O presente ensaio teórico teve como objetivo aprofundar o debate sobre a discricionariedade na implementação de políticas públicas, por meio da proposição de um framework analítico que considera tanto propriedades estruturantes quanto elementos condicionantes da ação discricionária dos chamados burocratas de nível de rua. Com base em uma abordagem estruturacionista, buscamos oferecer uma perspectiva integrada que vá além da dicotomia tradicional entre abordagens top-down e bottom-up, relativas ao processo de implementação. Com base na discussão e no conjunto de proposições apresentadas, é possível afirmar que propriedades estruturantes – regras, recursos, rotinas e cultura – não apenas moldam a ação discricionária, mas também são continuamente remodeladas pela discricionariedade condicionada às práticas dos agentes no campo. Essa relação recursiva, alinhada à dupla hermenêutica da teoria da estruturação (Giddens, 2009), evidencia a complexidade do ambiente de implementação e a necessidade de uma abordagem analítica que capture essa dinamicidade.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
A szerző átfogó áttekintést nyújt a katonai és biztonsági magáncégek tevékenységének nemzetközi, nemzeti és önszabályozásáról, arról, hogy az érintett megközelítések hogyan egészítik ki egymást, a vonatkozó eszközök végrehajtásával kapcsolatos hiányosságokról, a jogsértésekért való felelősséggel kapcsolatos kérdésekről, valamint az ENSZ zsoldosok alkalmazásával foglalkozó munkacsoportjának kapcsolódó munkájáról.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Collaborative governance and the delegation of tasks to independent agencies are among the most important governance trends in recent years. However, these trends have given rise to separate literatures that do not engage with each other. Research on collaborative governance shows the complexity of accountability relations and uncovers the factors that undermine accountability. However, it fails to consider some relevant findings from research on ‘agencification’ that should be incorporated into its research agenda. Governance scholars should consider more thoughtfully that, for a variety of reasons, accountability holders may be less watchful than expected, but also that accountable behavior can be more attractive than expected, again for diverse reasons. Policy-makers’ strategies for avoiding accountability have been emphasized, but to advance the understanding of real-world accountability processes, we must consider that control deficits can be caused by the passivity of accountability ‘forums’, while policy-makers may find their accountability valuable.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Latifah Latifah, Fatmawati Fatmawati, Ilham Ilham
et al.
Waste management must start from the initial waste disposal site, both at household, institutional and temporary disposal sites. The involvement of shareholders is very much needed in waste operational activities, because they have their respective duties which include starting from the stages of taking, processing, then final disposal, and utilizing waste. Likewise, the government certainly has other ways of controlling waste by involving the participation of the community. Because the role of the government is very crucial, it can be in the form of direct assignments to the community through the relevant agencies, or in the process of enforcing the rules that have been applied. The research used is a qualitative-interpretative descriptive method with a phenomenological approach as an exploration in the application of the e-performance system to government employees in Subang district. This study focuses on the Subang Regency government's policy in managing community waste. The purpose of this study is to measure the extent to which the Subang Regency Government implements policies related to waste management. 5 of 2018 has not run optimally, the availability of facilities and infrastructure such as government-owned waste banks so that the management of waste services is still low, then socialization has not been maximized so that people lack awareness in disposing of waste.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Although the concept of Industry 4.0 is newer, more and more companies are responding to this concept and incorporating it into their business models. Industry 4.0 arose as a result of the development of new technologies based on automation, through which technologies can communicate with each other. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of Industry 4.0 on companies from the point of view of the value chain model. The study points out why the model is a suitable tool for evaluating changes. The research consisted of 1164 respondents, while the sample consisted of 591 Czech companies and 573 Slovak companies. We found that 62% of companies carry out activities in the field of robotization and automation to a large extent, and 32% carry out these activities little or not at all. Regarding the impact of Industry 4.0 on individual activities in the value chain, we found that companies expect the greatest impact on technological development (secondary activity) and customer service (primary activity). On the contrary, they least expect the impact of Industry 4.0 in the primary activities of input logistics and operation. From this point of view, we can say that companies perceive the impact of Industry 4.0 on the activities taking place in their value chains. However, it is important to capture these changes, react appropriately to them and remain competitive.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
O instituto da modulação de efeitos, antes aplicável apenas às Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade, ganhou novas formas e passou a integrar as decisões judiciais com maior amplitude, especialmente para os processos com formação de precedentes qualificados ou de efeitos vinculantes, nos termos do Código de Processo Civil de 2015 (CPC/2015). Assim, conhecer as possibilidades e os efeitos decorrentes da modulação faz do instituto objeto de pesquisa para o presente artigo, com foco em compreender se a modulação temporal de efeitos pode ser realizada em favor do Estado, verificando-se erros e acertos decorrentes das decisões do STF nesse sentido.
Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Dwiyanto Indiahono, Darmanto Sahat Satyawan, Muhammad Yamin
This study aimed to examine the visit of bureaucratic officials to local head candidates who have been confirmed to win local elections, commonly known as sowan. The officials ignore the neutrality aspect of bureaucracy that should be strictly upheld. This phenomenon is explained by the concept of a new paternalistic bureaucracy. This study used a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach. In-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and documentation was utilized as data collection methods for this study. This study's interview and FGD participants include local officials with knowledge of the sowan phenomenon and general civil servants in Banyumas, Purbalingga, Banjarnegara, Cilacap, and Kebumen. This study discovered that sowan in the perspective of bureaucracy signifies friendship, loyalty, approach, and negotiation. This research highlights the strength of paternalistic bureaucracy, which generally begins in the final phase of the democratic process of local elections. Conceptually, this study is useful to explain the sowan phenomenon concerning bureaucratic neutrality and democracy and provide practical insights on the importance of law enforcement to violators of bureaucratic neutrality. This study explains the new paternalistic bureaucracy in the era of democracy in local governments in Indonesia. This study recommends the importance of law enforcement for violators of bureaucratic neutrality without discrimination, the improvement of the relationship between political and bureaucratic officials that reflect better partnerships in the recruitment of career officials, and the importance of bureaucrats who are committed to maintaining the principle of merit in the selection of local officials.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
This paper explores the role of hydrogen in helping Canada meet its net-zero emissions goals. On the supply side, we caution against the blanket categorization of production methods by “colours”, and instead encourage a focus on the metrics that matter: cost and lifecycle emissions per kilogram. Hydrogen derived from methane, with sequestered carbon dioxide (i.e. “blue” hydrogen) will likely be the method of choice for some time in western Canada, while hydrogen via electrolysis (i.e. “green”) will likely take off in Québec, spreading to other provinces as clean renewable power costs fall. High levels of sequestration (i.e. 90%+) and upstream methane leakage prevention will be essential for hydrogen to meaningfully contribute to Canada’s net-zero goals. On the demand side, we find while hydrogen can do many things, its highest value will be in areas where alternatives for decarbonization are costly or scarce, such as steel and chemicals production, as well as potentially rail and heavy freight. We take a deeper dive into the potential for hydrogen in the electricity system, both by absorbing excess generation via electrolysis, and providing much needed reliability as a peaking product, enabling higher shares of variable renewable energy. We find that by 2030, hydrogen has the potential to compete with natural gas as a dominant firm power source.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Purpose: The paper points out a novel approach to e-Government back-office reengineering based on creating a Shared-Services Center at the sectorial level.
Design/Methodology/Approach: To prove the Shared-Services Center as a proper solution for e-Government back-office reengineering, the authors used the case study of the Housing Facilities Sector in the Republic of North Macedonia. The research process follows Kettingers et al.'s framework of IT-enabled change with a holistic data-driven approach.
Findings: The study indicates a complex information flow between stakeholders, an abundance of the same information and data collected from local stakeholders, and enormous citizen and institutional burden. The e-Government back-office reengineering solution for the specific case study based on creating a Shared-Services Center overcomes the problem of data redundancy, radically simplifies the information flow, and reduces citizen burden in line with the "Once-Only" principle.
Practical Implications: The paper shows that by observing the network of all relevant stakeholders at the sectorial level, based on the information flow of core data, back-office problems can be identified, whereby the Shared-Services Center proves itself as a suitable solution. It may be a prerequisite for further studies on back-office process reengineering at the sectorial level.
Originality/Value: Publications concerning back-office research at the sectorial level and, as in our case, within the House Facility Sector are almost non existing in scientific literature. Considering that there is a lack of analyses based on information flow and visualization of the information-flow network at the sectorial level (before and after the reforms), this paper will add original value to scientific literature.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Pretendemos analisar o problema da disciplina Ensino Religioso em seus aspectos legais e curriculares na história da educação brasileira, mediante sua estruturação metodológica, bem como seus processos de constituição, identificação e interação de seus temas em diferentes contextos educacionais. Ao abordarmos este problema, identificamos interesses econômicos e políticos diversos e algumas vezes, desencontrados, opiniões dispersas, discussões e tendências, bem como julgamentos em relação a algumas práticas, além de certa falta de informação referente a esta temática e sua conceituação, no que se refere também à própria realidade e a necessidade dos educandos. Consideramos o aspecto legal e curricular do Ensino Religioso um assunto delicado e complexo, mas ao mesmo tempo, pertinente e de interesse para a compreensão da história da própria educação brasileira, fazendo-se necessário um aprofundamento adequado na legislação sobre ele, a fim de contribuirmos para um verdadeiro esclarecimento quanto a possíveis reducionismos que podem ocorrer em torno do estudo do fenômeno religioso, do discurso sobre Deus e da experiência cultural-religiosa de um povo. Deste modo, nosso intento assenta-se na observação dos vínculos existentes entre educação e doutrina religiosa e em que medida os conteúdos legais e curriculares adotados até o presente momento, considerando todas as reformas promovidas, contribuem, reforçam ou corrigem as disparidades que eventualmente podem ainda estar ocorrendo, com as novidades da Base Nacional Comum Curricular brasileira.
Recebido: 07/03/2019
Aceito: 04/05/2019
Political institutions and public administration (General), Social sciences (General)
La Ley de Procedimiento Administrativo Común de 2015 mantiene la regla general del silencio administrativo positivo, pero incorpora la excepción ambiental, cuando la actividad pueda producir daños al medio ambiente, en cuyo caso el silencio será negativo. Esta previsión debe aplicarse al régimen de licencias de actividad, regulado de forma heterogénea por las diversas Comunidades Autónomas. El Tribunal Constitucional ha confirmado la primacía de esta regulación básica en su sentencia 70/2018.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
The low quality of the Senior Executive Service Officials (SES) of the State Civil Apparatus (Aparatur Sipil Negara/ASN) was due its selection process which was highly political and lack in objectivity, fairness, and transparency. The low quality and competence impeded government activities and made them unable to compete with the private sector. The implementation of the merit system in the selection process of ASN Senior Executive Service (SES) which emphasizes the qualification, competency, performance, as well as fairness and openness, was needed to produce professional Pratama SES. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the implementation of the merit system in the selection of SES in the Central Java Provincial Government. The research problem of this study was how the merit system was implemented in the selection process for the SES in the Central Java Provincial Government. The theory utilized in the study was the merit system, on the dimensions of competency, qualification, work performance, and fairness. A qualitative approach was used in this study to describe and analyze the results. The primary data was collected from interviews with the sources, while the secondary data was collected using literature reviews of relevant books, journals, documents, and regulations. The location of the study is the Regional Staffing Unit (Badan Kepegawaian Daerah/BKD) of Central Java Provincial Government. Data analysis was conducted by pattern determination, data reduction, data presentation, and verification/conclusion. The study showed that the merit system in the recruitment process of the Central Java Provincial Government’s Pratama SES was not implemented fully. Some Pratama SES selected using the system were still unable to perform their duties optimally, especially in responding, analyzing, or taking decisions/policy related to their duties. The dimension of the merit system has not yet been fully grasped and carried out, such as qualifications, competencies, and performance assessment.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um mapeamento de negócios sociais no Brasil para criação de um banco de dados e, em seguida, analisar as empresas encontradas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, na qual identificou-se os atores deste campo que contribuem para a melhoria social. Após um levantamento sistemático chegou-se a 200 negócios sociais espalhados pelo Brasil e 23 aceleradoras/investidoras. Os resultados indicam que essas empresas encontram-se num estágio inicial de negócios e que 92% não possui restrição na distribuição de lucros. Em relação aos modelos de empresas encontrou-se: 6 Empresas Cooperativas (3%); 13 Empresas Base da Pirâmide (6,5%); 17 Negócios Inclusivos (8,5%); 3 Empresas do Modelo B Corp (1,5%) e 161 Negócios Sociais (80,5%). A literatura acadêmica indica a necessidade de pesquisas com mais casos e exemplos concretos de negócios sociais. Portanto, ter uma base de dados empírica auxilia o desenvolvimento de novos artigos e teses sobre a temática.
Political science, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Traditional financial planning is based on a fundamental rule of thumb: Aim to save enough for retirement to replace 80 per cent of your pre-retirement income with income from pensions and assets. Millions of Canadians follow this formula. Yet, there is no guarantee this approach is consistent with a savings plan that will allow them to experience their optimal standard of living — given their income — throughout their working lives. Consumption smoothing happens when a consumer projects her income and her non-discretionary expenses (such as mortgage payments) all the way up until the end of her life, and is able to determine her household discretionary spending power over time, to achieve the smoothest living standard path possible without going into debt. When consumption smoothing is calculated accurately, a person’s lifestyle should be roughly the same whether she is in her 30s with small children, in her 50s with kids in college, or in retirement, with adult children. Consumption smoothing allows that to happen. But while it is conceptually straightforward, consumption smoothing requires the use of advanced numerical techniques. Now, Canadian families have access to a powerful consumption-smoothing tool: ESPlannerBASIC Canada. This free, secure and confidential online tool will allow Canadian families to safely and securely enter their earnings and other financial resources and will calculate for them how much they can spend and how much they should save in order to maintain their lifestyle from now until they die, without going into debt. It will also calculate how much life insurance they should buy, to ensure that household living standards are not affected after a family member dies. Users can easily and instantly run “what-if” scenarios to see how retiring early (or later), changing jobs, adjusting retirement contributions, having children, moving homes, timing RRSP withdrawals, and other financial and lifestyle decisions would affect their sustainable living standards. ESPlannerBASIC Canada can also be used to understand how families should adjust their saving-and-spending behaviour when there are changes to tax rates and other fiscal policies. When used properly, ESPlannerBASIC Canada gives Canadian families the power to plan the lifestyle they want, based on what they can actually afford, without going into debt, or saving too little — or even too much — for retirement.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
To overcome agency problems, public sector reforms started to introduce businesslike incentive structures to motivate public officials. By neglecting internal behavioral incentives, however, these reforms often do not reach their stated goals. This research analyzes the governance structure of Benedictine monasteries to gain new insights into solving agency problems in public institutions. A comparison is useful because members of both organizational forms, public organizations and monasteries, see themselves as responsible participants in their community and claim to serve the public good. This research studies monastic governance from an economic perspective. Benedictine monasteries in Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, and German-speaking Switzerland have an average lifetime of almost 500 years, and only a quarter of them broke up because of agency problems. The authors argue that they were able to survive for centuries because of an appropriate governance structure, relying strongly on the intrinsic motivation of the members and internal control mechanisms. This governance approach differs in several aspects from current public sector reforms.