Hasil untuk "Cities. Urban geography"

Jimeno A. Fonseca, Thuy-An Nguyen, A. Schlueter et al.

S. Wang, Belay Manjur Gebru, Munkhnasan Lamchin et al.

Understanding land use and land cover changes has become a necessity in managing and monitoring natural resources and development especially urban planning. Remote sensing and geographical information systems are proven tools for assessing land use and land cover changes that help planners to advance sustainability. Our study used remote sensing and geographical information system to detect and predict land use and land cover changes in one of the world’s most vulnerable and rapidly growing city of Kathmandu in Nepal. We found that over a period of 20 years (from 1990 to 2010), the Kathmandu district has lost 9.28% of its forests, 9.80% of its agricultural land and 77% of its water bodies. Significant amounts of these losses have been absorbed by the expanding urbanized areas, which has gained 52.47% of land. Predictions of land use and land cover change trends for 2030 show worsening trends with forest, agriculture and water bodies to decrease by an additional 14.43%, 16.67% and 25.83%, respectively. The highest gain in 2030 is predicted for urbanized areas at 18.55%. Rapid urbanization—coupled with lack of proper planning and high rural-urban migration—is the key driver of these changes. These changes are associated with loss of ecosystem services which will negatively impact human wellbeing in the city. We recommend city planners to mainstream ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation into urban plans supported by strong policy and funds.

Huilei Li, Jian Peng, Liu Yanxu et al.

Nima Bayramzadeh, Najaf Mousavi , Sanaullah Panezai

Although regional disparities were declining in Iran between 2001-2013, the provincial allocation of budgetary resources in Iran is not done fairly. The absence of a clear model for optimal budget distribution hinders achieving regional balance between Iran’s provinces. Making use of applied research, this study identified 47 development indicators in 3 main development dimensions (economic-infrastructural, educational-cultural, and health-therapeutic) as the indictors to assess the characteristics of each province (level of development) to identify provincial inequalities of development in Iran. Descriptive analysis and the VIKOR model were used for the provincial development ranking in Iran during the years 2011 to 2021. Using comparative analysis, the K-means clustering method, the CV method, and GIS were used for calculating and mapping provincial inequalities. The results revealed severe inequalities among provinces. Tehran and Yazd provinces have had the highest development levels. CV calculations of the provincial indicators based on two scenarios (equal coefficients and AHP coefficients) showed that a budgetary resource distribution model that provides the percentage of budget allocation, by taking into account the territorial divisions, features, and sustainable development indicators of each province, might reduce inter-provincial inequalities, and would help achieve sustainable and equitable development at the provincial level. This model uses a method that optimally allocates financial and budgetary resources based on the degree of development of the regions and environmental characteristics.

Joseph Pasky Ngameni, Sylvain Bertelet Ngassam, Gildas Ngueuleweu Tiwang et al.

This paper examines the role of corruption in the relationship between natural resources and exports diversification 1980–2020) through the bound test of co-integration and the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS). The main findings reveal that, natural resource accentuates export diversification. However, in the long run, oil resources accentuate export diversification while forest and mineral resources decrease export diversification. Also, in the short run, executive corruption accentuates with no limit, the concentration effect of natural resources on export diversification. While in the long run, executive corruption instead mitigates the negative effect of natural resources irrespective of their type on export diversification. Natural resources curse export diversification if the executive corruption is below certain thresholds. These findings imply that in the Cameroonian context of cumbersome and bureaucratic regulations, the cost of corruption is lesser than cost the of administrative bottlenecks, leading to the corollary that corruption may favors export diversification when production and export processes present barriers that exceed a certain threshold. Cameroon authorities should therefore curb these cumbersome and bureaucratic procedures that are costly and that harm export diversification.

Santiago Báez, Héctor Luis Adriani

En la Argentina diferentes políticas han intentado revertir las condiciones deficitarias del hábitat popular. Entre los factores que complejizan la acción estatal, se destacan la especulación inmobiliaria, el capital financiero, las empresas proveedoras de servicios, los medios de comunicación dominantes y los poderes locales. Esta situación se agrava en ámbitos de criticidad ambiental, como las cuencas hídricas metropolitanas, como la del arroyo Del Gato, en La Plata. En dicha cuenca, caracterizada por la contaminación urbana, rural e industrial y por inundaciones, ha crecido la ocupación de sus espacios anegables por parte sectores populares en razón del incremento de la pobreza y la inalterada mercantilización del suelo. Las normativas y la gestión de ordenamiento territorial en sus distintas escalas no logran revertir esta situación, dada la correlación de fuerzas que se establece en favor del sector inmobiliario, cuya contracara es el debilitamiento técnico y financiero del sector público local.

Marisa Oliveira Santos, Ana Elizabeth Santos Alves

O presente artigo objetivou, por meio das memórias de trabalhadores de casas de farinha apontar as transformações ocorridas no modo de viver há uma década no bairro rural de Campinhos em Vitória da Conquista (BA). Embasados no materialismo histórico, as categorias modo de vida, memória e trabalho foram articuladas e teoricamente com Marx e Engels (2007); Agamben (2007); Thompson (1981), Harvey (2016) revistou transformações na dinâmica da ruralidade. Findada a discussão, a aproximação da “cidade” com o modo de vida rural, pela interpenetração do capital, trouxe novos contornos ao modo de viver da população, pois a força de trabalho foi sendo cooptada e os trabalhadores apartados dos seus meios de produção, tornando-os estranhos no seu lugar de vida e trabalho.    

Fangzhu Zhang, Fulong Wu

Abstract The city is arguably where innovations concentrate. Agglomeration and diversity are two major explanations for why innovations concentrate in the city. Existing studies tend to focus on knowledge dynamics, in particular interfirm networks, while paying insufficient attention to the process of urban development in which knowledge dynamics are materialized. We concur that the city itself does not possess such a power for innovation (Shearmur, 2012). Rather, it is an arena where various actors exert impacts on knowledge dynamics. In a view from China, we reveal why bio-tech innovations concentrate in particular places and what political economic processes contribute to such concentration. We highlight the need for a political economic analysis in economic geographical studies of innovation.

K. Stanilov

Hernán D. Rozenfeld, D. Rybski, J. S. Andrade et al.

An important issue in the study of cities is defining a metropolitan area, because different definitions affect conclusions regarding the statistical distribution of urban activity. A commonly employed method of defining a metropolitan area is the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), based on rules attempting to capture the notion of city as a functional economic region, and it is performed by using experience. The construction of MSAs is a time-consuming process and is typically done only for a subset (a few hundreds) of the most highly populated cities. Here, we introduce a method to designate metropolitan areas, denoted “City Clustering Algorithm” (CCA). The CCA is based on spatial distributions of the population at a fine geographic scale, defining a city beyond the scope of its administrative boundaries. We use the CCA to examine Gibrat's law of proportional growth, which postulates that the mean and standard deviation of the growth rate of cities are constant, independent of city size. We find that the mean growth rate of a cluster by utilizing the CCA exhibits deviations from Gibrat's law, and that the standard deviation decreases as a power law with respect to the city size. The CCA allows for the study of the underlying process leading to these deviations, which are shown to arise from the existence of long-range spatial correlations in population growth. These results have sociopolitical implications, for example, for the location of new economic development in cities of varied size.

F. Dai, C. Lee, X. Zhang

Pedro Henrique Carnevalli Fernandes

A segurança pública se converteu em um tema no Brasil devido, principalmente, à violência. No campo acadêmico, é visível uma ampliação dos estudos acerca da violência. Por isso, este artigo tem como objetivo principal refletir acerca da violência no Norte Pioneiro do Estado do Paraná a partir dos homicídios e da apreensão de drogas. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram: levantamento de referenciais teóricos acerca da violência; levantamento de dados de homicídios e de apreensão de drogas no Norte Pioneiro do Paraná; e, por fim, elaboração de produções cartográficas e da redação final. A violência possui diferentes abordagens, porém poucos estudos em pequenas cidades. No Norte Pioneiro, os dados revelam uma epidemia de violência.

R. Fitjar, A. Rodríguez‐Pose

Arq. Francisco Cevallos Barragán, Mg. Jorge Jarrin Coello, Dr. Carlos Cevallos Barragán

The present paper approaches rural spaces with a critical territory-based thinking, exposing the rural space definition intertwined with its implications from a territorial perspective in social inferences. By means of a practical experience, important discernments about the public space in rural areas originate. It is considered that the strategies and definitions developed in the urban space cannot be applied in the rural context, since both spaces present differences that are not only morphological. We propose the recovery of rural spaces as an intangible asset by means of its reinterpretation through its territorial ancestral references. In this way, we plan to begin the discussion about the importance of understanding the social, economic, political, cultural, legal, and geographic dynamics from rural territory in order to generate strategies focused on integral and reciprocal development.

Stéphane Roche

Gerd Lintz

Especially drawing on the contributions of Zimmermann (2012) and Balke and Reimer (2016) published in the journal “Raumforschung und Raumordnung”, this article deals with research done under the keywords constructivism, discourse and governmentality. Taking the example of those two contributions the author presents his thoughts on the relationship between the emerging social constructivist paradigm on the one hand and the (previous) mainstream on the other hand. He argues for an open discussion in order to improve the understanding of commonalities and divergences between these approaches.

Stéphane Roche

P. Kremer, T. Deliberty

C. McIlwaine

David Albouy