Hasil untuk "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"

Xiaotie Deng, Yanru Guan, Ningyuan Li et al.

This paper studies mechanism design for revenue maximization in a distribution-reporting setting, where the auctioneer does not know the buyers' true value distributions. Instead, each buyer reports and commits to a bid distribution in the ex-ante stage, which the auctioneer uses as input to the mechanism. Buyers strategically decide the reported distributions to maximize ex-ante utility, potentially deviating from their value distributions. As shown in previous work, classical prior-dependent mechanisms such as the Myerson auction fail to elicit truthful value distributions at the ex-ante stage, despite satisfying Bayesian incentive compatibility at the interim stage. We study the design of ex-ante incentive compatible mechanisms, and aim to maximize revenue in a prior-independent approximation framework. We introduce a family of threshold-augmented mechanisms, which ensures ex-ante incentive compatibility while boosting revenue through ex-ante thresholds. Based on these mechanisms, we construct the Peer-Max Mechanism, which achieves an either-or approximation guarantee for general non-identical distributions. Specifically, for any value distributions, its expected revenue either achieves a constant fraction of the optimal social welfare, or surpasses the second-price revenue by a constant fraction, where the constants depend on the number of buyers and a tunable parameter. We also provide an upper bound on the revenue achievable by any ex-ante incentive compatible mechanism, matching our lower bound up to a constant factor. Finally, we extend our approach to a setting where multiple units of identical items are sold to buyers with multi-unit demands.

Wouter J. A. van Weerelt, Lantian Zhang, Silun Zhang et al.

In this paper, we propose a novel online optimization algorithm built by combining ideas from control theory and system identification. The foundation of our algorithm is a control-based design that makes use of the internal model of the online problem. Since such prior knowledge of this internal model might not be available in practice, we incorporate an identification routine that learns this model on the fly. The algorithm is designed starting from quadratic online problems but can be applied to general problems. For quadratic cases, we characterize the asymptotic convergence to the optimal solution trajectory. We compare the proposed algorithm with existing approaches, and demonstrate how the identification routine ensures its adaptability to changes in the underlying internal model. Numerical results also indicate strong performance beyond the quadratic setting.

Rahul Das, Anil K. Bajaj, Sayan Gupta

This study investigates the nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of a system comprising of two coupled Duffing oscillators, with one oscillator being grounded and with the coupling being both linear and nonlinear. The study utilizes the eigenfunctions of the Koopman operator and validates their connection with the Shaw-Piere invariant manifold framework for NNMs. Furthermore, the study delves into the impact of internal resonance and dissipation on the accuracy of this framework by defining a continuous quantitative measure for internal resonance. The applicability and robustness of the framework for the systems which are very similar qualitatively to that of an ENO, are also observed and discussed about the limitations of the approximation technique.

Gagan Aggarwal, Anupam Gupta, Andres Perlroth et al.

We study a setting where agents use no-regret learning algorithms to participate in repeated auctions. \citet{kolumbus2022auctions} showed, rather surprisingly, that when bidders participate in second-price auctions using no-regret bidding algorithms, no matter how large the number of interactions $T$ is, the runner-up bidder may not converge to bidding truthfully. Our first result shows that this holds for \emph{general deterministic} truthful auctions. We also show that the ratio of the learning rates of the bidders can \emph{qualitatively} affect the convergence of the bidders. Next, we consider the problem of revenue maximization in this environment. In the setting with fully rational bidders, \citet{myerson1981optimal} showed that revenue can be maximized by using a second-price auction with reserves.We show that, in stark contrast, in our setting with learning bidders, \emph{randomized} auctions can have strictly better revenue guarantees than second-price auctions with reserves, when $T$ is large enough. Finally, we study revenue maximization in the non-asymptotic regime. We define a notion of {\em auctioneer regret} comparing the revenue generated to the revenue of a second price auction with truthful bids. When the auctioneer has to use the same auction throughout the interaction, we show an (almost) tight regret bound of $\smash{\widetilde Θ(T^{3/4})}.$ If the auctioneer can change auctions during the interaction, but in a way that is oblivious to the bids, we show an (almost) tight bound of $\smash{\widetilde Θ(\sqrt{T})}.$

Frieda Rong, Max Kleiman-Weiner

Social rewards shape human behavior. During development, a caregiver guides a learner's behavior towards culturally aligned goals and values. How do these behaviors persist and generalize when the caregiver is no longer present, and the learner must continue autonomously? Here, we propose a model of value internalization where social feedback trains an internal social reward (ISR) model that generates internal rewards when social rewards are unavailable. Through empirical simulations, we show that an ISR model prevents agents from unlearning socialized behaviors and enables generalization in out-of-distribution tasks. We characterize the implications of incomplete internalization, akin to "reward hacking" on the ISR. Additionally, we show that our model internalizes prosocial behavior in a multi-agent environment. Our work provides a foundation for understanding how humans acquire and generalize values and offers insights for aligning AI with human values.

Sk. Minhajur Rahaman, Jonathan Granot, Paz Beniamini

Emission in many astrophysical transients originates from a shocked fluid. A central engine typically produces an outflow with varying speeds, leading to internal collisions within the outflow at finite distances from the source. Each such collision produces a pair of forward and reverse shocks with the two shocked regions separated by a contact discontinuity (CD). As a useful approximation, we consider the head-on collision between two cold and uniform shells (a slower leading shell and a faster trailing shell) of finite radial width, and study the dynamics of shock propagation in planar geometry. We find significant differences between the forward and reverse shocks, in terms of their strength, internal energy production efficiency, and the time it takes for the shocks to sweep through the respective shells. We consider the subsequent propagation of rarefaction waves in the shocked regions and explore the cases where these waves can catch up with the shock fronts and thereby limit the internal energy dissipation. We demonstrate the importance of energy transfer from the trailing to leading shell through $pdV$ work across the CD. We outline the parameter space regions relevant for models of different transients,e.g., Gamma-ray burst (GRB) internal shock model, fast radio burst (FRB) blastwave model, Giant flare due to magnetars, and superluminous supernovae (SLSN) ejecta. We find that the reverse shock likely dominates the internal energy production for many astrophysical transients.

Yao Zhang, Shanshan Zheng, Dengji Zhao

Diffusion auction design is a new trend in mechanism design for which the main goal is to incentivize existing buyers to invite new buyers, who are their neighbors on a social network, to join an auction even though they are competitors. With more buyers, a diffusion auction will be able to give a more efficient allocation and receive higher revenue. Existing studies have proposed many interesting diffusion auctions to attract more buyers, but the seller's revenue is not optimized. Hence, in this study, we investigate what optimal revenue the seller can achieve by attracting more buyers. Different from the traditional setting, the revenue that can be achieved in a diffusion auction highly relies on the structure of the network. Hence, we focus on optimal auctions with given classes of underlying networks. We propose a class of mechanisms, where for any given structure, an optimal diffusion mechanism can be found. We point out that it implies an idea of "reserve structure". Moreover, we show that an optimal mechanism that handles all structures does not exist. Therefore, we also propose mechanisms that have bounded approximations of the optimal revenue in all structures.

B. Isle, N. Melissa

Dario Vincenzi

A polymer in a turbulent flow undergoes the coil-stretch transition when the Weissenberg number, i.e. the product of the Lyapunov exponent of the flow and the relaxation time of the polymer, surpasses a critical value. The effect of internal friction on the transition is studied by means of Brownian dynamics simulations of the elastic dumbbell model in a homogeneous and isotropic, incompressible, turbulent flow and analytical calculations for a stochastic velocity gradient. The results are explained by adapting the large deviations theory of Balkovsky et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett., 2000, 84, 4765] to an elastic dumbbell with internal viscosity. In turbulent flows, a distinctive feature of the probability distribution of polymer extensions is its power-law behaviour for extensions greater than the equilibrium length and smaller than the contour length. It is shown that although internal friction does not modify the critical Weissenberg number for the coil-stretch transition, it makes the slope of the probability distribution steeper, thus rendering the transition sharper. Internal friction therefore provides a possible explanation for the steepness of the distribution of polymer extensions observed in experiments at large Weissenberg numbers.

Steven Abel, Daniel Lewis

We study particle theories that have a tower of worldline internal degrees of freedom. Such a theory can arise when the worldsheet of closed strings is dimensionally reduced to a worldline, in which case the tower is infinite with regularly spaced masses. But our discussion is significantly more general than this, and there is scope to consider all kinds of internal degrees of freedom carried by the propagating particle. For example it is possible to consider towers corresponding to other geometries, or towers with no obvious geometric interpretation that still yield a modular invariant theory. Truncated towers generate non-local particle theories that share with string theory the property of having a Gross-Mende-like saddle point in their amplitudes. This provides a novel framework for constructing exotic theories which may have desirable properties such as finiteness and modular invariance.

O. Owino

The responsibility shouldered by the government of any nation, particularly the developing nation is enormous; the need to fulfill these responsibilities largely depends on the amount of revenue generated by government through various means. Kenya relies heavily on tax revenue to fund government expenditure. The role of tax revenue in promoting economic growth may not be felt if the correct choice between different taxes is not made, this calls for proper examination of the relationship between the revenue generated from different types of taxes and economic growth. The fiscal crisis occasioned by the international oil shock in early 1970s, motivated the Kenyan government to shift the tax policy towards greater reliance on indirect taxes. Consequently, the level of revenue from custom and excise taxes has risen steadily in the period 1973-2010; however, this was coupled with a persistent decline in economic growth. Such significant increases in custom and excise tax revenue raise pertinent questions about the effect they have had upon economic growth. The purpose of the study was therefore to analyze the effect of custom and excise duties on economic growth in Kenya for the period 1973 to 2010, This study is motivated by two developments. First, by the inconsistency in existing empirics and secondly by the wide knowledge gap occasioned by the paucity of empirical literature on Kenya. Therefore, this study attempts to reconcile the different positions and also close the knowledge gap. The study adopted a correlation research design based on its ability determine the strength and direction of relationships between variables while the theoretical framework was anchored on endogenous growth model. The empirical results indicate that custom and excise duties are positively correlated with economic growth in Kenya. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The responsibility shouldered by the government of any nation, particularly the developing nation is enormous, Furthermore, the new constitutional dispensation in Kenya establishes a devolved system of government with its enormous resource requirements, the need to fulfill these responsibilities largely depends on the amount of revenue generated by government through various means therefore there is need to put measures that are geared towards enhancing the revenue base (Kago, 2014).A system of tax avails itself as a veritable tool that mobilizes a nation’s internal resources and it lends itself to creating an environment that is conducive for the promotion of economic growth (Ayuba, 2014). Muriithi and Moyi (2003) observe that a good tax system should be able to generate the needed revenue for government; redistribute income; and investment infrastructure that will provide the guarantee for business to strive and economic growth. Despite far reaching reforms implemented in taxation in Kenya, tax revenue collection has not yet reached a level where it can meet all the expenditure requirements of the government (Kago, 2014). The machinery and procedures for implementing a good tax system in developing countries are inadequate; hence tax evasion and avoidance of the self-employed individuals and organizations whose data base is not captured in the relevant tax authority’s data system (Fasoranti, 2013). A study by Parliament’s Budget Office (2012) says that Kenya’s large and rapidly expanding underground economy has expanded rapidly to become a mammoth Sh825 billion International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2019 531 ISSN 2250-3153 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8564 www.ijsrp.org industry that is denying the government at least Sh275 billion in uncollected revenues. The need for the government to generate adequate revenue from internal sources has therefore become a matter of extreme urgency and importance (Afuberoh&Okoye, 2014). The desire of any government to maximize revenue from taxes collected from tax payers cannot be over-emphasized. This is because the importance of a tax lies in its ability to generate revenue for the government, influence the consumption trends and regulate economy through its influence on vital aggregate economic variables (Fasoranti, 2013). Kenya relies heavily on tax revenue to fund government expenditure, both current and capital, the role of tax revenue in promoting economic growth may not be felt if the correct choice between different taxes is not made. This calls for proper examination of the relationship between the revenue generated from different types of taxes and economic growth. Tax revenue mobilization as a source of financing developmental activities in less developed economies has been a difficult issue primarily because of various forms of resistance, such as evasion, avoidance and other corrupt practices can easily be perpetuated within the direct taxes bracket (Akhor, 2016). The solution appears to be in broad-based indirect taxes like Custom and Excise Duty that has the potential of diversifying the revenue portfolio for the country to promote fiscal sustainability and economic growth (Azaiki&Shagari, 2007). The performance of Kenya’s economy during the first decade of independence in 1963 was impressive because the growth of real GDP averaged 6.6% per year over the period 1963 –1972. Kenya experienced its first major fiscal crisis occasioned by the international oil shock in early 1970s and this motivated the government to shift the tax policy towards greater reliance on indirect taxes as opposed to direct taxes. The aim was to create a sustainable tax system that could generate adequate revenue for economic growth. Consequently, the level of revenue from custom and excise taxes has risen steadily in the period 1973-2010; however, this was coupled with a persistent decline in economic growth (table 1.1). Such significant increases in indirect tax revenue raise pertinent questions about the effect they have had upon economic growth. Table 1.1.Tax structure in Kenya as a percentage of GDP and GDP growth rate from 1963-2010 Type of tax 1963/4-1972/3 1973/4-1982/3 1982/3-1992/3 1992/3-2002/3 2002/3-2010/1 Excise duty 2.1 2.0 2.1 4.0 3.2 Custom duty 4.2 4.4 3.6 4.0 1.7 GDP growth rate (%) 6.6 5.2 4.2 2.3 4.3 Source: Karingi and Wanjala (2005), Amanja and Morrissey(2005),Economic surveys. This research looks at the effects of custom and excise duties on economic growth for Kenya, a developing country. An enormous amount of studies have been carried out in Kenya on the effects of taxes. However, the researches often look at sector specific taxes (Okello 2001, Kiringai et al 2001, Kiringai et al 2002, Bouet and Roy 2012). The empirical studies on the effect of custom and excise duties on economic growth in Kenya are relatively few. Some empirical studies have been conducted to examine the effect of custom and excise duties on economic growth in both developed and developing countries, but one common feature of these empirical studies is lack of consensus among the scholars, Most studies have therefore reached substantially different conclusions on the relative impact of custom and excise duties on economic growth. This study is motivated by two developments. First, by the inconsistency in existing empirics and secondly by the wide knowledge gap occasioned by the paucity of empirical literature on Kenya. Therefore, this study attempts to reconcile the different positions and also close the knowledge gap. 2.0 REVIEW OF THEORITICAL AND EMPIRICAL STUDIES In examining the effects of tax policy on economic growth, there are two lines of thinking: according to the exogenous growth models (Solow, 1956), tax policy has no impact on economic growth in the long run, assuming that key factors of production such as labour and technological progress are determined outside the model; on the contrary, endogenous growth theorists (starting with Barro, 1990; King and Rebelo, 1990; and Lucas, 1990), who believe that economic expansion is determined within the system, argue that tax policy does have an impact on economic growth and welfare over time. The theoretical foundation of the study revolves around endogenous growth model’s proposition that government spending and tax policies can have a longterm or permanent growth effects. The endogenous growth theory advocates the stimulation of level and growth rate of per capita output through the economic policies such as tax policies. Economic growth is generated by three production International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2019 532 ISSN 2250-3153 http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.01.2019.p8564 www.ijsrp.org factors: labour, capital and technological progress, which are related to each other through a production function. Taxes could alter the economic decisions regarding these factors, and thus affect economic growth (Zipfel and Heinrichs, 2012). Barro (1990) constitutes one of the first attempts at endogenizing the relationship between growth and fiscal policies. He distinguishes four categories of public finances: productive vs. non-productive expenditures and distortionary vs. non-distortionary taxation. Taxation is nondistortionary if it does not affect the investment decision, and hence economic growth. This is, above all, the case for customs duties, excise duties and value added tax. Otherwise taxes, such as direct income and profit taxation are considered distortionary. 2.1 Kenya’s tax structure The tax system in Kenya refers to the range of taxes over which the government has exclusive or shared jurisdiction. The tax system also covers the machinery put in place by government for the administration and collection of such taxes. Different types, forms and classes of taxes exist, but the most common classification in Kenya is direct and indirect taxes. In Kenya, the government can emphasize on any one of the tax forms depending on the objective it wants to pursue. The direct tax is a levy on personal income

Christina Dimitropoulou

Fair taxation in the digital era is at stake. Business activities are not considered to be taxed where value is created, while value is currently claimed to be created where consumers of digital goods and services are located. The proposed EU digital services tax (DST) consists of an interim tax policy option to address the above issue and harmonize the already adopted unilateral measures across the EU. This article examines the European proposal for a common system of a DST on revenues resulting from the provision of certain digital activities in light of Article 110 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and evaluates its potential impact on the digital single market. It is argued that as far as the taxation of digital intermediation services are concerned, the DST risks being regarded as discriminatory internal taxation under Article 110 of the TFEU, having an immediate effect on imported products sold via a digital interface in the market Member State and therefore, it risks being considered as having a ‘protectionist effect’ on domestic traditional products.

C. Wilson

Lincoln, Charles Edward Andrew

Ezeonyeche Chigbo, Igwe Chinelo Priscilla

increasing the IGR base is on increase and taxation can play a significant role 2013). Taxation is the principal source of government’s Abstract: The emphasis in most economies is on diversifying the sources of government revenue to avoid overdependence on a particular income stream like crude oil. A diversified economy has a number of different revenue streams to fall back on in the eventual failure of one. Some states in Nigeria have realized the value of land in their domain as a great source of internally generated revenue. Anambra State Government in 2011 consolidated land based taxes into a new land use charge known as Anambra State Property and Land Use Charge (APLUC) in an attempt to shore up its revenue base. The anticipated success of APLUC did not materialize thus the study sets to evaluate APLUC collections with a view to assessing the taxpayer perception and the level of compliance in paying the charges. The study adopted a survey design to generate data from respondents; tax payers, staff APLUC and Estate Surveyors and Valuers. Information obtained was presented by the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. A 5- point Likert scale was adopted to measure the weight of their views. The hypothesis on if the level of compliance by the tax payers is independent on the perception of the APLUC was analyzed using One- Sample Chi- Square Test The respondents opined that they are faced with double taxation. They are also of the view that the amount they pay is quite high and they do not believe it is a reflection of their property value. The test of hypothesis result gives a level of significance (p-value) of 1.000 which is greater than 0.05, indicating the level of compliance by the tax payers is independent on the perception of APLUC. Strategies that will impact positively on tax payers perception of APLUC is therefore imminent in order to achieve the internally generated revenue drive initiated by the government.

Shipra Agrawal, Eric Balkanski, Vahab Mirrokni et al.

We study dynamic mechanisms for optimizing revenue in repeated auctions, that are robust to heterogeneous forward-looking and learning behavior of the buyers. Typically it is assumed that the buyers are either all myopic or are all infinite lookahead, and that buyers understand and trust the mechanism. These assumptions raise the following question: is it possible to design approximately revenue optimal mechanisms when the buyer pool is heterogeneous? Facing a heterogeneous population of buyers with an unknown mixture of $k$-lookahead buyers, myopic buyers, no-regret-learners and no-policy-regret learners, we design a simple state-based mechanism that achieves a constant fraction of the optimal achievable revenue.

Giraldes Neto, Agostinho Santos

R. Adi, Inggriani Elim

Non-tax state revenues are sources of Indonesian state revenues originating from levies paid by individuals or entities, where all proceeds of such revenues are managed by the government in which the proceeds from the direct or indirect benefits of services and utilization of resources and rights obtained from the state, based on taxation legislation. The purpose of this study is to ensure that government bureaucracy (governance) punishes achieving goals by implementing risk management and control. BPKP as an APIP that has authority based on the law and presidential regulation in the management of PNBP, must be proactive, initiative, anticipative to help formulate, plan, implement policies for monitoring PNBP management.Keywords: government internal control apparatus, goverment, regulation in the managemeent of PNBP

Shinji Koshida

We consider Schramm-Loewner evolutions (SLEs) with internal degrees of freedom that are associated with representations of affine Lie algebras, following group theoretical formulation of SLEs. We reconstruct the SLEs considered by Bettelheim {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 95}, 251601 (2005)] and Alekseev {\it et al.} [Lett. Math. Phys. {\bf 97}, 243-261 (2011)] in correlation function formulation. We also explicitly formulate stochastic differential equations on internal degrees of freedom for Heisenberg algebras and the affine $\mathfrak{sl}_{2}$. Our formulation enables us to find several local martingales associated with SLEs with internal degrees of freedom from computation on a representation of an affine Lie algebra. Indeed, we formulate local martingales associated with SLEs with internal degrees of freedom described by Heisenberg algebras and the affine $\mathfrak{sl}_{2}$. We also find an affine $\mathfrak{sl}_{2}$ symmetry of a space of SLE local martingales for the affine $\mathfrak{sl}_{2}$.

Trisha A. Wald