Hasil untuk "Evolution"

G. Williams

J. Harborne

T. F. Hansen

G. Wilkinson, G. McCracken

Shouchuan Hu, Nikolaos S. Papageorgiou

J. Crook, J. Gartlan

Xiaohui Yan, Shiqing Liu, Yongjian Su et al.

Free radicals are a class of reactive substances produced during the operation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which have a great impact on the durability of PEMFCs. Previous research on the fuel cell degradation mechanism mainly focused on the degradation of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in high Pt loading PEMFCs, especially the chemical degradation of proton exchange membrane (PEM). However, there are significant differences in the characteristics and performance of PEMFCs with low and high Pt loading especially under the high current density, which is mainly due to the oxygen transport process in cathode catalyst layers (CCLs). Currently, few relevant research has explored the impact of chemical degradation on oxygen transport in the cathode of low-Pt PEMFCs. Therefore, this work investigates the effects of free radical attack on the structure of ionomer films, the local oxygen transport process and the evolution of the ionomer coated Pt/C structure in CCLs through physicochemical characterizations, electrochemical measurements and molecular dynamic simulations. Our research found that free radical attacks decreased the electrochemical active area of CCLs, but it also temporarily improved the cell performance at high current densities. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the ionomer exhibited higher oxygen self-diffusion and a more relaxed structure after degradation.

Marta C. Couto, Fernando P. Santos, Christian Hilbe

People make strategic decisions many times a day - during negotiations, when coordinating actions with others, or when choosing partners for cooperation. The resulting dynamics can be studied with learning theory and evolutionary game theory. These frameworks explore how people adapt their decisions over time, in light of how effective their strategies have been. The outcomes of such learning processes depend on how sensitive individuals are to the performance of their strategies. When they are more sensitive, they systematically favor strategies they deem more successful. When they are less sensitive, their learning process is noisier and more erratic. Traditionally, most models treat this sensitivity as a fixed parameter - like the "selection strength" parameter in evolutionary models. Instead, we study how strategies and sensitivities co-evolve. We find that the co-evolutionary endpoints depend on both the type of strategic interaction and the learning rule employed. In prisoner's dilemmas, we often observe sensitivities to increase indefinitely. But in snowdrift and stag-hunt games, sensitivities often converge to a finite value, or we observe evolutionary branching altogether. These results shed light on how evolution might shape learning mechanisms for social behavior. They suggest that noisy learning does not need to be a by-product of cognitive constraints. Instead, it can serve as a means to gain strategic advantages.

Samuel Degregori, Melissa B. Manus, Evan B. Qu et al.

ABSTRACT The human facial skin microbiome is remarkably similar across all people sampled to date, dominated by facultative anaerobe Cutibacterium. The origin of this genus is unknown, with no close relatives currently described from samples of primate skin. This apparent human-specific bacterial taxon could reflect the unique nature of human skin, which is significantly more oily than that of our closest primate relatives. However, previous studies have not sampled the facial skin microbiome of our closest primates. Here, we profiled the skin microbiome of zoo-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), alongside their human care staff, using both 16S and shotgun sequencing. We showed that facial skin microbiomes differ significantly across host species, with humans having the lowest diversity and the most unique community among the three species. We were unable to find a close relative of Cutibacterium on either chimpanzee or gorilla facial skin, consistent with human specificity. Hominid skin microbiome functional profiles were more functionally similar compared to their taxonomic profiles. However, we still found notable functional differences, including lower proportions of fatty acid biosynthesis in humans, consistent with microbes’ reliance on host-derived lipids. Our study highlights the uniqueness of the human facial skin microbiome and supports a horizontal acquisition of its dominant resident from a yet unknown source.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding how and why human skin bacteria differ from our closest animal relatives provides crucial insights into human evolution and health. While we have known that human facial skin hosts distinct bacteria—particularly Cutibacterium acnes—we did not know if these bacteria and their associated genes were also present on the faces of our closest relatives, chimpanzees and gorillas. Our study shows that human facial skin hosts markedly different bacteria than other primates, with C. acnes being uniquely abundant on human faces. This finding suggests that this key bacterial species may have adapted specifically to human skin, which produces more oils than other primates.

Yonggang Dai, Hongya Wang, Wei Wang et al.

Abstract Cell death modalities play crucial roles in cancer evolution and therapeutic responses. Among various mechanisms, necrosis by sodium overload (NECSO) is a newly recognized process initiated by disruptions in Na+ homeostasis, manifesting through osmotic stress, energy depletion, and immunogenic damage. The TRPM4 gene, which encodes a calcium-activated and sodium-selective ion channel, has surfaced as a significant regulator connecting ionic metabolism with oncogenic pathways. Given these insights, our study aims to comprehensively analyze the expression and implications of TRPM4 across diverse cancer types to elucidate its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target. We conducted a systematic investigation of TRPM4 across 33 cancer types defined by the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), integrating transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic, and clinical datasets from TCGA, GTEx, and Human Protein Atlas (HPA). We employed differential expression analyses, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and survival analyses, alongside mutation and methylation assessments. Furthermore, we explored TRPM4’s immunological aspects through immune infiltration analyses. Our analyses revealed significant TRPM4 overexpression in several tumors, such as bladder (BLCA), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), and ovarian cancer (OV), whilst being downregulated in others like kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Notably, TRPM4 expression correlated with overall survival, disease-specific survival, and progression-free interval, highlighting its prognostic value. Furthermore, promoter methylation and mutation patterns elucidated the mechanisms underlying TRPM4 dysregulation, and immune infiltration analyses suggested its involvement in tumor immune evasion. This investigation highlights TRPM4’s dual role in mediating sodium-induced cell death and modulating the tumor microenvironment, proposing it as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, though its association with demographic and pathological characteristics appears limited and tumor-type specific. Given its import in various malignancies and potential therapeutic implications through ion channel-focused strategies, TRPM4 warrants further exploration as a target for precision oncology.

Miaoxin Zhang, Jingchun Wu, Liyuan Cai et al.

Abstract This study targeted a highly water-sensitive reservoir with high clay content (average 23.87%, mainly montmorillonite and illite), where waterflooding development induces hydration swelling of clay minerals, leading to pore-throat narrowing. The anti-swelling system and CO₂ were found to mitigate this phenomenon. The research investigated the dissolution, diffusion, and synergistic effects of CO₂ in the anti-swelling system/crude oil within the context of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage-Enhanced Oil Recovery (CCUS-EOR). Using the pressure decay method, core flooding experiments, microscopic visualization of oil displacement, and an improved mathematical model. We systematically investigated the influence of clay minerals on the balance between CO₂ storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It was found that the diffusion coefficient of supercritical CO₂ increased rapidly and then levelled off with increasing pressure, which indicated that clay minerals hindered CO₂ diffusion. The anti-swelling system increases the effective pore connectivity by suppressing clay swelling, which increases the diffusion coefficient by 20–28%. The enhanced mathematical model combines the oil-water phase partition coefficients with the PR-EOS equation of state to accurately describe the multiphase interactions. The calculation results fit the experimental data by 92%, which is better than the traditional single-phase model. Through microscopic oil displacement experiments, core flooding tests, and quantitative analysis of full-cycle CO₂ saturation evolution. It is demonstrated that the sweep efficiency is anti-swelling system-CO₂ flooding is a higher sweep efficiency (73.95%) and achieves 58.12% oil recovery and 46.16% CO2 sequestration efficiency in a core with a permeability of 102.95 × 10−3 μm². The full-cycle CO2 saturation change rule was quantified, and the saturation cloud map was drawn. It is proven that the technology has the synergistic mechanism of ‘stabilising pore structure-reducing oil viscosity-efficient sequestration’, which combines significant oil recovery and carbon sequestration benefits, and provides theoretical and practical guidance for the low-carbon development of strong water-sensitive oilfields.

Mohsen Ahmed Abdelmohsen, Mahmoud Mohamed Ali Rezk, Ayda A youssef et al.

Abstract Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder characterized by the development of benign tumors across multiple organ systems. While supratentorial cerebral manifestations are well documented, infratentorial involvement, particularly cerebellar tubers, remains less explored. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, imaging characteristics, and longitudinal changes of cerebellar tubers in patients with TSC. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 61 pediatric and young adult patients diagnosed with TSC who underwent brain MRI between 2005 and 2023. MR imaging included standard sequences such as T1WI, T2WI, FLAIR, DWI, ADC mapping, SWI, and post-contrast T1WI. All scans were independently reviewed by three experienced neuroradiologists (each one with 15 years of experience); they were blinded to clinical data. Results Cerebellar tubers were identified in 29 out of 61 patients (47.5%), totaling 50 lesions. The most common morphology was wedge-shaped (96%). Signal intensity varied across sequences: T1 hypointense (92%), T2 hyperintense (86%), and FLAIR mixed patterns (variable). Enhancement after contrast administration was observed in 6% of tubers (striated pattern), and calcifications were present in 14%. Retraction deformities adjacent to tubers were noted in 48% of cases. Patients with cerebellar tubers had significantly more cerebral tubers than those without (mean: 29 vs 22; p < 0.001). Follow-up MRI in 13 patients (mean follow-up: 5.3 years) showed stability in 84.6%, slight regression in 7.7%, and progression in 7.7%. Conclusions Cerebellar tubers are relatively common in TSC and exhibit distinct morphological and signal characteristics. These lesions demonstrate dynamic behavior over time, correlating with supratentorial abnormalities and potentially influencing neurobehavioral outcomes. Awareness of these features can aid in early diagnosis and long-term monitoring.

Débora Princepe, Marcus A. M. de Aguiar

Mitochondrial function relies on the coordinated expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes, exhibiting remarkable resilience regardless the susceptibility of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to accumulate harmful mutations. A suggested mechanism for preserving this mito-nuclear compatibility is the nuclear compensation, where deleterious mitochondrial alleles drive compensatory changes in nuclear genes. However, prevalence and conditioning factors for this phenomenon remain debated, with empirical evidence supporting and refuting its existence. Here, we investigate how mito-nuclear incompatibilities impact nuclear and mitochondrial substitutions in a model for species radiation under selection for mito-nuclear compatibility, similar to the process of mtDNA introgression. Mating eligibility relies on genetic (nuclear DNA) and spatial proximity, with populations evolving from partially compatible mito-nuclear states. Mutations do not confer advantages nor disadvantages, with no optimal nuclear or mitochondrial types, but individual fitness decreases with increasing incompatibilities, driving the demand for mito-nuclear genetic coordination. We find that selection consistently promotes compensation on incompatible nuclear genes, resulting in more substitutions than compatible or non-interacting genes. Surprisingly, low mitochondrial mutation rates favor compensation, as do increased selective pressure or a higher number of mismatches. High mitochondrial mutation rates boost substitutions in initially compatible nuclear genes, relaxing the selection against mito-nuclear incompatibilities and mirroring the compensatory evolution. Moreover, the presence of incompatibilities accelerates species radiation, but richness at equilibrium is not directly correlated with substitutions' response, revealing the complex dynamics triggered by mitochondrial introgression and mito-nuclear co-evolution.

Alexandra Pavlova, Luke Pearce, Felicity Sturgiss et al.

ABSTRACT Genetic diversity is rapidly lost from small, isolated populations by genetic drift. Measuring the level of genetic drift using effective population size (Ne) is highly useful for management. Single‐cohort genetic Ne estimators approximate the number of breeders in one season (Nb): a value < 100 signals likely inbreeding depression. Per‐generation Ne < 1000 estimated from multiple cohort signals reduced adaptive potential. Natural populations rarely meet assumptions of Ne‐estimation, so interpreting estimates is challenging. Macquarie perch is an endangered Australian freshwater fish threatened by severely reduced range, habitat loss, and fragmentation. To counteract low Ne, augmented gene flow is being implemented in several populations. In the Murrumbidgee River, unknown effects of water management on among‐site connectivity impede the design of effective interventions. Using DArT SNPs for 328 Murrumbidgee individuals sampled across several sites and years with different flow conditions, we assessed population structure, site isolation, heterozygosity, inbreeding, and Ne. We tested for inbreeding depression, assessed genetic diversity and dispersal, and evaluated whether individuals translocated from Cataract Reservoir to the Murrumbidgee River bred, and interbred with local fish. We found strong genetic structure, indicating complete or partial isolation of river fragments. This structure violates assumptions of Ne estimation, resulting in strongly downwardly biased Nb estimates unless assessed per‐site, highlighting the necessity to account for population structure while estimating Ne. Inbreeding depression was not detected, but with low Nb at each site, inbreeding and inbreeding depression are likely. These results flagged the necessity to address within‐river population connectivity through flow management and genetic mixing through translocations among sites and from other populations. Three detected genetically diverse offspring of a translocated Cataract fish and a local parent indicated that genetic mixing is in progress. Including admixed individuals in estimates yielded lower Ne but higher heterozygosity, suggesting heterozygosity is a preferable indicator of genetic augmentation.

Kei Nishihara, Masaya Nakata

Abstract In the field of expensive optimization, numerous papers have proposed surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms (SAEAs) for a few thousand or even hundreds of function evaluations. However, in reality, low-cost simulations suffice for a lot of real-world problems, in which the number of function evaluations is moderately restricted, e.g., to several thousands. In such moderately restricted scenario, SAEAs become unnecessarily time-consuming and tend to struggle with premature convergence. In addition, tuning the SAEA parameters becomes impractical under the restricted budgets of function evaluations—in some cases, inadequate configuration may degrade performance instead. In this context, this paper presents a fast and auto-tunable evolutionary algorithm for solving moderately restricted expensive optimization problems. The presented algorithm is a variant of adaptive differential evolution (DE) algorithms, and is called emulation-based adaptive DE or EBADE. The primary aim of EBADE is to emulate the principle of sample-efficient optimization, such as that in SAEAs, by adaptively tuning the DE parameter configurations. Specifically, similar to Expected Improvement-based sampling, EBADE identifies parameter configurations that may produce expected-to-improve solutions, without using function evaluations. Further, EBADE incepts a multi-population mechanism and assigns a parameter configuration to each subpopulation to estimate the effectiveness of parameter configurations with multiple samples carefully. This subpopulation-based adaptation can help improve the selection accuracy of promising parameter configurations, even when using an expected-to-improve indicator with high uncertainty, by validating with respect to multiple samples. The experimental results demonstrate that EBADE outperforms modern adaptive DEs and is highly competitive compared to SAEAs with a much shorter runtime.

Taylor A. Kessinger, Corina E. Tarnita, Joshua B. Plotkin

Reputations provide a powerful mechanism to sustain cooperation, as individuals cooperate with those of good social standing. But how should moral reputations be updated as we observe social behavior, and when will a population converge on a common norm of moral assessment? Here we develop a mathematical model of cooperation conditioned on reputations, for a population that is stratified into groups. Each group may subscribe to a different social norm for assessing reputations, and so norms compete as individuals choose to move from one group to another. We show that a group initially comprising a minority of the population may nonetheless overtake the entire population--especially if it adopts the Stern Judging norm, which assigns a bad reputation to individuals who cooperate with those of bad standing. When individuals do not change group membership, stratifying reputation information into groups tends to destabilize cooperation, unless individuals are strongly insular and favor in-group social interactions. We discuss the implications of our results for the structure of information flow in a population and the evolution of social norms of moral judgment.

Xusong Bu, Hao Nie, Zhan Zhang et al.

This study presents an industrial fault diagnosis system based on the cubic dynamic uncertain causality graph (cubic DUCG) used to model and diagnose industrial systems without sufficient data for model training. The system is developed based on cloud native technology. It contains two main parts, the diagnostic knowledge base and the inference method. The knowledge base was built by domain experts modularly based on professional knowledge. It represented the causality between events in the target industrial system in a visual and graphical form. During the inference, the cubic DUCG algorithm could dynamically generate the cubic causal graph according to the real-time data and perform the logic and probability calculations based on the generated cubic DUCG models, visually displaying the dynamic causal evolution of faults. To verify the system’s feasibility, we rebuild a fault-diagnosis model of the secondary circuit system of No. 1 at the Ningde nuclear power plant based on the new system. Twenty-four fault cases were used to test the diagnostic accuracy of the system, and all faults were correctly diagnosed. The results showed that it was feasible to use the cubic DUCG platform for fault diagnosis.

He Chaocheng, Wu Jiang, Huang Qian et al.

[Purpose/significance] At present, the popularity of "involution" has become a cultural phenomenon, and the social reality it reflects deserves attention. Clarify the concept and characteristics of "involution" and measure it from a quantitative perspective, which helps to quickly seek the formation mechanism of "involution" and the path to solve it. [Method/process] At first, the study explained the evolution of the concept of "involution". Secondly, the evaluation index of "involution" is constructed in relation to the competition scenario of university students. Finally, we analyzed the experimental results, and gave corresponding suggestions from the three dimensions of individual and group. [Result/conclusion] As the randomness in the network topology decreases, the degree of competition for the "involution" of the system increases. The cooperative strategy can improve the total output of the system, while the total system input of the competitive strategy is high, but the total output of the system is low. On the whole, the value evaluation under the global mode is outstanding in the characteristics of high investment, low return and diminishing marginal utility, and the "involution" is serious.

M. Wan

F. Cleton

the education and training of the staff who will be involved in cytotoxic reconstitution which is followed by an invaluable chapter on the management of extrasavation of cytotoxic drugs. Section two of the book is likely to be a constant source of reference. It comprises a valuable alphabetical listing of monograhs of individual drugs that are used intravenously. Each monograph has been prepared by a named member of the working group according to a common structure. There is a section on nomenclature which includes the names of manufacturers and suppliers in the UK. There follows sections on chemistry, stability profile, clinical usage, details of how individual drugs are prepared for injection or infusion together with handling precautions. The final section considers how residual drug and contaminated articles should be destroyed. It should be emphasised that the working group has deliberately refrained from providing details of 'standard protocols for various indications'. In summary this is a book that should be read by any members of the 'Oncology Team' involved in setting up a reconstitution service. It should also be available in the departmental library of all Oncology Departments and all Pharmacies where any cytotoxic drugs are reconstituted and administered. This is a highly provocative book, written by two clinical radiotherapists, on the evolution of cancer. The authors base their approach to the treatment of cancer on the hypothesis that cancer represents a process of evolution in reverse, which they call 'devolution'. This concept is applied to develop theories on carcinogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and especially the strategy of cancer treatment. Fanconi's anaemia is cited as an evolutionary experiment of nature on carcinogenesis. The tumours described in patients with the DNA repair syndrome were classified according to their epithelial,-non-epithelial and gonadal origin. The early manifestation of non-malignancies and the later occurrence of epithelial tumours is considered as a support for the evolution theory. The cancer incidence in Japan following the explosion of the atomic bombs would also support this evolution theory. The parallel evolution of biology with the physicochemical alterations on earth are also cited in support of the evolution theory of cancer. Such arguments are then used for the formulation of a therapeutic strategy, starting with the repair of DNA damage, via carbohydrate biochemistry to immunotherapy and antiviral therapy. A large variety of arguments are used to formulate a strategy in surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immuno-therapy. For most readers of this book …