امروزه، علیرغم وجود فناوریهای جدید و تجهیزات پیشرفته چاپ، سایانوتایپ همچنان بهعنوان یکی از روشهای محبوب در میان هنرمندان و علاقهمندان به تاریخ عکاسی باقیمانده است. در این پژوهش به بررسی تاریخچه، شیمی چاپ سایانوتایپ، کاربردها و تاثیرات هنری آن پرداخته شده است. ابتدا نگاهی جامع به نقش این روش در تاریخ عکاسی و هنر میشود. در بخش شیمی چاپ سایانوتایپ پس از مرور و شناخت فرمولهای مواد حساسکننده و ایجاد رنگهای مختلف، با تحلیل جزئیات فرایندهای شیمیایی و مراحل اجرایی سایانوتایپ، درک عمیقتری از این روش و اهمیت آن در دوران گذشته و معاصر ایجاد خواهد شد. یکی از شاخههای این فناوری، مبحث روششناسی و فرایند اجرای چاپ است. در این راستا روشهای تهیه و ترکیب موادشیمیایی، بسترهای چاپ (کاغذ یا پارچه)، نحوه اجرا و پوشش مواد، نوردهی، پردازش و خشک کردن، مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نکته حائز اهمیت در سایانوتایپ، فرمولبندی و ترکیب مواد حساسکننده است که به عنوان یکی از مهمترین چالشهای این نوع چاپ محسوب میگردد. چالش دیگر این فناوری برای افراد و هنرمندانی که از آن بهره میبرند، آسیبپذیری و پایین آمدن کیفیت چاپ به دلیل قلیاییشدن در اثر کاربرد برخی مواد است که مورد بحث قرار گرفته است.
The paper reflects on the role of design in the proposal presented for the redevelopment process of a rural settlement in China. Design is here intended as the operative and, at the same time, ideal framework where architectural research moves, on one side, intersecting with other disciplines and, on the other side, renegotiating its own boundaries. The design strategy tested in this research focuses on the methodological synapses between the interpretative understanding of a site, supported by quantitative and qualitative evidence, and the grafting of design choices that claim relations of coherence, necessity, and creativity by enabling a dynamic ecology of practice. In the end, the design is a tool of both modification and understanding: two complementary aspects of processes related to architectural research.
Physical inactivity is associated with various chronic diseases and early death. The pandemic and the economic crisis worsened mental disorders and the inability to cope with stress in healthy ways. People with disabilities may represent a barometer to quantify and assess equal access to sports. A multilevel strategy for the development of both social and physical environments must overcome the ‘medical’ meaning of health, dealing increasingly with a broader disability culture design. The promotion of an active lifestyle for all is a thread common to design products and services, with several national and international proposals to enable both a physical and service-based accessibility to wellness opportunities. A short field research conducted during the pandemic, starting from a visual campaign for athletes with Down syndrome, suggested a wide-ranging reflection on sports as amusement, on inclusive language and on equal participation in sports opportunities.
Nikolai N. Shchechilin, John M. Pearson, Nicolas Chamel
The densest part of neutron star crusts may contain very exotic nuclear configurations, so-called nuclear pasta. We investigate the effect of nuclear symmetry energy on the existence of such phases in cold non-accreting neutron stars. For this purpose, we apply three Brussels–Montreal functionals based on generalized Skyrme effective interactions, whose parameters were accurately calibrated to reproduce both experimental data on nuclei and realistic neutron-matter equations of state. These functionals differ in their predictions for the density dependence of the symmetry energy. Within the fourth-order extended Thomas–Fermi method, we find that pasta occupies a wider region of the crust for models with a lower slope of the symmetry energy (and higher symmetry energy at relevant densities) in agreement with previous studies based on pure Thomas–Fermi approximation and compressible liquid-drop models. However, the incorporation of microscopic corrections consistently calculated with the Strutinsky integral method leads to a significant shift of the onset of the pasta phases to higher densities due to the enhanced stability of spherical clusters. As a result, the pasta region shrinks substantially and the role of symmetry energy weakens. This study sheds light on the importance of quantum effects for reliably describing pasta phases in neutron stars.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
در این پژوهش نخست هیدروکسید دوگانه لایهای Ni/Al به روش همرسوبی سنتز شده و سپس به عنوان جاذب برای حذف رنگ تارترازین از محلول آبی استفاده شده است. مشخصهیابی جاذب سنتزی توسط پراش پرتو ایکس و میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی انجام شد. در مطالعه فرآیند جذب سطحی بهینهسازی غلظت اولیه رنگ، زمان تماس، pH، مقدار جاذب و دما انجام گرفت. مقدار درصد حذف رنگ در شرایط بهینه 98 درصد و بیشینه ظرفیت جذب برابر mg.g-1 3333.33 بود. بررسیهای سینتیکی جذب سطحی بیانگر همخوانی این فرآیند از سینتیک شبه مرتبه اول میباشد. مطالعات ترمودینامیکی این پژوهش نشان داد فرآیند حذف رنگ توسط جاذب سنتزی، گرماده و خودبهخودی بوده که همراه با کاهش بینظمی است. دادههای بهدست آمده گویای این است که هیدروکسید دوگانه لایهای Ni/Al میتواند جاذب کارآمدی برای حذف تارترازین از محلول آبی باشد.
It has recently been shown that the tunneling wavefunction proposal is consistent with loop quantum geometry corrections, including both holonomy and inverse scale factor corrections, in the gravitational part of a spatially closed isotropic model with a positive cosmological constant. However, in the presence of inflationary potential, the initial singularity is kinetic-dominated, and the effective minisuperspace potential again diverges at the zero scale factor. As the wavefunction in loop quantum cosmology cannot increase towards the zero scale factor, the tunneling wavefunction seems incompatible. We show that consistently including inverse scale factor modifications, in scalar field Hamiltonian, changes the effective potential into a barrier potential, allowing the tunneling proposal. We also discuss the potential quantum instability of the cyclic universe, resulting from tunneling.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Superconformal mechanics describes superparticle dynamics in near-horizon geometries of supersymmetric black holes. We systematically study the minimal compatible set of constraints required for a gauged superconformal symmetry. Our study uncovers classes of sigma models, which are only scale invariant in their ungauged form and become fully conformal invariant only after gauging.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Analytical spherically symmetric static solution to the set of Einstein and Klein-Gordon equations in a synchronous reference frame is considered. In a synchronous reference frame, a static solution exists in the ultrarelativistic limit <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>ε</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. Pressure <i>p</i> is negative when matter tends to contract. The solution pretends to describe a collapsed black hole. The balance at the boundary with dark matter ensures the static solution for a black hole. There is a spherical layer inside a black hole between two “gravitational” radii <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>h</mi></msub><mo>></mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, where the solution exists, but it is not unique. In a synchronous reference frame, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>det</mi><msub><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>k</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>r</mi><mi>r</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> do not change signs. The non-uniqueness of solutions with boundary conditions at <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> makes it possible to find the gravitational field both inside and outside a black hole. The synchronous reference frame allows one to find the remaining mass of the condensate. In the model “<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi><msup><mrow><mfenced close="|" open="|"><mi>ψ</mi></mfenced></mrow><mn>4</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>”, total mass <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mfenced><mrow><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>k</mi></mrow></mfenced><mo> </mo><msub><mi>r</mi><mi>h</mi></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is three times that of what a distant observer sees. This gravitational mass defect is spent for bosons to be in the bound ground state, and for the balance between elasticity and density of the condensate.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Typefaces designed for the purpose of directional informative sign boards (DISB) communicate legible information related to drivers and passengers to navigate within road systems to: maintain road discipline and assist drivers to make instant decisions within a short period while operating a vehicle. The legibility of these typefaces works as a fundamental requirement. The reader's preference test (RPT) highlights that a typeface is unique due to its visual features–the anatomy of a typeface and it influences legibility performance, comprehension, memorability, priming, persuasion, perceptual fluency, and practical usage. This visual perception and the neurotic process of connecting human vision and brain is the intellectual cognition between; reader and information that acutely affects the reader to process information. When considering the amount of research work towards the advancement of DISB and typefaces designed for this purpose is at large within the western context, and more evident in Latin script but lacks in scripts such as Sinhala and Tamil within the Eastern regions. To fill this knowledge gap, the research contributes to Sinhala script discussed within the domain of typography research and proposes a draft typeface for Sri Lankan DISB. Considering legibility to be a required key factor in typefaces designed for the purpose of DISB the research methodology was structured into three stages. The first stage reviews legibility test methods, its measurements, testable factors usability and identifies the most relevant test to analyse typeface features. This section concludes by identifying RPT as the most relevant test with two variables: typeface personality traits and anatomy. Second stage adopts the two variables and tests six Sinhala typefaces that contain personality traits required for DISBs. It concludes with the identification of three typefaces that contain the required personality traits for DISB. The third stage analyses the anatomy of the three typefaces and proposes a draft Sinhala typeface for DISB. This stage redefines the two variables specific to Sinhala script and typography research. The stage concludes with a summary of the anatomical features of the proposed draft typeface and confirms a list of anatomical features required for Sri Lankan DISBs. The research also contributes to developing a methodology to analyse Sinhala typefaces, and draft new typefaces for specified communicative purposes. As for further research, the research the draft typeface to be developed and tested to font and to adapt to similar scripts and advanced typography research.
This paper discusses new experiments with the X0-specimen taken from steel sheets and numerical simulations to investigate the influence of proportional and non-proportional loading on damage and failure processes in the moderate stress state regime. The numerical simulations were based on a phenomenological, thermodynamically consistent anisotropic continuum damage model considering the effect of stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter on damage behavior. The proportional and non-proportional loading histories were compared and analyzed. During the experiments, digital image correlation (DIC) was used to assess strain fields on the surface of the specimens, while scanning electron microscopy allowed for an analysis of fracture surfaces (SEM). Numerical simulations reveal stress distributions and the evolution of stress states during the load path. The findings show the effectiveness of the experimental program for highly ductile metals, the accuracy of the presented continuum model as well as the influence of loading history on damage and failure behavior in steel sheets.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Design research is an important part of the field of design. It is fundamental to understand the influences and uphold the integrity of the research community and the quality and rigour of research dialogue while respecting diversity. In this interview with Louise Valentine, the paper investigates new trends in publishing or new solutions to improve the reading experience in the digital version. Inclusivity and transparency are key values in the design discipline, not only in geography but also in gender, career stages, and ethnicity. Currently, we are witnessing new formats of papers that are not scientific but have elements of provocation that allow researchers to explore design practices more freely.
Izabela Barwinska, Mateusz Kopec, Magdalena Łazińska
et al.
In this paper, the LENS technique with optimized parameters was applied to investigate the feasibility of Inconel 625 repair process. The process was performed on the substrate material heated to 300 °C at laser power of 550 W. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to microhardness and three-point bending tests to assess the effectiveness of the repair system. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the Inconel 625 specimens repaired by using the LENS system were similar or even better than those of the substrate material.
Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics, Physical and theoretical chemistry
Rizal Justian Setiawan, H. Hidayat, P. Putra
et al.
In the fabrication construction course held at the Fabrication Lab, Mechanical Engineering, Yogyakarta State University, it is necessary to provide workpieces in the form of metal pipe with sizes O 4“ to O 10". In cutting activity, metal pipe can shift or rotate, so that it is very dangerous for operator who conduct the cutting activity, especially if the pipe cutting activity is conducted using a grinding machine. Due to the condition of a round grinding stone and a cylindrical iron pipe, the case will run the risk of making the grinding machine or iron pipe slip. The use of saw is also less effective and less efficient due to it requires a lot of effort and time [1]. Based on the problems, researchers created the Horizontal Gas Cutting Machine as a tool for cutting iron pipe. The research method in the manufacture of machine used Research and Development (R&D) method. The machine project is conducted in five steps, such as needs analysis step, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. Working drawings on the machine design using Autodesk Inventor application. Production process on the machine includes making frames, casing, pipe support, assembling and painting. The result achieved is the creation of a horizontal gas cutting machine for cutting metal pipes that is able to cut pipes quickly, produces even pipe pieces, has brander features and is easy to operate
The pandemic is consequence of our mistaken relationship with nature is correct. It’s crucial to learn from past mistakes and it’s necessary to create a sustainable horizon of meaning for our thought and our action, centred on the health of the planet, with man as an integral part of nature.
The design can contribute: a Humanistic design, based on a civil commitment, that works with the territories, in in a cosmopolitan spirit, with an inclusive project; but also a design which, however, goes beyond Humanism, which takes away the central role of man – an anthropocentrism that through the ages has created numerous problems... -, in the name of a new accord, in harmony with nature as a whole.
The Francesco Faccini, Maurizio Montalti, Gionata Gatto, Giovanni Innella and Formafantasma’s designs can be a possible example of this new idea.
Shaw-Chiang Wong, Muhammad Zaffwan Idris, Wee-Chuen Tan
Traditionally, graphic design (GD) education focuses on the training of technical production skills to prepare graduates for entry-level employment. However, due to the new challenges and the expanding opportunities of emerging practices, GD graduates are expected to master a wide range of additional competencies beyond traditional scope. The study aims to identify the competencies required by future GD graduates in the context of Malaysia. A two-round modified Delphi technique was used to gain consensus from a panel of experts consisted of design educators and industry practitioners regarding the competencies needed by the graduates for effective work performance. A total of 108 competencies were generated. All accepted competencies were ranked ‘very important’ and ‘extremely important’ by at least 75 percent of the respondents in Round Two. These competencies could be classified into 29 subdomains under five components, i.e., cognitive competence, functional competence, personal competence, ethical competence, and meta-competencies. The findings of this study are useful for enhancing the education and employability of graphic designers as they provide a common vocabulary to relevant stakeholders about the standards of performance for new entrants to the GD profession.
Mechanical Engineering students acquire knowledge and skills in engineering design through several courses reaching from learning how to setup technical design drawings, CAD-courses, several courses dealing with machine elements and numerical analysis (FEM). In Mechanical Engineering the percentage of courses on engineering design covers, depending on the specific studies, from 10% in production engineering to 25% in engineering design of the overall credits. At the DHBW Engineering Design students are additionally encountered with a course on systematic approaches and processes (e.g. time to market process, agile project management, design thinking), diverse methods to facilitate and strengthen efficiency in the design and development process. In the last few years new concepts of education were implemented: Additive manufacturing allows the integration of prototyping, e-learning platforms allow the placement of pre- and post-educational content (blended learning) and therefore support open cooperation between students and lecturer. This paper reflects experiences in teaching creativity methods, e.g. brainwriting, brainstorming or TRIZ. It compares ‘classic’ lectures where methods are described by the lecturer (‘teacher-centred’ learning) to a concept of specific exercises, where students are asked to apply the methods in teams. This rather ‘student centred’ learning concept allocates time to discuss the methods and experiences made by applying them in class. At a later point in the learning process students get more information, reflective views and discussion points through an e-learning platform. In order to evaluate the students’ perception of the learning concepts a questionnaire-based survey was conducted among altogether 150 students in four courses, three Bachelor courses of different Engineering programmes and a Master course. The survey evaluates 1. which learning concept according to the students helps to broaden systematic and methodical creativity skills best, 2. which creativity methods students consider to be applicable in industry and 3. if these methods are already applied in the students’ companies. The latter point can be analysed as every student at DHBW Baden-Wuerttemberg Cooperative State University compulsorily has a contract with a company and spends half of the studies in on projects in industry. Thus, the paper gains valuable insights into approximately hundred companies of different branches and sizes. Besides the conceptual description of the learning approach on methodical skills and the survey itself, the paper also furnishes an overview of best-practice examples that aim at helping students to engage with the Engineering Design process, focussing in particular on supporting methods and their application in industry.