Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

G. J. Milburn

We argue that special and general theories of relativity implicitly assume spacetime events correspond to quantum measurement outcomes. This leads to a change in how one should view the equivalence of spacetime and gravity. We describe a Bell test using time-like measurements that indicates a non classical causal structure that does not violate no-signaling. From this perspective, the violation of the Bell inequalities are already evidence for the non classical structure of flat spacetime as seen by an agent embedded in it. We argue that spacetime geometry can be learned by an embedded agent with internal actuators and sensors making internal measurements.

Zikri Yavuz

The existence of evil in our world seems to pose a serious challenge to belief in the existence of a perfect God. If God were all-knowing, it seems that God would know about all of the horrible things that happen in our world. If God were all-powerful, God would be able to do something about all of the evil. Moreover, if God were morally perfect, then surely God would want to do something about it. These facts about evil seem to conflict with the Islamic theist claim that there exists a perfectly good God. Several solutions to this problem have been proposed in Islamic thought. Ibn al-Arabi’s thought on evil goes as far as to say that what is seen as evil is actually illusory and has no reality. According to Ibn al-Arabi, existence is all good. Evil has no existence and belongs only to non-existence. The thoughts of Abu al-Hasan al-Ash‘ari can also be said to have caused a kind of moral conventionalism. Ash‘arism, unlike Mu‘tazilite thought, claims that the task of revelation is not only to explain moral statements but to impose and determine them. We encounter Neoplatonist point of view in Islamic thought. Avicenna says that evil has no positive existence or reality of its own. Evil is the incomplete realization of a good or existence. As maintained by him, evil arises when something does not show the full characteristics of its nature or type. There is no pure evil in the absolute sense. Solutions to the problem of evil do not always resort to the idea that evil is an illusion or an accidental element. According to Mu‘tazila and Maturidism, evil actually exists in this world; for conceptions of evil as an illusion or an accidental element do not adequately meet the conditions of being a free agent. According to this understanding, in order for an agent to have free will, it must not have been caused by external factors, e.g. God or the laws of nature.

Yoon IJ, Lee SJ

In Ju Yoon,1 Su Jung Lee2 1Graduate School of Nursing Science, Hallym University, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea; 2School of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South KoreaCorrespondence: Su Jung Lee, Tel +82-33-248-2722, Fax +82-33-248-2734, Email sujunglee.95@gmail.comBackground and Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic can cause psychological distress, and hemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease may be particularly vulnerable. The aim of this study is to investigate anxiety levels among patients undergoing hemodialysis during the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore the relationship between health literacy and anxiety.Methods: This study recruited 149 hemodialysis patients from two hospitals between July 16th and July 31st, 2021. Patient data were collected using questionnaires on general characteristics, health literacy, generalized anxiety, and coronavirus disease-related anxiety. We used the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and the Korean version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale to evaluate the anxiety symptoms of the patients. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Walli’s test and Spearman’s rank correlation.Results: The results showed that health literacy increased with decreasing age and increasing educational level among patients who source health information from the internet and among patients without comorbidities. Patients with comorbidities showed high levels of general anxiety. Patients who search for health information for ≥ 1 hour had high levels of coronavirus disease-related anxiety. Both CAS and GAD showed a significant negative correlation with the sub-domains of health literacy, except for critical health literacy.Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the need for a follow-up study on whether health literacy programs will reduce the anxiety levels of patients undergoing hemodialysis during infectious disease outbreaks. In addition, provision of social support for patients with comorbidity is essential for reducing their anxiety levels during disease outbreaks.Keywords: end-stage kidney disease, anxiety, health literacy, coronavirus disease-19, pandemics

Ivan Dranchuk

В статті аналізуються основні ознаки політичних цінностей як аксіологічних засад функціонування суспільства і держави. Зазначається, що політичні цінності — це об’єкти, явища, ідеї, процеси політичного життя та їх властивості, до яких людина ставиться як до таких, що задовольняють її соціальні потреби, інтереси, які вона залучає у сферу своєї життєдіяльності. Вказується що саме політичні  цінності є основою формування та виконання стратегії національного розвитку, ідеології державотворення, державної політики, прийняття законів та управлінських рішень. Зазначається, що політичні цінності є невід’ємною частиною політичної культури суспільства і віддзеркалюються в політичній свідомості людей.

Romina Rekers

Es probable que las vacunas contra COVID-19 sean escasas en los próximos años. Muchos países, desde la India hasta el Reino Unido, han adoptado el nacionalismo de las vacunas. ¿Cuáles son los límites éticos de este nacionalismo de vacunas? Ni el nacionalismo extremo ni el cosmopolitismo extremo son éticamente justificables. En cambio, proponemos el marco de prioridad justa para quienes residen en un país (PJR, por sus siglas en español), en el que los gobiernos pueden retener las dosis de la vacuna COVID-19 para quienes residen en el país solo en la medida en que sean necesarias para mantener un nivel de mortalidad que no sea de crisis mientras están implementando intervenciones razonables de salud pública. En la práctica, un nivel de mortalidad sin crisis es el experimentado durante una mala temporada de gripe, el cual la sociedad considera un riesgo de fondo aceptable. Los gobiernos toman medidas para limitar la mortalidad por influenza, pero no existe una emergencia que incluya confinamientos severos. Este "estándar de riesgo de gripe" es una heurística no arbitraria y generalmente aceptada. La mortalidad por encima del estándar de riesgo de gripe justifica mayores intervenciones gubernamentales, incluida la retención de vacunas para quienes residen en un país por sobre la necesidad global. El nivel preciso de vacunación necesario para cumplir con el estándar de riesgo de influenza dependerá de factores empíricos relacionados con la pandemia. Esto vincula los principios éticos a los datos científicos que surgen de la emergencia. Por lo tanto, el marco PJR reconoce que los gobiernos deben priorizar la adquisición de vacunas para su país cuando sea necesario para reducir la mortalidad a niveles similares a los de la gripe sin crisis. Pero después de eso, un gobierno está obligado a hacer su parte para compartir vacunas para reducir los riesgos de mortalidad de las personas en otros países. Consideramos y rechazamos las objeciones al marco PJR basadas en que un país (1) haya desarrollado una vacuna, (2) haya aumentado los impuestos para pagar la investigación y compra de vacunas, (3) quiera eliminar las cargas económicas y sociales, y (4) sea ineficaz para combatir el COVID-19 a través de intervenciones de salud pública.

J. Brian Pitts

The problem of observables and their supposed lack of change has been significant in Hamiltonian quantum gravity since the 1950s. This paper considers the unrecognized variety of ideas about observables in the thought of Peter Bergmann, who invented observables. Whereas initially he required a constrained Hamiltonian formalism to be mathematically equivalent to the Lagrangian, in 1953 Bergmann and Schiller introduced a novel postulate, motivated by facilitating quantum gravity: observables were _invariant_ under transformations generated by _each individual_ first-class constraint. While modern works rely on Bergmann's authority and sometimes speak of "Bergmann observables," he had much to say about observables, plausible but not all consistent or remembered. At times he required observables to be locally defined (not changeless and global); at times he wanted them independent of the Hamiltonian formalism (not essentially involving separate first-class constraints). But typically he took observables to have vanishing Poisson bracket with each first-class constraint, purportedly justified by electrodynamics. He expected observables to be analogous to the transverse true degrees of freedom of electromagnetism. Hence there is no coherent concept of observables which he reliably endorsed. A revised definition of observables that satisfies the requirement that equivalent theories should have equivalent observables using the Rosenfeld-Anderson-Bergmann-Castellani gauge generator $G$, a tuned sum of first-class constraints that changes the canonical action $\int dt(p\dot{q}-H)$ by a boundary term. Bootstrapping from theory formulations with no first-class constraints, the "external" coordinate symmetry of GR calls for covariance ($4$-dimensional Lie derivative), not invariance ($0$ Poisson bracket), under $G$ (not each first-class constraint).

Crispin Sartwell

Preview: /Commentary: Richard Shusterman, Ars Erotica: Sex and Somaesthetics in the Classical Arts of Love (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), 436 pages./ Richard Shusterman’s work is remarkable, among other things, for extending the range and power of the discipline of aesthetics, conceived by him as fundamental to many dimensions of human experience. Indeed, he has driven aesthetics into entirely new ranges of phenomena and strategies for research, and also perhaps returned to an ancient sense of the centrality of aesthetic concepts such as beauty to virtually every human endeavor. In many ways, I think, Shusterman is fulfilling John Dewey’s vision as expressed in Art as Experience, as well as spelling out in detail the implications of his own early book Pragmatist Aesthetics, exploring the aesthetic dimensions of all sorts of human activities. Schusterman’s somaesthetics, however, takes what we might call the aesthetics, or ordinary experience, and centers it on the body in a way that Dewey could not have foreseen. The book might have been titled The Aesthetics of Sex, and as soon as he broaches the topic it strikes one that this subject has been remarkably neglected within philosophical aesthetics, or even in Western philosophy as a whole. Considered as dimensions or arenas of human experience, the aesthetic and the erotic, as Shusterman shows in replete multi-cultural detail, are bound up entirely and from the origins in many or even all cultures.

Luiz Bernardo Leite Araujo, Rennan Guerra Pinheiro

Em Uma teoria da justiça, John Rawls desenvolve os principais conceitos de sua concepção de justiça conhecida como “justiça como equidade”. Nosso foco é o aspecto distributivo desta concepção. O presente artigo procura mostrar características definidoras de uma sociedade organizada conforme as demandas de justiça dos dois princípios de justiça rawlsianos. Para tanto, exploramos os principais aspectos de uma democracia dos cidadãos-proprietários e do socialismo liberal, que são os exemplos de modelos de organização socioeconômica citados por Rawls como compatíveis com sua concepção de justiça.

Zohreh Mousavi-Kashi, Abolfazl Movafagh, Zohreh Mohsenikabir

سابقه و هدف: فرهنگ معنوی که دربردارندۀ ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای اخلاقی است، همراه با مسئولیت کارکنان درمان نقش مؤثري در بهبود و بازگشت سلامتی بیماران دارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تأثیر فرهنگ‌ معنوی بر مسئولیت اجتماعی با نقش میانجی سرمایۀ اجتماعی در بیمارستان‌های دولتی شهر تهران بود. روش کار: این پژوهش بر حسب هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش گردآوری داده‌ها توصیفی-پیمایشی است. جامعۀ آماری تمامی کارکنان بیمارستان‌های وابسته به دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران بود که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 384 نفر نمونۀ دردسترس انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور گردآوری اطلاعات از پرسش‌نامه‌های استاندارد مسئولیت اجتماعی کارول، سرمایۀ اجتماعی سازمانی ناهاپیت و گوشال و پرسش‌نامۀ محقق‌ساختۀ فرهنگ معنوی استفاده شد. برای سنجش پایایی و روایی پرسش‌نامه‌ها از روش آلفای کرونباخ و روايي محتوا از طریق روش دلفی استفاده شد که برای این منظور پرسش‌نامه­ها به تأیید متخصصان مربوط به آن رسید. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات به‌دست‌آمده در دو بخش توصیفی و استنباطی (آزمون کولموگروف-اسمیرنف، آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و آزمون رگرسیون چندگانه) انجام شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: بر اساس نتایج تحلیل عاملی، بارهای عاملی عوامل تشکیل‌دهنده بزرگ‌تر از 4/0 و اعداد معنی‌داری آنها بزرگ‌تر از 96/1 بود که تأیید می‌شود. میزان میانگین واریانس استخراج‌شده نیز باید بزرگ‌تر از 4/0 باشد که با توجه به نتایج به‌دست‌آمده همگی بالای 4/0 و نشان‌دهندۀ معنی‌داری بود. با توجه به آماره‌های T به‌دست‌آمده، هر سه فرضیۀ پژوهش در مقدار P 99 درصد پذیرفته شد. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد كه فرهنگ‌ معنوی با مسئولیت اجتماعی با نقش میانجی‌گری سرمایۀ اجتماعی رابطۀ مثبت، معني‌دار و مستقیم داشت. فرهنگ معنوی موجب می‌شود که مسئولیت‌پذیری در قبال وظایف بیشتر شود و به‌نوعی توجه به ارزش‌های جامعه و اخلاق‌مداری فرهنگی جامعه و مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی اهمیت پیدا کند که این امر بر رشد و توسعۀ فعالیت‌های بیمارستان‌های دولتی شهر تهران تأثیر می‌گذارد. ازاین‌رو، پیشنهاد می‌شود بیمارستان‌ها برای ایجاد بستر مناسب از برنامه‌های مؤثر از‌جمله آموزش جهت تقویت فرهنگ معنوی کارکنان استفاده کنند.

S. A. Venikoudis, F. P. Fronimos

Inflationary era of our Universe can be characterized as semi-classical because it can be described in the context of four-dimensional Einsteins's gravity involving quantum corrections. These string motivated corrections originate from quantum theories of gravity such as superstring theories and include higher gravitational terms as, Gauss-Bonnet and Chern-Simons terms. In this paper we investigated inflationary phenomenology coming from a scalar field, with quadratic curvature terms in the view of GW170817. Firstly, we derived the equations of motion, directly from the gravitational action. As a result, formed a system of differential equations with respect to Hubble's parameter and the inflaton field which was very complicated and cannot be solved analytically, even in the minimal coupling case. Based on the observations from GW170817, which have shown that the speed of the primordial gravitational wave is equal to the speed of light, our equations of motion where simplified after applying this constraint, the slow-roll approximations and neglecting the string corrections. We described the dynamics of inflationary phenomenology and proved that theories with Gauss-Bonnet term can be compatible with recent observations. Also, the Chern-Simons term leads to asymmetric generation and evolution of the two circular polarization states of gravitational wave. Finally, viable inflationary models are presented, consistent with the observational constraints. The possibility of a blue tilted tensor spectral index is briefly investigated.

C. Huang, Yong-Chang Huang, Xinfei Li

This paper gives both a general canonical quantum gravity theory and the general canonical quantum gravity theories of the Universe and general black hole, and discovers the relations reflecting symmetric properties of the standard nonlinear gravitational Lagrangian, which are not relevant to any concrete metric models. This paper concretely shows the general commutation relations of the general gravitational field operators and their zeroth, first, second and third style, respectively, of high order canonical momentum operators for the general nonlinear system of the standard gravitational Lagrangian, and then has finished all the four styles of the canonical quantization of the standard gravity.

Felipe Matti

Martín Arias Albisu

<p>In Idea for a universal history in cosmopolitan intention (1784), Kant presents the concept of an intention of nature that gives meaning and purpose to the history of humanity. The concept of this intention is a regulative idea of theoretical reason, and is then grounded by the doctrine of these ideas presented by Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason. The purpose of nature for the human being is the complete development of human dispositions, especially the rational one. As these dispositions are developed maximally within the framework of a just civil constitution, and as the establishment of this constitution would be useless if there were a situation of war between the different States, it becomes necessary to institute a confederation of them, possessing a coercive power, to legally settle conflicts. In Toward perpetual peace (1795), on the other hand, Kant presents the concept of a guarantee of nature for the asymptotic approach of the human being toward a condition of perpetual peace. The political form of this condition is that of a voluntary confederation of States without constitution or coercive power. The aforementioned guarantee of nature is not of a theoretical character, but of a practical character, because its function is not to provide knowledge, but to support the moral purpose of realizing the idea of perpetual peace asymptotically. This guarantee of nature is based on the teleological doctrine of nature set forth in the Critique of the power of judgment. The objective of this article is to present in detail the differences and similarities between the two teleological conceptions of nature that we have just outlined.<strong></strong></p>

Emanuele Orazi

We generalize the algorithm that establishes the correspondence between metric-affine Eddington-inspired Born-Infeld (EiBI) gravity and General Relativity (GR) to any bosonic matter sector. Along the way, a polished version of the proof of existence of a metric compatible frame associated to any metric-affine Ricci-Based Gravity (RBG) is presented. Particular attention is given to the problem of generating solutions of a RBG from the GR conterpart, providing a general recipe for the EiBI case. This extends previous results obtained for specific matter that included anisotropic fluids, scalar fields and electromagnetic fields.

G. Fanizza, G. Franchini, M. Gasperini et al.

We compute the modified friction coefficient controlling the propagation of tensor metric perturbations in the context of a generalized cosmological scenario based on a theory of gravity with quadratic curvature corrections. In such a context we discuss the differences between gravitational and electromagnetic luminosity distance, as well as the differences with the standard results based on the Einstein equations. We present numerical estimates of the modified luminosity distance on the cosmic redshift scale typical of Supernovae and standard sirens.

Rasmus Jaksland

Must a theory of quantum gravity have some truth to it if it can recover general relativity in some limit of the theory? This paper answers this question in the negative by indicating that general relativity is multiply realizable in quantum gravity. The argument is inspired by spacetime functionalism - multiple realizability being a central tenet of functionalism - and proceeds via three case studies: induced gravity, thermodynamic gravity, and entanglement gravity. In these, general relativity in the form of the Einstein field equations can be recovered from elements that are either manifestly multiply realizable or at least of the generic nature that is suggestive of functions. If general relativity, as argued here, can inherit this multiple realizability, then a theory of quantum gravity can recover general relativity while being completely wrong about the posited microstructure. As a consequence, the recovery of general relativity cannot serve as the ultimate arbiter that decides which theory of quantum gravity that is worthy of pursuit, even though it is of course not irrelevant either qua quantum gravity. Thus, the recovery of general relativity in string theory, for instance, does not guarantee that the stringy account of the world is on the right track; despite sentiments to the contrary among string theorists.

Luis Fernando Velásquez Córdoba

En el campo de la intervención clínica en psicología existen diversos modelos psicoterapéuticos, cada uno de los cuales está apoyado de manera particular en una cosmovisión y en una concepción antropológica del hombre. La concepción antropológica influye directamente en la manera como se realiza la invención terapéutica. En el caso de la Logoterapia considerada como uno de los modelos más representativos de la psicoterapia existencial, es posible identificar claramente que tanto su concepción antropológica como su intervención clínica se  fundamentan en principios éticos ampliamente reconocidos y sostenidos por la bioética, como son: el respeto por la vida y la dignidad de la persona, la importancia de la dimensión espiritual en el hombre o el sentido trascendente de la existencia humana, entre otros.

Ramunė Steponavičiūtė

Intellectual property legal protection is undoubtedly one of the most important factors and conditions of effective economic, social and cultural development in modern society. According to researchers, absolute majority of countries in the world have set criminal liability for certain crimes against intellectual property rights, including all of the European Union (hereinafter – EU) countries. One of those crimes is misappropriation of authorship. Yet the criminal laws of EU countries criminalise misappropriation of authorship very differently - some protect not only author rights but also related rights, the conditions for criminal liability in the general corpus delicti are of a very different scope as well as the punishments for those crimes differ significantly. This analysis will present the scope of criminal liability in all the EU countries, including the reasons why, as well as will try to find the answer whether ways of coping with these difficulties exist.

Bruce W. Jordan, Yevgeny Zaytman

Let $K$ be a number field and ${\mathcal O}$ be the ring of $S$-integers in $K$. Morgan, Rapinchuck, and Sury have proved that if the group of units ${\mathcal O}^{\times}$ is infinite, then every matrix in ${\rm SL}_2({\mathcal O})$ is a product of at most $9$ elementary matrices. We prove that under the additional hypothesis that $K$ has at least one real embedding or $S$ contains a finite place we can get a product of at most $8$ elementary matrices. If we assume a suitable Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, then every matrix in ${\rm SL}_2({\mathcal O})$ is the product of at most $5$ elementary matrices if $K$ has at least one real embedding, the product of at most $6$ elementary matrices if $S$ contains a finite place, and the product of at most $7$ elementary matrices in general.

Francisco José Vázquez Manzano

A partir de las reflexiones de Michel Foucault en torno al poder, la noción de biopolítica ha sido un topos común en el debate filosófico contemporáneo. Sin embargo, como ya advirtiese Giorgio Agamben, no es posible una comprensión de lo biopolítico sin un enriquecimiento de la noción de “vida” manejada por Foucault. A esta tarea se encomienda principalmente este trabajo, a través de un análisis de la noción de vida propuesta por Gilbert Simondon que permita arrojar luz sobre la naturaleza de lo biopolítico.