This article provides a new analysis of the recently published Carian inscription from Mengefe. It critically discusses the interpretation of the edition, demonstrates that it is mistaken at crucial points (in identifying the words for ‘grandfather’, ‘grandson’, and ‘and’ as well as a relative clause), and offers a more fitting translation (including an [appurtenance] adjective and a clitic correlative conjunction or disjunction), addressing neglected aspects of the inscription as well (a possible postposition and the word dividers).
Herbert Ernst Wiegand’s General Theory of Lexicography can be considered the most important lexicographical theory. It is presented in many essays and in the "Wörterbuch zur Lexikographie und Wörterbuchforschung. Dictionary of Lexicography and Dictionary Research" (2010-2020). The process of theory formation is analysed using the example of one of its sub-theories - the gloss theory. After a brief discussion of the theory’s foundations, the corrections and additions that have been made over the years of developing this theory, as well as inconsistencies and shortcomings, are discussed. This is an attempt to illustrate how complex and difficult both the gradual process of theory formation and the parallel presentation of this theory in dictionary form are, and to show that any contradictions and gaps in the theory itself or only in its description can have consequences for metalexicographical research.
This article focusses on the joint evolution of the spelling and meaning of the word ‘armada’ to refer to a(n) (armed) fleet of ships in early modern English texts, from its first uses in translations of Latin and Italian texts in the first half of the sixteenth century to Gazophylacium Anglicanum, a 1689 English dictionary of hard words, which explains its Latin origins and calls it “a word purely Spanish”. Rather than a word biography, I try to write the aural story of ‘armada’ by considering its variations in spelling over the period: the ‑a/‑o substitution for the final vowel and the ‑t‑/‑d‑/‑th‑ substitution for the intervocalic plosive. The main argument is that these substitutions reflect the phonetic processes at work in English borrowings from Romance languages for nouns derived from past participles of first-group verbs, which have similar morphological features in Latin (‑atus), Spanish (‑ado), and Italian (‑ato), and for which French adaptations of these Italian or Spanish terms may also have played a part in spelling choices.
This paper aims to describe and compare phonosemantic motivation in the English lexicon within a group of nouns expressing enthusiasm. From an emergent cognitive usage-based perspective (Bybee [2013], Traugott [2014] and Schmid [2020]), the lexicon is motivated by multiple motivational ties that are both syntagmatic and paradigmatic (see Booij & Audring [2018]), building a network of interconnected expressions of varying degrees of morphosyntactic complexity in the lexicon. The resulting structure is part of the larger constructicon of a language (Hoffmann [2017]), constantly evolving under the pressures of usage and changing networks of motivational ties. The phonological aspect of lexical items is an essential component in the makeup and the storage of words (Bybee [2013]). Diachronic lexical iconicity studies such as Flaksman [2017], [2020] suggest there is an iconic treadmill in place leading to loss of iconicity associated with regular sound change and semantic change. In order to test the iconicity within a set of words expressing enthusiasm this study carries out a lexicographic analysis followed by a diachronic corpus study of sixteen phonologically motivated expressions using the COHA and the OEC. Our study will focus on a dataset of nouns with iconic roots expressing , including rah-rah, gung-ho, zhuzh and pizzazz. The lexicographic analysis using the OED determines dates of emergence, etymological origins and semantic development of the expressions (also see Smith [2020]), and the COHA and the OEC corpora provide a distributional semantic analysis of the target words (Hilpert & Perek [2017]). The results show that there is some shared semantic space (i.e. similar collocational behaviour) amongst expressive nouns denoting , but frequencies and productivities vary. In addition, these nouns have strong diastratic (colloquial, slang) and diatopic properties (American English). This study illustrates that iconicity is tied to the global issue of competition and regulation within the lexicogrammatical continuum – the balance between innovation, creativity and expressivity on the one hand, and economy, stability and convention on the other hand (Goldberg [2019]).
The Meaning and Functions of Textual Exemplifications in a Dialect Dictionary
The article presents the expediency of using different types and methods of interpreting words and emphasises the importance of exemplifications in dialect lexicography. The practice of publishing thematic dictionaries has shown that in the case of dialect dictionaries of the differential type there is a need to use extensive text, that is, exemplification, which is linguistically interpreted as clarification of the meaning of a word by way of examples. In dialect dictionaries, exemplification is of particular importance as it complements and expands the set of ways of conveying the meaning of a word already known in lexicography, such as interpretation through the description of an object or its part; interpretation through concepts; interpretation through the selection of a literary counterpart (translation from another language); interpretation through the selection of synonyms or antonyms, etc. The interpretation of the lexeme through the text is superimposed on one of the ways of explaining the meaning used in the dictionary article. Exemplification is considered to be a cultural phenomenon that has its own unique semantics, created by accumulating ritual terms, phraseological units, verbs with magical meaning, names of household items. In ritual texts, these are also nominations that specify the plan of the text in terms of realia, action, agentivity, time and space. The semantic centre of such texts are the names of rituals and their attributes, the names of magical actions, etc.
Znaczenie i funkcje przykładów tekstowych w słowniku gwarowym
Artykuł omawia celowość stosowania różnych rodzajów i metod interpretacji wyrazów oraz podkreśla znaczenie egzemplifikacji w leksykografii gwarowej. Praktyka wydawania słowników tematycznych pokazuje, że w słownikach gwarowych typu dyferencyjnego zachodzi potrzeba posługiwania się obszernym tekstem, czyli egzemplifikacją, co w językoznawstwie interpretowane jest jako wyjaśnianie znaczenia wyrazu za pomocą przykładów. W słownikach gwarowych egzemplifikacja nabiera szczególnego znaczenia, gdyż uzupełnia i poszerza znany już w leksykografii zestaw sposobów oddawania znaczenia wyrazu takich jak: interpretacja poprzez opis przedmiotu lub jego części; interpretacja poprzez pojęcia; interpretacja poprzez wybór odpowiednika literackiego (przekład z innego języka); interpretacja poprzez wybór synonimów lub antonimów itp. Na jeden ze sposobów wyjaśniania znaczenia zastosowany w artykule słownikowym nakłada się interpretacja leksemu poprzez tekst. Egzemplifikacja jest uważana za zjawisko kulturowe, które ma swoją własną, unikalną semantykę tworzoną przez nagromadzenie terminów rytualnych, frazeologizmów, czasowników o znaczeniu magicznym, nazw przedmiotów użytku domowego. W tekstach obrzędowych są to również nominacje określające plan tekstu pod względem realemów, akcji, agentywności, czasu i przestrzeni. Centrum semantyczne takich tekstów stanowią nazwy obrzędów i ich atrybutów, nazwy czynności magicznych itp.
Philology. Linguistics, Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
The Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography has been publishing general purpose geographical atlases since the 1960s. The most prominent of these is the World Atlas, which has seen seven editions, edited by several editors-in-chief, who mostly retained the initial concept of the atlas, but introduced new editorial ideas and styles. It is the only wholly Croatian world atlas, commercially among the most successful publications of the Institute of Lexicography, and one of the most widespread atlases in Croatia. Therefore, it is presumed that it was of exceptionally high significance in the production of geographical world atlases in Croatia. The goal of this paper is to show whether this presumption is justified. An analysis of some characteristics (ideas, specificities, atlas structure and chapters, maps, approaches, writing style) of the Institute’s and selected translated world atlases in the period from the printing of the first (1961) to the last Institute’s atlas (2008) was made, and the results were compared in order to achieve the goals of this research: a) identify the similarities and differences (specificities) of the Institute’s atlas in regard to atlases of other publishers, b) estimate the influence of the Institute’s atlas in spreading geographical knowledge, and c) determine its significance in Croatian atlas cartography. The research results point towards the exceptional importance of the Institute’s atlas, which stems from its specificities. It stands out among the others because it depicts the world from a Croatian perspective, reflects a high level of professionalism in content processing by applying the principles of comprehensiveness and consistence, contains a strong textual component, sets norms in writing geographical names from foreign languages, presents its own maps, and applies a lexicographical writing style.
The article presents Lithuanian linguistic cultural image of LIE (MELAS) reconstructed from lexicographic data. The analysis of the lexicographic definitions of this lexeme in Lithuanian dictionaries (The Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, The Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian, the dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms and Lithuanian etymological sources) provides two views of the concept: synchronic and diachronic. The diachronic view shows the semantic development of the word, the specification of its meaning (the loss of the primary and the acquisition of new meanings). The synchronic view shows the basic meaning of the concept and its profiles in contemporary language. The research revealed that the basic meaning is LIE as a subject’s purposeful distortion of reality with the purpose of deception. The dominating aspects are: a subject’s purposeful activity and an object that a subject wants to deceive. Lexicographic data distinguished several profiles of LIE: (1) LIE as entertainment (when lie is used for joking, visual storytelling and has no negative purpose), (2) LIE as unethical issue (when lying is seen as negative, sinister activity) and (3) LIE as psychologically necessary element of life (when lie is seen as useful, helping to get out of difficult situations). The analysis is concluded with the cognitive definition of lie, providing its linguo-cultural view in Lithuanian.
RESUMO: Sabe-se que o processo de ensino-aprendizagem de língua na atualidade requer a inserção do aluno em práticas pedagógicas diversificadas, uma vez que a chamada era digital desencadeia uma série de mudanças na maneira de se construir o conhecimento. Nesse sentido, a utilização de novos recursos didáticos ganha espaço no contexto escolar, tais como os dicionários online. Este artigo tem por objetivo evidenciar a organização, a partir de campos temáticos, dos lexemas de nossa proposta de dicionário temático infantil online, DTI, em construção, especialmente desenvolvida para alunos que cursam do segundo ao quinto ano do ensino fundamental. A principal base teórica está alicerçada nos fundamentos da Lexicologia e da Lexicografia. Como resultado de nossas análises, defende-se que discussões dessa natureza podem contribuir com a criação e o aperfeiçoamento de obras cada vez mais funcionais, específicas e com um maior potencial para atender às necessidades de seu público-alvo.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: lexicologia; lexicografia; campo temático; dicionário online.
ABSTRACT: It is known that the current process of teaching and learning language requires the insertion of the student in diverse pedagogical practices since the so-called digital era triggers a series of changes in the way we build knowledge. In this sense, the use of new didactic resources gains space in the school context, such as online dictionaries. This article aims at demonstrating the organization, from thematic fields, of the lexemes of our proposal for an online thematic children's dictionary, TCD, under construction, specially developed for students who study from the second to fifth years of elementary education. The main theoretical basis are the foundations of Lexicology and Lexicography. As a result of our analysis, it is argued that discussions of this nature can contribute to the creation and improvement of works that are increasingly functional, specific and with greater potential to meet the needs of their target audience.
KEYWORDS: lexicology, lexicography; thematic field; online dictionary.
In the middle of the XVII century the Discalced Carmelite Padre Vincenzo Maria of Saint Caterina of Siena visited India and, when he returned, drew up his travel account, titled Il Viaggio alle Indie Orientali. This work plays a key role in the context of Italian travel accounts about India. However, despite its importance, it is rather surprising that no significant research has been conducted to investigate in deep this text, edited for the last time in 1683. The aim of the present paper is to pursue its analysis, in particular offering an etymological research and a critical examination of a consistent part of the botanical terms mentioned and explained by Padre Vincenzo Maria. As we will show, many of these terms appeared for the first time, in an Italian text and in some few cases in an European one, in Padre Vincenzo Maria’ s work.
In 1879 the architect Ricardo Marcos Bausá publishes the Manual del albañil (Madrid, Gregorio Estrada), a volume that belongs to the Biblioteca Enciclopédica Popular Ilustrada, a collection of manuals that present “de un modo claro y tangible los resultados que la experiencia, auxiliada de la ciencia, dicta como leyes y reglas fijas que deben tenerse en cuenta en cada oficio”. This paper presents the lexicon of masonry is in the Manual and analysis procedures used by Ricardo Marcos to explain and translate into common language.
Romanic languages, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
This paper attempts to answer the question “How are metaphors born?”, as far as lexical creation in slang is concerned. Quite a number of theorists (e.g. F. Rastier, U. Eco, M. Le Guern, G. Lakoff & M. Johnson) posit that sememes are thoroughly examined prior to the isolation of one seme for the creation of a metaphor, which appears not to be compatible with the characteristics of slang; this suggests another mechanism is at work here, one for which the name “magnifying-glass effect” is proposed. How this works is described in the “autopsy” of an almost live metaphor of French slang and in the analysis of a corpus of English slang words and expressions; these also stress the strong link between metonymy and metaphor, which are indeed the two essential semantic processes at work in slang.
We use the theory of lexicographic shellability to provide various examples in which the rank of the homology of a Rees product of two partially ordered sets enumerates some set of combinatorial objects, perhaps according to some natural statistic on the set. Many of these examples generalize a result of J. Jonsson, which says that the rank of the unique nontrivial homology group of the Rees product of a truncated Boolean algebra of degree $n$ and a chain of length $n-1$ is the number of derangements in $\S_n$.\
Within the field of lexicography there are numerous differences when it comes to the interpretation of the term lexicography and differences in determining the nature, extent and scope of this term. Although it is widely accepted that lexicography consist of two components, i.e. theoretical lexicography and the lexicographic practice, different definitions of lexicography give no unambiguous reflection of this distinction and of the individual components. This paper looks at some prevailing diverse uses and interpretations of the word lexicography. This is followed by proposals to ensure a transformative, unified and comprehensive interpretation of this concept.
Philology. Linguistics, Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania