Hasil untuk "International relations"

C. Hermann

D. Elson, R. Pearson

Waleed Rasool, Malik Waleed

Invoking Section 98 of the Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, the State Department of the Government in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir recently ordered the forfeiture of 25 scholarly books, citing them as ‘seditious’ or ‘anti-national.’ Applicable to the Union Territory of J&K, the law provides legal cover for suppressing dissenting literature. This action marks the third phase of such censorship, following earlier bans imposed by India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, and extends beyond Kashmir to prohibit the possession, circulation, and distribution of these works across India—signaling a broader effort to silence alternative narratives. [i]   This review essay featuring these 25 works has been divided into two parts. The following part, i.e. second part covers reviews remaining 12 books. The first part, published in Policy Perspectives Vol 22, Issue 2 (2025) featured reviews of 13 books.   [i]    “Bookstore raids in Kashmir by police prompt widespread criticism,” Al Jazeera, February 19, 2025, https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2025/2/19/police-in-disputed-kashmir-raid-bookstores-seizing-books

Amar Hadzihasanovic, Jean-Simon Pacaud Lemay

The Eighth International Conference on Applied Category Theory took place at the University of Florida on June 2-6 2025. The conference consisted of 2 plenary invited talks, 28 contributed talks, an online community meeting, a general community meeting, and 4 talks by junior researchers who attended the Adjoint School to present the results of their research at the school. Information regarding the conference may be found at https://gataslab.org/act2025/act2025.html. Submission to ACT2025 had three tracks: extended abstracts, software demonstrations, and proceedings. Accepted proceedings track submissions are included in this volume. The contributions to ACT2025 ranged from pure to applied and included contributions in a wide range of disciplines. ACT2025 included talks related to computer science, probability theory, chemistry, string diagrams, game semantics, quantum computation, and more.

Pär Cassel

The government of the People’s Republic of China has become known for guarding its international image jealously and often reacts against real or perceived slights against China with demands for an apology. Building on insights from the works of Robert Bickers, this article argues that the official Chinese insistence on the “politics of apology” can be traced back to late imperial China’s socialization into the world community under the treaty port system, when foreign powers often demanded that the Qing government perform various acts of repentance for missteps in its foreign relations.

Mykhaylo Khalamandro

Relevance of the research is determined by the need for Ukrainian businesses to adapt to global shifts in the structure of production and logistics chains, which are undergoing significant transformation due to military aggression, growing geoeconomic competition, and the technological reorientation of global power centers. In the context of the West’s drive to diversify supply chains and build resilient partnerships - particularly through nearshoring and friendshoring mechanisms - there arises a need to assess the potential of Ukrainian entrepreneurs to integrate into the renewed architecture of supply networks. Deepening cooperation with the United States is seen as a key driver for the modernization of Ukraine’s industrial sector and the strengthening of transatlantic economic relations. The aim of the research is to examine the involvement of Ukrainian entrepreneurs in the transformation of global supply chains and to identify current directions of strategic cooperation with the United States, taking into account existing challenges and market prospects. Research methodology is based on the application of a systems approach, institutional analysis, comparative methods, and case studies of real economic cooperation between Ukrainian companies and international partners. Data have been synthesized from open-source analytical materials, government reports, and corporate strategies. Research results reflect the gradual adaptation of Ukrainian businesses to the requirements of new global logistics configurations, particularly through process digitalization, implementation of international standards (ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 27701), and the development of production clusters oriented toward Western markets. It has been revealed that cooperation with the U.S. is shifting from a traditional export model to partnership-based integration in key sectors such as critical infrastructure, IT, pharmaceuticals, and energy. Conclusions confirm the existence of considerable, though partially realized, potential for Ukrainian enterprises in the emerging supply chain system. It has been established that the realization of this potential requires systemic changes in infrastructure, institutional regulation, and international technical compliance. Prospects for further research involve an in-depth analysis of mechanisms for engaging small and medium-sized enterprises in transatlantic supply chains, as well as an assessment of the impact of regulatory changes in cybersecurity, export control, and certification on the dynamics of Ukrainian-American economic cooperation.

Konstantin Kaulen, Tobias Ladner, Stanley Bak et al.

This report summarizes the 6th International Verification of Neural Networks Competition (VNN-COMP 2025), held as a part of the 8th International Symposium on AI Verification (SAIV), that was collocated with the 37th International Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV). VNN-COMP is held annually to facilitate the fair and objective comparison of state-of-the-art neural network verification tools, encourage the standardization of tool interfaces, and bring together the neural network verification community. To this end, standardized formats for networks (ONNX) and specification (VNN-LIB) were defined, tools were evaluated on equal-cost hardware (using an automatic evaluation pipeline based on AWS instances), and tool parameters were chosen by the participants before the final test sets were made public. In the 2025 iteration, 8 teams participated on a diverse set of 16 regular and 9 extended benchmarks. This report summarizes the rules, benchmarks, participating tools, results, and lessons learned from this iteration of this competition.

David Dessler

Recent developments in the philosophy of science, particularly those falling under the rubric of “scientific realism,” have earned growing recognition among theorists of international relations but have failed to generate substantive programs of research. Consequently, the empirical relevance of much philosophical discourse, such as that centering on the agent-structure problem in social theory, remains unestablished. This article attempts to bridge the gap between the philosophy and practice of science by outlining a model of international structure based on the principles of scientific realism and by considering its implications for a structural research program in international relations theory. Appealing to Imre Lakatos's methodology of theorychoice, the article presents an ontological case for adopting a “transformational” model of structure over the “positional” model developed in the work of Kenneth Waltz. The article demonstrates that the positional approach offers no conceptual or explanatory hold on those features of the international structure that are the intended products of state action. In conclusion, the article argues that the stakes in the agent-structure debate include the capacity to generate integrative structural theory and the ability to theorize the possibilities for peaceful change in the international system.

Noureen Akhtar

In the third decade of 21st century, cyber security has become a completely developed national security paradigm like other prominent security paradigms such as physical security, economic security, and food security. Unmatched pace of technological advancements in the fields of Information Technology, Artificial Intelligence, automation, and communication services have transformed key processes of governance, commerce, and trade from physical to cyber space. As human dependence on cyber technologies increased new questions about the prevailing security models has come to the fore during the same time. Concepts like network security, data security or infrastructure security are no longer isolated domains but have transformed as securitization of cyber domain has become an ongoing global phenomenon.  This paper focuses on how this transformation of geopolitical conflicts, from physical to cyber arena, is taking place where traditional concepts of conventional war are changing. It also examines how cyber security threat matrix is diametrically different from all prevailing military doctrinal construct? These questions certainly demand a new theoretical framework that can put this rapidly emerging new security paradigm. This study attempts to address this important question as well while taking the international and regional developments with special focus on the emerging cyber security domain in Iran.

Leo Freitas

The International Systems of Quantities (ISQ) standard was published in 1960 to tame the wide diversity of measurement systems being developed across the world, such as the centimetre-gram-second versus the meter-kilogram-second for example. Such a standard is highly motivated by the potential of ``trivial'' (rather error-prone) mistakes in converting between incompatible units. There have been such accidents in space missions, medical devices, etc. Thus, rendering modelling or simulation experiments unusable or unsafe. We address this problem by providing a \textbf{SAFE}-ISQ VDM-library that is: Simple, Accurate, Fast, and Effective. It extends an ecosystem of other VDM mathematical toolkit extensions, which include a translation and proof environment for VDM in Isabelle at https://github.com/leouk/VDM_Toolkit.

M. A. Novikova, M. G. Kulikova

The article is devoted to the solution of the problem of improving the quality of wastewater treatment by improving the treatment facilities. The article deals with the main methods of purification and the quality indicators of sewage, a promising solution is proposed for the environmental problems of the region.

S. I. Chernyavskiy

The article analyzes the changes in the South Caucasus associated with the results of the Armenian-Azerbaijani hostilities in the fall of 2020. According to the author, a radical breakdown of the geopolitical configuration of the region took place. The long-term ethnopolitical conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan is a thing of the past, the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Republic of Artsakh) practically ceased to exist. For the first time in 30 years, Russian peacekeepers have returned to these lands. The role of Turkey, a longtime arbiter of Caucasian affairs, has been revived. An end has been put in the most important of the interethnic conflicts that have destroyed the USSR since the late 1980s. And it was Russia who did it.As a result, each of the two republics controls only its internationally recognized territories, while Karabakh continues to exist de facto under the control of Russian peacekeepers. The decisiveness of V. Putin, who took upon himself the rescue of the civilian population and the settlement of the conflict, his ability to “persuade” irreconcilable enemies to stop the war and agree with the subsequent “peacekeeping intervention” contributed to a noticeable increase in Russia’s prestige in the region. However, the role of an independent arbiter capable of solving “insoluble” problems is impossible without strong political, legal, economic and military positions in the region. Therefore, the expansion of the Russian presence in the Transcaucasus is a factor of strategic importance that meets the national interests of Russia. The author believes that given the dismissive and consumerist attitude of the ruling elite of Armenia towards Russia, the time has come to adjust the choice of strategic partners in the South Caucasus. Azerbaijan is actively cooperating with Russia in key areas of world politics. One of the examples is the creation on the initiative of I. Aliyev of new formats of trilateral diplomacy in the composition of Azerbaijan-Turkey-Russia and Azerbaijan-Iran-Russia. An equally significant example is cooperation with Baku within the framework of the “Caspian Five”.Taking into account the specifics of the “multi-vector” nature of the South Caucasian states, it is advisable to conduct constant monitoring of Russian approaches to relations with them from the point of view of equal and pragmatic cooperation. This will make it possible to avoid that the resulting vacuum will be occupied by other powers that have been making themselves known more and more in recent years. Therefore, it is vitally important for Moscow that the authorities of the South Caucasus take into account its political interests.

Emanuele De Angelis, Wim Vanhoof

This volume constitutes the pre-proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR 2021), held on 7-8th September 2021 as a hybrid (blended) meeting, both in-person (at the Teachers' House in Tallinn, Estonia) and virtual, and co-located with the 23rd International Symposium on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP 2021). After discussion at the symposium papers will go through a second round of refereeing and selection for the formal proceedings.

Tianxiang Sun, Yunhua Zhou, Xiangyang Liu et al.

As a simple technique to accelerate inference of large-scale pre-trained models, early exiting has gained much attention in the NLP community. It allows samples to exit early at internal classifiers without passing through the entire model. Most existing work usually trains the internal classifiers independently and employs an exiting strategy to decide whether or not to exit based on the confidence of the current internal classifier. However, none of these works takes full advantage of the fact that the internal classifiers are trained to solve the same task therefore can be used to construct an ensemble. In this paper, we show that a novel objective function for the training of the ensemble internal classifiers can be naturally induced from the perspective of ensemble learning and information theory. The proposed training objective consists of two terms: one for accuracy and the other for the diversity of the internal classifiers. In contrast, the objective used in prior work is exactly the accuracy term of our training objective therefore only optimizes the accuracy but not diversity. Further, we propose a simple voting-based strategy that considers predictions of all the past internal classifiers to infer the correct label and decide whether to exit. Experimental results on various NLP tasks show that our proposed objective function and voting-based strategy can achieve better accuracy-speed trade-offs.

A. M. Vasiliev

Over the course of the prolonged US war in Vietnam, the bloodiest one after World War II, it became obvious that there was no alternative to a negotiation process. Important reasons were the impossibility for Washington to win the battlefield and the rise of anti-war sentiment in the United States. The author tried to show how certain psychological characteristics of US leaders led to the war and then eventually to negotiations. When started negotiations were accompanied by military action. The course of the war and negotiations was influenced by Soviet military assistance to the DRV, as well as by relations in the triangle of the USSR - USA - China. The time of detente between the USSR and the USA coincided with war in Vietnam, which influenced the behavior of the Soviet leaders, as evidenced by the recollections of the USSR ambassador to the United States A. Dobrynin.The Politburo of the Central Committee had disagreements regarding Vietnam and detente with the United States. But the war weakened US international stance and contributed to the achievement of strategic agreements with the USSR.The main objectives of the DRV in the negotiations were to stop US bombings and then withdrawal of US troops. The United States sought to maintain the Saigon puppet regime for some time after the withdrawal of its troops from South Vietnam. Washington’s main goal was to “save its face”, declaring defeat a “victory”. To achieve this goal the war and negotiations dragged on for years, and on the eve of the signing of the agreements, the most fierce bombing of the DRV was carried out.Thanks to the powerful air defense created with the help of the USSR, the DRV won the “air Dien Bien Fu”.The United States was forced to sign a peace agreement, which provided for the complete cessation of all US military operations in Vietnam, the withdrawal of all American troops, but left the North Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam together with the armed forces of the National Liberation Front along with the decaying and doomed to death Saigon regime. In 1975 its army was defeated the regime capitulated, which ensured the subsequent reunification of South and North Vietnam.The Vietnamese people defeated the American colossus, having suffered terrible sacrifices themselves, but achieved the national goal - the withdrawal of the Americans and the unification of the country. The full support of Vietnam can be seen as a successes story of Soviet foreign policy.

Mala Htun, S. L. Weldon

D. Stone

R. Jackson

K. Deutsch, J. Singer

J. Hyndman