadas em locais sujeitos a cargas de choque.

Milan Gaff, Miroslav Gašparík, Vlastimil Borůvka et al.

This article examines the stress-strain curves of various thicknesses of soft and hard wood when bent during three-point loading. The finite element method was used to simulate the course of stresses that occurred during the bending of these materials. Reference curves obtained by bending real specimens offered a basis for simulation. The results showed that with increasing material thickness, deflection values decreased and the proportionality limit increased; eventually, the bendability coefficient value decreased and the loading force necessary for bending increased. Moreover, it was apparent when bending hard materials that higher loading forces were necessary for different materials of the same thickness. It is possible to determine the stress-strain curves without having to perform experiments (except for indispensable reference ones) under real conditions.

Dengyun Tu, Xiaohua Su, Tingting Zhang et al.

This study used thermo-mechanical densification technology to compress low-moisture content (3~5%) rapid-growth Populus tomentosa var. tomentosa trees to produce specimens with a low-compression ratio (small volume loss) and a uniform density profile and desirable properties. Furthermore, the densified specimens were subjected to post-heat treatment at 180, 190, and 200 °C for 2, 3, and 4 h, respectively. Microscopic examination was performed to observe the changes that occurred in the wood vessels after densification. To determine the influence of post-heat treatment on the set recovery, the specimens were subjected to eight cycles of soaking and drying in 20 °C water and two cycles in boiling water. The density profile tendencies of the densified specimens were in accord with undensified specimens. Microscopic observation revealed that the deformations present in the densified wood resulted from the viscous buckling of cell walls without fracture. The volume of the void areas in the specimens decreased uniformly. Post-heat treatment can decrease compressive deformation, especially when applied at 200 °C for 4 h. After two boiling water cycles of soaking and drying, the densified wood still had a certain set recovery. Therefore, densified wood should be used sparingly in high temperature and high humidity environments.

Turan TANK

Cláudio José Reis de Carvalho

Plantas jovens de S. amazonicum (paricá) e S. parahyba (guapuruvu) foram submetidas a dois ciclos de deficiência hídrica em casa de vegetação. O déficit hídrico induziu o aumento dos teores de aminoácidos solúveis totais, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e K+ nos tecidos foliares, ocasionando o abaixamento do potencial osmótico em ambas as espécies. Porém, a análise dos resultados das curvas pressão-volume indica que as espécies respondem, de maneira diferente, ao estresse hídrico e o S. amazonicum apresenta maior capacidade de adaptação osmótica do que o S. parahyba.<br>Juvenile plants of S. amazonicum (paricá) and S. parahyba (guapuruvu) were subjected to two cycles of water stress in greenhouse conditions. The water deficit induced the increase in total soluble amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars and K+ contents in the leaf tissues, lowering osmotic potential values in both species. However, the analysis of the pressure-volume curve results suggests that the species respond differently to water stress, and that S. amazonicum presents greater capacity of osmotic adaptation than S. parahyba.