Recent JWST observations of Lyman-$α$ emission at $z \sim 11-6$ indicate a rapid reionization of the intergalactic medium within the first $\sim700$ Myr. The required Lyman continuum (LyC) photon budget may naturally arise from the unexpectedly high galaxy number densities revealed by JWST, reducing the need for scenarios invoking very high LyC escape fractions ($f_{\rm esc}\gtrsim0.2$) or dominant contributions from ultra-faint galaxies ($M_{\rm UV}>-15$) in the standard $Λ$CDM framework. In this work, we model the reionization history under the Early Dark Energy (EDE) paradigm -- originally proposed to ease the Hubble tension -- which also explains the observed over-abundance of high-$z$ galaxies without extreme star formation efficiencies. The EDE model yields reionization histories consistent with current constraints while requiring only moderate LyC escape fractions and UV luminosity densities ($f_{\rm esc}\sim 0.05-0.1$, $M_{\rm UV}\lesssim -17$ to $-15$). Our results suggest that, once key astrophysical parameters are better constrained, the reionization history could serve as an independent and complementary probe of EDE cosmologies.
Mohammad Reza Shegarf Nakhaei, Parastoo Amiri, Esmat Davoudi Monfared
et al.
Abstract Background Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent among hospitalized patients and can adversely affect treatment outcomes, yet referral rates for psychiatric consultation remain low. The COVID-19 pandemic created unique psychosocial and healthcare challenges that may have influenced consultation patterns, particularly in Iran, where cultural stigma often limits mental health care. This study investigated the causes and frequency of psychiatric consultation requests for hospitalized patients before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Methods This study was a cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized during the summers of 2019 and 2020 at Vasei Hospital, Sabzevar, Iran. Eligible cases included patients with at least one documented psychiatric consultation. Demographics, referral reasons, DSM-5 diagnoses, and substance use history were extracted. Data were analyzed with chi-square, t-tests, and logistic regression in SPSS 22. Results Psychiatric consultations were requested for 161 out of 3,622 admissions in 2019 (4.4%) and for 147 out of 2,694 admissions in 2020 (5.4%, p = 0.083). Suicide attempts were the primary reason for referrals, but their proportion declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, while incidents of agitation and anxiety increased. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2–2.8, P = 0.004) and the presence of delirium (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.1–5.3, P = 0.031) were independent predictors of psychiatric consultation during the pandemic period. Conclusion Overall consultation rates remained stable, but diagnostic changes reflected the indirect mental health burden of COVID-19. Strengthening consultation-liaison psychiatry, routine screening, and culturally tailored interventions are essential for future pandemic preparedness. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
Shahidul Islam, Ashik Aowal, Md Sharif Uddin
et al.
Reconstructing a method's change history efficiently and accurately is critical for many software engineering tasks, including maintenance, refactoring, and comprehension. Despite the availability of method history generation tools such as CodeShovel and CodeTracker, existing evaluations of their effectiveness are limited by inaccuracies in the ground truth oracles used. In this study, we systematically construct two new oracles -- the corrected CodeShovel oracle and a newly developed HistoryFinder oracle -- by combining automated analysis with expert-guided manual validation. We also introduce HistoryFinder, a new method history generation tool designed to improve not only the accuracy and completeness of method change histories but also to offer competitive runtime performance. Through extensive evaluation across 400 methods from 40 open-source repositories, we show that HistoryFinder consistently outperforms CodeShovel, CodeTracker, IntelliJ, and Git-based baselines in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. Moreover, HistoryFinder achieves competitive runtime performance, offering the lowest mean and median execution times among all the research-based tools. While Git-based tools exhibit the fastest runtimes, this efficiency comes at the cost of significantly lower precision and recall -- leaving HistoryFinder as the best overall choice when both accuracy and efficiency are important. To facilitate adoption, we provide a web interface, CLI, and Java library for flexible usage.
Non-Markovian stochastic processes are ubiquitous in biology. Nevertheless, we lack a general framework for quantifying historical dependencies. In this Letter, we propose an information-theoretic approach to decompose history dependence in systems with non-Markovian dynamics, quantifying the information encoded in dependencies of each order. In minimal models of non-Markovian dynamics, we show that this framework correctly captures the underlying historical dependencies, even when autocorrelations do not. In prolonged recordings of fly behavior, we find that the scaling of non-Markovian dependencies is invariant across timescales from fractions of a second to minutes. Despite this invariance, the overall amount of non-Markovian information is non-monotonic, suggesting a unique timescale on which historical dependencies are strongest.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to understand the spatial and temporal evolution of the level of rule of law government construction in China and the mechanism of influence, in an attempt to expand the research direction of legal geography, and to provide empirical cases for how developing countries can promote the rule of law construction under unbalanced geographic, economic and institutional conditions. The study investigates the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of law-based government construction levels in each of China’s 31 provincial administrative regions from 2015 to 2022, employing the Moran index and geographic detectors. The results show: (1) The construction level of law-based government in each provincial administrative region has exhibited a clear upward trend, shifting from predominantly “low” and “medium-low” levels to predominantly “medium-high” and “high” levels. (2) The construction level of law-based government and its development type exhibit clear spatial aggregation in each region. The spatial distribution of the four categorized types shows continuity and obvious characteristics of agglomeration. (3) The construction of a law-based government is influenced by economic, social, environmental, and political factors. The basic economic system, level of economic development, and resources per capita available to the administration have the greatest impact. The interaction between these factors significantly enhances their influence on the level of law-based government construction. The improvement of the level of rule of law government construction not only depends on the economic foundation and institutional resources, but is also affected by multiple factors such as urbanization development, demographic structure, public service provision, and institutional innovation path.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Social Sciences
INTRODUCTION. Herbal medicinal products are widely used in medical practice. Special considerations apply to the extent of safety and efficacy studies required for herbal medicinal products in different countries, as documented in their marketing authorisation frameworks. Currently, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) lacks guidelines on the extent of preclinical and clinical studies required for herbal medicinal products.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the possibility of using international standards and approaches in the development of the EAEU guidelines for preclinical and clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products.DISCUSSION. First of all, marketing authorisation of herbal medicinal products involves special considerations because these medicinal products contain complex mixtures of bioactive substances. According to the analysis of the regulatory approaches of the European Union (EU), the United States of America (USA), and the EAEU, the safety and efficacy testing requirements for herbal medicinal products are harmonised to a certain degree. The terms used for herbal substances and herbal medicinal products have almost identical definitions in all the studied documents. Despite the differences in their typological classifications of herbal medicinal products, the EU and USA documents provide similar principles for determining the required extent of published data and original studies on the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products. Mainly, the extent depends on the herbal medicinal product’s history of previous human use and completed preclinical and clinical studies (if any), type (original/generic), intended administration route (traditional/new), and indications (established/new). Some of the approaches presented in the article are only partially included in the current EAEU regulatory documents.CONCLUSIONS. The discussed approaches can be considered in the development of the EAEU guidelines for preclinical and clinical studies of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products. Such guidelines will contribute to providing the population with broad-spectrum herbal medicinal products that meet current safety and efficacy standards.
This short paper describes the first steps in a project to construct a knowledge graph for Brazilian history based on the Brazilian Dictionary of Historical Biographies (DHBB) and Wikipedia/Wikidata. We contend that large repositories of Brazilian-named entities (people, places, organizations, and political events and movements) would be beneficial for extracting information from Portuguese texts. We show that many of the terms/entities described in the DHBB do not have corresponding concepts (or Q items) in Wikidata, the largest structured database of entities associated with Wikipedia. We describe previous work on extracting information from the DHBB and outline the steps to construct a Wikidata-based historical knowledge graph.
Connor Basinger, Marc Pinsonneault, Sandra T. Bastelberger
et al.
Stellar evolution theory predicts that the Sun was fainter in the past, which can pose difficulties for understanding Earth's climate history. One proposed solution to this Faint Young Sun problem is a more luminous Sun in the past. In this paper, we address the robustness of the solar luminosity history using the YREC code to compute solar models including rotation, magnetized winds, and the associated mass loss. We present detailed solar models, including their evolutionary history, which are in excellent agreement with solar observables. Consistent with prior standard models, we infer a high solar metal content. We provide predicted X-ray luminosities and rotation histories for usage in climate reconstructions and activity studies. We find that the Sun's luminosity deviates from the standard solar model trajectory by at most 0.5% during the Archean (corresponding to a radiative forcing of 0.849 W m$^{-2}$). The total mass loss experienced by solar models is modest because of strong feedback between mass and angular momentum loss. We find a maximum mass loss of $1.35 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$ since birth, at or below the level predicted by empirical estimates. The associated maximum luminosity increase falls well short of the level necessary to solve the FYS problem. We present compilations of paleotemperature and CO$_2$ reconstructions. 1-D "inverse" climate models demonstrate a mismatch between the solar constant needed to reach high temperatures (e.g. 60-80 $^{\circ}$C) and the narrow range of plausible solar luminosities determined in this study. Maintaining a temperate Earth, however, is plausible given these conditions.
Mirela Džehverović, Amela Pilav, Belma Jusić
et al.
Numerous archaeological sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina represent a historical heritage and testify to the rich cultural, social, and political life of medieval Bosnia. Bobovac, the capital of the Bosnian Kingdom after King Tvrtko I's coronation in 1377, featured a royal complex with a palace, church, and fortification. Recent molecular-genetic research on skeletal remains from Bobovac aims to uncover medieval ancestors' customs and genetic origins. Fifteen well-preserved teeth samples from Bobovac were processed. STR amplification employed PowerPlex® Fusion and Investigator® 24plex QS Kits, with Y-STR profiles generated using the PowerPlex® Y23 System. Fourteen partial autosomal STR profiles were obtained, enabling sex determination and kinship analysis. STR amplification success varied due to ancient DNA degradation, with larger loci showing lower amplification rates. Kinship analysis confirmed appropriate marker selection, demonstrating high reliability for determining close relationships. Integrating aDNA analysis with archaeological research enhances our understanding of historical populations, connecting archaeology and forensic genetics to contribute to the broader narrative of human history.
Prasanth Tej Kumar Jagannadham, Thirugnanavel Anbalagan, Sonia Balyan
et al.
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco) is the most common citrus fruit, covering nearly 42 % of the total citrus cultivation area in India. The main varieties of mandarin oranges cultivated in India include Nagpur Mandarin, Khasi Mandarin, Coorg Mandarin and Sikkim Mandarin. Globally, genomic data is being used to unravel the complexities and mysteries of citrus taxonomy. However, despite India being a primary centre of citrus origin, these valuable genomic resources remain underutilized. Here, we conducted whole genome resequencing of four mandarin genotypes viz., Nagpur Mandarin (22,861,254 bp raw reads), Sikkim Mandarin (24,160,847 bp raw reads), Coorg Mandarin (27,974,860 bp raw reads), and Khasi Mandarin (40,532,383 bp raw reads) using Illumina Novaseq 6000 sequencing platform with 28x sequencing coverage. These genomic sequences will provide valuable insights into the taxonomic complexities and evolutionary history of mandarin oranges. The identified SNPs can further be used to study the evolution of flowering patterns in citrus, especially under tropical and subtropical conditions. The NGS data obtained (FASTQ format) for all four mandarin genotypes have been deposited in the Indian Biological Data Centre (https://ibdc.dbtindia.gov.in/inda/submittedStudyHome) under INDA study Id INRP000149. The sample accession numbers are INS0004744 (Sikkim Mandarin), INS0004745 (Nagpur Mandarin), INS0004746 (Coorg Mandarin), INS0004747 (Khasi Mandarin).
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Science (General)
Abstract Chapter 4 is the first of three thematic chapters which successively examine the categories of labour, health, and the family in terms of various policies. Labour stayed at the core of the National Socialist ideology and political interests. It was not only related to the definition of an individual’s social situation; many socio-economic measures were also naturally dependent on it, including employment policy, pension and accident insurance, and occupational safety. The disciplinary function of the labour policy measures was emphasised in order to fully support work performance as well as the individual’s willingness and will to work. The object was to ensure the full deployment of Czech workers when sent to the Reich through social insurance, wage regulation, and various forms of bonuses. The measures not only had a levelling effect, but, to a large extent, even a psychological one: by demonstrating that the state cared and giving individuals the impression that they were receiving a ‘fair wage’. Although the war had a negative impact on working conditions, the provision of pension and accident insurance reform and improvements in occupational safety practices significantly contributed to the expansion of the number of insured persons and to the modernisation of social legislation.
Sougata Bose, Thomas A. Henzinger, Karoliina Lehtinen
et al.
We explore the notion of history-determinism in the context of timed automata (TA) over infinite timed words. History-deterministic (HD) automata are those in which nondeterminism can be resolved on the fly, based on the run constructed thus far. History-determinism is a robust property that admits different game-based characterisations, and HD specifications allow for game-based verification without an expensive determinization step. We show that the class of timed $ω$-languages recognized by HD timed automata strictly extends that of deterministic ones, and is strictly included in those recognised by fully non-deterministic TA. For non-deterministic timed automata it is known that universality is already undecidable for safety/reachability TA. For history-deterministic TA with arbitrary parity acceptance, we show that timed universality, inclusion, and synthesis all remain decidable and are EXPTIME-complete. For the subclass of TA with safety or reachability acceptance, one can decide (in EXPTIME) whether such an automaton is history-deterministic. If so, it can effectively determinized without introducing new automaton states.
Explainability of machine learning models is mandatory when researchers introduce these commonly believed black boxes to real-world tasks, especially high-stakes ones. In this paper, we build a machine learning system to automatically generate explanations of happened events from history by \gls{ca} based on the \acrfull{tpp}. Specifically, we propose a new task called \acrfull{ehd}. This task requires a model to distill as few events as possible from observed history. The target is that the event distribution conditioned on left events predicts the observed future noticeably worse. We then regard distilled events as the explanation for the future. To efficiently solve \acrshort{ehd}, we rewrite the task into a \gls{01ip} and directly estimate the solution to the program by a model called \acrfull{model}. This work fills the gap between our task and existing works, which only spot the difference between factual and counterfactual worlds after applying a predefined modification to the environment. Experiment results on Retweet and StackOverflow datasets prove that \acrshort{model} significantly outperforms other \acrshort{ehd} baselines and can reveal the rationale underpinning real-world processes.
This article analyses worker cooperatives by questioning their capacity to produce a relatively autonomous and protective social relationship of activities for their members as compared to the dominant wage labor nexus. Drawing on regulationist works on the wage labor nexus and the social relationship of activities, we propose a reading based on the conceptualization of a specific “cooperative social relation of activities”, based on the principle of double quality. This principle is characterized by four main components : (1) futurity ; (2) governance ; (3) work organization ; (4) income and mutualization. Through a historical reinterpretation and the highlighting of stylized facts, we consider the historical evolution of the “cooperative social relationship of activities” in worker cooperatives in France, in relation to the evolution of the wage labor nexus. Three main periods are identified : 1815–1910 with a “cooperative social relationship of activities” as an alternative to the emergence of the wage labor nexus ; 1910–1980 with its assimilation into the wage society ; and from the 1980s onwards with the return of an ideal bypassing wage subordination. From the perspective of this theoretical and historical approach to the “cooperative social relationship of activities”, we discuss its capacity to produce forms of social protection and wage security within the enterprise in the face of an increasingly precarious wage labor nexus. Finally, we discuss the fact that democratic governance is supposedly not only a key element of differentiation of the “cooperative social relationship of activities”, but also a condition for producing wage protection in the enterprise.
The article analyzes the attitude of Yugoslav military analysts to the deployment of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1979–1981. Afghanistan was not among diplomatic, or military priorities for Yugoslavia. After the coup in Afghanistan on April 27, 1978, relations between the two countries, previously rather formal, deteriorated, as Kabul started to move away from the non-alignment movement taking a pro-Soviet orientation. Yugoslavia saw Afghanistan as a non-aligned country and was extremely concerned about the Soviet interference in the internal affairs of a sovereign state. This political assessment heavily influenced the views of Yugoslav military expert, resulting into some distorted conclusions and numerous overlooked lessons. This testifies to the primacy of everyday political (and even propaganda) needs over military science in Yugoslavia. They believed that Afghanistan would turn into a permanent problem for the USSR. Despite the rich empirical material, Yugoslav analysts did not see any novelty in tactics and the use of new weapons in mountainous areas. They neglected to analyze the tactics of anti-partisan actions in the highlands; their predictions were not original; they ignored the presence of militant fundamentalism as a factor in the conduct of hostilities.