Hasil untuk "Plant culture"

Christelle M Andre, J. Hausman, G. Guerriero

Cannabis sativa L. is an important herbaceous species originating from Central Asia, which has been used in folk medicine and as a source of textile fiber since the dawn of times. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers. Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes. Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data. Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i.e., cell suspension and hairy root cultures. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.

Y. Bashan, L. de-Bashan, S. Prabhu et al.

R. Guillard

A. Schützendübel, A. Polle

E. Epstein

K. Hammond-Kosack, Jonathan D. G. Jones

M. Hanin, C. Ebel, Mariama Ngom et al.

Soil salinization is a major threat to agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, where water scarcity and inadequate drainage of irrigated lands severely reduce crop yield. Salt accumulation inhibits plant growth and reduces the ability to uptake water and nutrients, leading to osmotic or water-deficit stress. Salt is also causing injury of the young photosynthetic leaves and acceleration of their senescence, as the Na+ cation is toxic when accumulating in cell cytosol resulting in ionic imbalance and toxicity of transpiring leaves. To cope with salt stress, plants have evolved mainly two types of tolerance mechanisms based on either limiting the entry of salt by the roots, or controlling its concentration and distribution. Understanding the overall control of Na+ accumulation and functional studies of genes involved in transport processes, will provide a new opportunity to improve the salinity tolerance of plants relevant to food security in arid regions. A better understanding of these tolerance mechanisms can be used to breed crops with improved yield performance under salinity stress. Moreover, associations of cultures with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi could serve as an alternative and sustainable strategy to increase crop yields in salt-affected fields.

Thomas Bortolotti, Stefania Boscari, P. Danese

Karla Ramírez-Estrada, H. Vidal-Limon, Diego Hidalgo et al.

Plant in vitro cultures represent an attractive and cost-effective alternative to classical approaches to plant secondary metabolite (PSM) production (the “Plant Cell Factory” concept). Among other advantages, they constitute the only sustainable and eco-friendly system to obtain complex chemical structures biosynthesized by rare or endangered plant species that resist domestication. For successful results, the biotechnological production of PSM requires an optimized system, for which elicitation has proved one of the most effective strategies. In plant cell cultures, an elicitor can be defined as a compound introduced in small concentrations to a living system to promote the biosynthesis of the target metabolite. Traditionally, elicitors have been classified in two types, abiotic or biotic, according to their chemical nature and exogenous or endogenous origin, and notably include yeast extract, methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, vanadyl sulphate and chitosan. In this review, we summarize the enhancing effects of elicitors on the production of high-added value plant compounds such as taxanes, ginsenosides, aryltetralin lignans and other types of polyphenols, focusing particularly on the use of a new generation of elicitors such as coronatine and cyclodextrins.

T. Efferth

Abstract In ethnopharmacology, and especially in traditional Chinese medicine, medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years. Similarly, agricultural plants have been used throughout the history of mankind. The recent development of the genetic engineering of plants to produce plants with desirable features adds a new and growing dimension to humanity’s usage of plants. The biotechnology of plants has come of age and a plethora of bioengineering applications in this context have been delineated during the past few decades. Callus cultures and suspension cell cultures offer a wide range of usages in pharmacology and pharmacy (including Chinese medicine), as well as in agriculture and horticulture. This review provides a timely overview of the advancements that have been made with callus cultures in these scientific fields. Genetically modified callus cultures by gene technological techniques can be used for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites and for the generation of plants with improved resistance against salt, draft, diseases, and pests. Although the full potential of callus plant culture technology has not yet been exploited, the time has come to develop and market more callus culture-based products.

M. Tangyu, J. Muller, Christoph Bolten et al.

Non-dairy milk alternatives (or milk analogues) are water extracts of plants and have become increasingly popular for human nutrition. Over the years, the global market for these products has become a multi-billion dollar business and will reach a value of approximately 26 billion USD within the next 5 years. Moreover, many consumers demand plant-based milk alternatives for sustainability, health-related, lifestyle and dietary reasons, resulting in an abundance of products based on nuts, seeds or beans. Unfortunately, plant-based milk alternatives are often nutritionally unbalanced, and their flavour profiles limit their acceptance. With the goal of producing more valuable and tasty products, fermentation can help to the improve sensory profiles, nutritional properties, texture and microbial safety of plant-based milk alternatives so that the amendment with additional ingredients, often perceived as artificial, can be avoided. To date, plant-based milk fermentation mainly uses mono-cultures of microbes, such as lactic acid bacteria, bacilli and yeasts, for this purpose. More recently, new concepts have proposed mixed-culture fermentations with two or more microbial species. These approaches promise synergistic effects to enhance the fermentation process and improve the quality of the final products. Here, we review the plant-based milk market, including nutritional, sensory and manufacturing aspects. In addition, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art fermentation of plant materials using mono- and mixed-cultures. Due to the rapid progress in this field, we can expect well-balanced and naturally fermented plant-based milk alternatives in the coming years.

Thanh-Tam Ho, H. N. Murthy, So-Young Park

Recently, plant secondary metabolites are considered as important sources of pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavours, cosmetics, and other industrial products. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ cultures often occurs when cultures are subjected to varied kinds of stresses including elicitors or signal molecules. Application of exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) is responsible for the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent defence mechanisms in cultured cells and organs. It is also responsible for the induction of signal transduction, the expression of many defence genes followed by the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In this review, the application of exogenous MJ elicitation strategies on the induction of defence mechanism and secondary metabolite accumulation in cell and organ cultures is introduced and discussed. The information presented here is useful for efficient large-scale production of plant secondary metabolites by the plant cell and organ cultures.

Mingdi Li, Guoyu Yao, Xianshuang Qu et al.

Shan yao (SY, Dioscorea opposita Thunb.), is a potential industrial crop with high-value bioactive components. It is traditionally used in Chinese medicine for diabetes-related symptoms. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a specific form of diabetes characterized by abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. However, the mechanisms by which SY manages GDM remain unclear. This study aimed to identify bioactive compounds and assess the mechanisms of SY in managing GDM. We employed computational biomedical modelling and screening to explore the potential pharmacodynamics of the chemical components of SY and their mechanisms. We identified a total of 71 SY phytochemicals and 101 GDM proteins, resulting in 7171 molecular docking interactions. ABCC8 emerged as a primary target due to its high ligand binding affinities (-7.6 kcal/mol) and association scores (0.57). After conducting virtual pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction analyses to ensure selection of safe compounds, four complexes were prioritized for subsequent molecular dynamics simulations and analysis, which were conducted for 100 ns in triplicate. Certain chemical classes, such as steroids and flavonoids, exhibited strong binding with ABCC8. Notably, batatasin III and abscisic acid (ABA) emerged as promising ligand choices, displaying minimal structural deviations and stable positioning within the binding pocket. The confirmation of batatasin III and ABA in SY samples via LC-MS/MS assays provided further support for these findings. This study enhances our understanding of SY’s bioactive properties and supports its potential as a cultivated medicinal plant with industrial significance. Further experimental research is needed to validate these findings.

Kathryn M. Parsley

For over a hundred years, botanists and educators alike have lamented the disparities in attention toward plants and animals. Different terms have been given to this phenomenon over the years, but reports of the issue have occurred since 1919 when general biology courses were first being developed (Nichols, 1919). Throughout the development of these courses, professors noticed that the words “biology” and “zoology” seemed to be synonymous, giving disciplines such as botany a more minor role in these curricula (Nichols, 1919). The term “plant blindness” was introduced in 1999 and is defined as “the inability to see or notice the plants in one's own environment—leading to: (a) the inability to recognize the importance of plants in the biosphere, and in human affairs; (b) the inability to appreciate the aesthetic and unique biological features of the life forms belonging to the Plant Kingdom; and (c) the misguided, anthropocentric ranking of plants as inferior to animals, leading to the erroneous conclusion that they are unworthy of human consideration” (Wandersee & Schussler, 1999, 2001). The term was rooted in both botany education research and literature on visual attention (e.g., Norretranders, 1998) and originally took the place of another term called zoochauvinism (Bozniak, 1994; Hershey, 1993). Zoochauvinism (also referred to as zoocentrism) is now mostly recognized as a distinct consequence or extension of “plant blindness” (Pany et al., 2019). Some examples of it include prejudice against plants and teaching botany among biology teachers (Hershey, 1993), lack of representation of plants in the media, and even neglecting plant content in biology textbooks (Hershey, 2002). For example, teachers and textbooks often use animal examples of universal biological concepts such as evolution, as many instructors prefer to use more familiar animal-based examples (Schussler, LinkPérez, Weber, & Dollo, 2010). It is worth noting, however, that “plant blindness” as a phenomenon differs across cultures. Most of the research cited here has been done in Euro-centric cultures (such as in Received: 14 July 2020 | Revised: 21 August 2020 | Accepted: 24 August 2020 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10153

Raj Kumar Jat, Shubham Durgude, Vijay Singh Meena et al.

What are the key factors influencing yield in winter maize cultivation under adverse climatic conditions? How can on-farm experimentation reveal innovative strategies to improve production in these challenging environments? Four year (2020-21-to-2023-24) on farm experimentation at 160 farmers in the districts of Purnia and Katihar were consider for study. The key factors evaluated for maize yields encompassed sowing windows, varietal performance, topography, seed treatment, earthing up, planting methods, spacing, tillage practices, irrigation, and nutrient management. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that was validated by visiting on-farm experimentation at fields. Results indicated that the optimal sowing window for high yields was October 25th to November 7th, with high-yielding varieties Grover 4455 and Srikar 1818 showing the best performance. Topography showed a preferential distribution of yield towards upland areas. The variety P3355 demonstrated consistent performance, appearing across both high and medium yield categories. Higher frequencies of high yields in seed-treated plots were nevertheless obtained, with 62% high yields obtained in treated plots against 48% obtained in plots without treatment. At earthing up is one of the critical practices in flat bed system (FBS), and it contributed much to higher yields (χ²=17.86, p=0.003), but in raised bed system (RBS), which allow superior yields intrinsically. This trial showed that optimum spacing of 50 cm row-to-row and 22 cm plant-to-plant, coupled with moderate tillage operations of 4-10, with a median of 6, resulted in increased yields. Efficient irrigation management, where high-yielding plots received balanced nutrient applications of 243.85-165.51-106.74 NPK kg/ha, was a critical factor in realizing high yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) underlined the role of integrated agronomic practices in maximizing maize production. It provides actionable insight to farmers with respect to maize yield improvement for economic resilience and sustainable agriculture. Overall, this study identified optimal sowing windows, high-yielding varieties, and integrated agronomic practices that significantly enhance winter-maize production under adverse climatic conditions, offering actionable insights for sustainable agriculture.

S. Sohn, S. Pandian, Kasinathan Rakkammal et al.

Secondary metabolites are incontestably key specialized molecules with proven health-promoting effects on human beings. Naturally synthesized secondary metabolites are considered an important source of pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, flavors, etc., Therefore, enhancing the biosynthesis of these relevant metabolites by maintaining natural authenticity is getting more attention. The application of exogenous jasmonates (JAs) is well recognized for its ability to trigger plant growth and development. JAs have a large spectrum of action that covers seed germination, hypocotyl growth regulation, root elongation, petal expansion, and apical hook growth. This hormone is considered as one of the key regulators of the plant’s growth and development when the plant is under biotic or abiotic stress. The JAs regulate signal transduction through cross-talking with other genes in plants and thereby deploy an appropriate metabolism in the normal or stressed conditions. It has also been found to be an effective chemical elicitor for the synthesis of naturally occurring secondary metabolites. This review discusses the significance of JAs in the growth and development of plants and the successful outcomes of jasmonate-driven elicitation of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, anthraquinones, anthocyanin, xanthonoid, and more from various plant species. However, as the enhancement of these metabolites is essentially measured via in vitro cell culture or foliar spray, the large-scale production is significantly limited. Recent advancements in the plant cell culture technology lay the possibilities for the large-scale manufacturing of plant-derived secondary metabolites. With the insights about the genetic background of the metabolite biosynthetic pathway, synthetic biology also appears to be a potential avenue for accelerating their production. This review, therefore, also discussed the potential manoeuvres that can be deployed to synthesis plant secondary metabolites at the large-scale using plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures.

Rusol. I. A., Y. K. Al-Timimi

This study was aimed to investigate the multi-criteria Analysis based on the geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the most suitable spatial locations for harvesting solar energy in Iraq. Some of the required criteria and conditions, whether technical, environmental, or economic criteria, have been used. In order to identify the suitability of different regions, 6 defined criteria, including solar radiation, distance from power transmission lines, distance from major roads, distance from residential area, elevation, slope, and land use, are identified. The final map of priority of different locations of Iraq for solar energy harvesting is then created by stacking these criteria layers. It has been found that the entire region is almost suitable for solar energy harvesting with varying suitability index. Moreover, areas of high suitability index cover 14% of the all-area, which is a significant indicator of the potential of solar energy harvesting in Iraq. the area with a moderate suitability index covers 60%, and the low suitability index was   21%, while 5% of unsuitable have been identified. The results indicated that the optimal locations of suitable harvesting solar energy located almost in the south of Iraq.

Frontiers Production Office

Tong Wu, Sandra M Kerbler, A. Fernie et al.

Synthetic biology has been developing rapidly in the last decade and is attracting increasing attention from many plant biologists. The production of high-value plant-specific secondary metabolites is, however, limited mostly to microbes. This is potentially problematic because of incorrect post-translational modification of proteins and differences in protein micro-compartmentalization, substrate availability, chaperone availability, product toxicity, and cytochrome p450 reductase enzymes. Unlike other heterologous systems, plant cells may be a promising alternative for the production of high-value metabolites. Several commercial plant suspension cell cultures from different plant species have been used successfully to produce valuable metabolites in a safe, low cost, and environmentally friendly manner. However, few metabolites are currently being biosynthesized using plant platforms, with the exception of the natural pigment anthocyanin. Both Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum cell cultures can be developed by multiple gene transformations and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Given that the introduction of heterologous biosynthetic pathways into Arabidopsis and N. tabacum is not widely used, the biosynthesis of foreign metabolites is currently limited; however, therein lies great potential. Here, we discuss the exemplary use of plant cell cultures and prospects for using A. thaliana and N. tabacum cell cultures to produce valuable plant-specific metabolites.

Wei Yue, Qian-liang Ming, B. Lin et al.