Artikkel käsitleb tänapäeva akadeemilisi tekste, täpsemalt on vaatluse all neis esinev interaktsiooniline metadiskursus, s.o keelelised vahendid, millega autorid suhestuvad oma teksti ja selle sisuga, lugejate ning varasemate autoritega. Traditsioone hindavas teadusmaailmas on sobival keelekasutusel oluline roll. Tudengid kui alles algajad akadeemilised kirjutajad puutuvad kokku õpikute ja juhenditega, kus manitsetakse olema tekstis täpne ning hoidma neutraalset ja objektiivset joont. Seejuures kirjutatakse ette sedagi, missuguses isikus on paslik oma tekst vormistada.
Artiklis uuritakse kvantitatiivselt, kuidas seesugustele nõuetele tegelikult vastavad või vastanduvad aastatel 2018–2022 kirjutatud Tartu ülikooli humanitaar- ja sotsiaal teaduste valdkondade bakalaureuse- ja magistritööd (n = 40). Selgitatakse välja üli õpilaste isikukasutuse eelistused ning kalduvus tarvitada muid autori hoiakut väljendavaid ja lugejat potentsiaalselt mõjutavaid keelendeid, nagu pehmendavad, võimendavad, suhtumis- ja kaasatusmarkerid. Lisaks uuritakse, kas lõputööde keelekasutuses eristub kogukondlikke (valdkond) ja kogemusega (õppeaste) kaasnevaid mustreid. Seejuures hinnatakse teksti retoorilise struktuuri (peatükid) mõju metadiskursuse markerite esinemusele. Tulemusi võrreldakse varasemas uurimuses teadusartiklite kohta saadud tulemustega.
Abstract. Helena Lemendik: The key features of scientific language are precision, neutrality, and impersonality. Yet, how do contemporary academic texts align with these traditional expectations? This article examines contemporary academic texts, with the focus on the use of interactional metadiscourse – language choices that help authors connect with their content, their readers, and other writers. In academia, where tradition continues to shape expectations, choosing appropriate language plays a crucial role. Students, as novice academic writers, are often guided by textbooks and writing manuals that urge them to be precise and to maintain a neutral, objective tone. These resources also offer advice on using the appropriate grammatical voice.
This study analyses 40 bachelor’s and master’s theses from the humanities and social science faculties written at the University of Tartu between 2018 and 2022. It explores how these texts either follow or diverge from the expected norms. The analysis looks at students’ preferences for grammatical voice and their use of other language tools that show the author’s stance and influence on the reader’s perspective, such as hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and engagement markers. The study also examines whether language use varies depending on the academic field or the level of study, and whether different parts of the text (i.e., chapters) affect how often these features appear. These findings are compared to earlier research on scientific articles.
The significance of the Livonian language and culture to Estonians is greater than mere historical closeness. The discipline of Livonian studies has been a part of Estonian national self-definition. The current article provides an overview of Livonian research and instruction since 1919 when the University of Tartu became the national university of Estonia. A consistent focus on Livonian language and culture during the last hundred years has been a good example of the Estonian national university’s broader mission, where national and international dimensions interweave in many ways. The University of Tartu is the only institution in Estonia where the Livonian language has been approached in such a multifaceted and in-depth manner, and has been taught, researched, and popularised.
Kokkuvõte. Tuuli Tuisk, Karl Pajusalu: Sajand liivi uuringuid Tartu Ülikoolis. Liivi keele ja kultuuri tähendus eestlastele on suurem kui pelgalt ajalooline lähedus. Liivi uuringud on olnud osa Eesti rahvuslikust enesemääratlusest. Käesolev artikkel esitab ülevaate liivi keele uurimisest ja õpetamisest Tartu Ülikoolis alates aastast 1919, kui sellest ülikoolist sai Eesti rahvusülikool. Järjepidev liivi keele ja kultuuriga tegelemine viimase saja aasta jooksul on hea näide Eesti rahvusülikooli laiemast missioonist, kus rahvuslik ja rahvusvaheline mõõde põimuvad mitmel moel. Tartu Ülikool on ainuke asutus Eestis, kus liivi keelega on nii mitmekülgselt ja pikaaegselt tegeldud – õpetatud, uuritud ja tutvustatud.
Kubbõvõttõks. Tuuli Tuisk, Karl Pajusalu: Līvõd tuņšlimizt āigastsadā Tartu Iļīzskūols. Līvõ kīel ja kultūr tǟntõks ēstlizt pierāst um jo sūr äb ku set istōrili ležglit. Līvõd tuņšlimi um vȯnd ikš jag Ēstimō eņtšmēļitõst. Kēra tǟmikšõb iļvaņtlõks iļ līvõ kīel tuņšlimiz ja opātimiz Tartu Iļīzskūols 1919. āigastõst, ku Tartu Iļīzskūolst tuļ Ēsti rov iļļiskūol, tämpiz sōņõ. Līvõ kīelkõks ja kultūrõks jelāmi perīz sadā āigast āigal um jõvā nägțõb Ēstimō rov iļīzskūol jo laigāst missijõst, missõst um nǟdõb, kui īdtuoizõks sieggõbõd rovvi ja rovvõdvaili. Tartu Iļļiskūol um āinagi optõbkūož Ēstimōl, kus līvõ kēļ um vȯnd nei sūr ov sizāl kōgiņ aigõ – siedā um opātõd ja tuņšõltõd, sīestõ um rõkāndtõd.
The purpose of this paper is to find out whether palatalization contributes to Russian-accented speech in Estonian and whether speech training would help to speak more native-like. Although palatalization is a common feature of both Estonian and Russian, it is more salient in Russian. Since in Estonian palatalization is not marked orthographically and there are typological differences between the two languages, we hypothesized that the Russian L1 learners of Estonian will have difficulties in producing secondary palatalization in a native-like manner. A group of students were tested before and after the training and their results were compared to an Estonian L1 group. We found that Russian L1 speakers did not palatalize word-final consonants as Estonian L1 speakers did but they also did not palatalize word-initial consonants. The training did not have an effect on the production of Estonian palatalization of the Russian L1 speakers.
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Vene emakeelega eesti keele õppijate palatalisatsioon ja hääldustreeningu mõju sellele
Artiklis uurime, kas vene emakeelega õppijad kasutavad eesti keeles palatalisatsiooni samamoodi nagu emakeelsed kõnelejad. Kui õppijate kasutus erineb emakeelsetest kõnelejatest, tahame teada, kas kõnetreening aitab erinevusi vähendada. Salvestasime Tallinna Linnamäe Vene Lütseumi 12. klassi õpilasi enne ja pärast nende initsiatiivil korraldatud hääldustreeningut. Treeningu viis läbi kõne- ja hääldusõpetaja Einar Kraut, see kestis 12 nädalat (1,5 tundi nädalas). Mõlemal salvestus sessioonil (enne ja pärast treeningut) osales kaheksa õpilast. Kontrollgrupiks salvestasime sama materjali seitsmelt murdetaustata Tartu keskkooli õpilaselt, kes ei osalenud treeningus. Vene ja eesti keeles realiseerub palatalisatsioon erinevalt. Vene keeles hõlmab see peaaegu kõiki konsonante, ka sõna alguses, ning seda märgitakse ortograafias. Eesti keeles sõna alguses kontrastiivset palatalisatsiooni ei esine, palataliseeruvad ainult konsonandid /s, t, n, l/, aga ortograafias seda ei märgita.
Abstract. This paper shows that Finnish has the option of expressing ‘only’-like exclusive meaning with a clausal construction, here called the Exclusive-Negative Construction, ENC. It is similar to the better-known French ne…que construction but differs from it at many points where Finnish and French grammar differ, especially in the way negation is expressed in the two languages. The Finnish ENC contains overt negation, which accounts for its somewhat narrower distribution than the alternative option, the use of the focus particle vain/vaan ‘only’. Adopting the Construction Grammar framework, the paper argues that the ENC is a simple clausal construction with the idiosyncrasy of mixed polarity, a formal division of the clause into a negative and affirmative part. Derivation from an underlying comparative is rejected, but it is shown that the ENC has associations to more explicit ways of expressing exclusion. These conclusions receive support from dialectal and other non-standard data.
Kokkuvõte. Maria Vilkuna: Soome keele välistav-eitav konstruktsioon ei...ku(i)n välistust väljendavate keeleliste vahendite võrgustikus. Artiklis näidatakse, et soome keeles võib väljendada välistavat tähendust (nagu ainult) lausekonstruktsiooniga, mida artiklis nimetatakse välistavaks-eitavaks konstruktsiooniks (the Exclusive-Negative Construction, ENC). See sarnaneb prantsuse keele konstruktsiooniga ne...que, ent erineb sellest mitmes aspektis, kus soome ja prantsuse keel üldiseltki erinevad, eriti mis puudutab eituse väljendamise viise kahes keeles. Soome konstruktsioon sisaldab eksplitsiitset eitust, mis seletab seda, miks konstruktsiooni kasutusala on mõnevõrra kitsam kui selle alternatiivil, fookuspartiklil vain/vaan ‘ainult’. Kasutades konstruktsioonigrammatika raamistikku, näidatakse artiklis, et ENC on lausekonstruktsioon, mille eripäraks on kahetine polaarsus: konstruktsioon jaotub vormiliselt eitavaks ja jaatavaks osaks. Väidetakse, et konstruktsioon ei ole tuletatud komparatiivikonstruktsioonist, kuid on seotud eksplitsiitsemalt välistust väljendavate vahenditega. Neid järeldusi toetavad murrete ja muu mittestandardse keelekasutuse andmed.
Õpilasele mõjuvad teise keele tunnis alati mitmesugused seotud tegurid. Kui need on positiivse mõjuga, siis motiveerivad nad õpilast õppima. Kui mõju on aga vastupidine, siis mõjuvad nad õpilasele demotiveerivalt ehk kahandavad tema õppimissoovi. Artiklis vaadeldakse üheksanda klassi eesti keele kui teise keele tundides õpilastele mõjuda võivaid demotiveerivaid tegureid. Artikli aluseks olevas uuringus on viidud läbi suulised individuaalsed poolstruktureeritud intervjuud 20 üheksanda klassi õpilasega neljast Tallinna vene õppekeelega koolist ja nende õpilaste eesti keele õpetajatega. Intervjuude analüüsil on selgunud 16 peamist demotiveerivat tegurit, mis jagunevad kolme suurde rühma: õpetajaga seotud, õppeteemade ja -tegevustega seotud ning .pperühmaga seotud tegurid. Õpetajatel oleks kasulik õpilasi demotiveerivaid tegureid paremini tunda, mis võimaldaks neil teha õppetöös vajalikke muudatusi.
"The collocations of giftedness in language corpora and construing the phenomenon in children’s and parents’ perceptions"
The study is an attempt to unfold the social meaning of the phenomenon of giftedness in expanded cultural context. Construal of the concept is first studied by the frequency of collocations of the synonymous signifiers of the term of giftedness in the Estonian Reference Corpus, German Reference Corpus, and British National Corpus.
After that, the construction of meaning of giftedness is qualitatively studied by interviewing children and parents (15 qualitative open and non-directive mode interviews). Critical discourse analysis (Fairclough 2001) is used to show the linguistic choices and their links to discourses through which the interviewees construe the concept of giftedness, pointing to certain social relations and meanings.
Results showed that giftedness was associated with childhood, highlighting the attractiveness and distinction of the phenomenon. In different languages, giftedness is associated with relatively similar features (development attractiveness, differentiation, domain-specificity) but the perceptions are different for children and parents. For children, giftedness is multidimensional but it does not get enough attention at school, whereas for parents, it is a gift from God that needs their dedication although supported by the educational system. The positive meanings of the phenomenon are made visible by children.
The paper compares for the first time in historiography the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems of the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period corresponds to the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically closed economic kind (they were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but displayed only peripheral (agrarian) capitalism features.
"About polite forms in official parallel texts in Estonian and Russian"
The article deals with polite forms in Estonian and Russian when addressing an unfamiliar person interested in acquisition of socially important information. The main object of analysis consists in personal pronouns in the function of polite addressing, but other accompanying forms of politeness realisation are also considered: forms of verbs-predicates, etiquette nouns-addresses, proper names.
Written business language implemented by means of the paper channel of communication served as the source of language material. Printed matter from various agencies, institutions, and companies (booklets, flyers, etc.) was considered. The study covers business texts of informative, explanatory, instructional, and (to some extent) promotional character, in parallel in Estonian and Russian. The purpose for comparing original documents in Estonian and Russian translations thereof consists in identification of the similarities and differences upon realisation of the politeness principle in primary and secondary texts.
Event coreference detection is a task of automatically determining which fine-grained textual descriptions of events (e.g. sentences) corefer. The task is important in organizing information in large collections of news articles, as extracted coreferring event mentions can provide the user with an overview of the events discussed in articles, and can also provide a glimpse into the factual data related to the events. In this article, we survey previous approaches to automatic event analysis, discuss theoretical considerations related to event coreference detection and also outline a motivation for experimenting with event coreference detection in the context of limited linguistic resources. In the experimental part of our work, we consider the task of event coreference detection in the subset of articles mentioning a specific person in a fixed publishing period, and we use the experiments to outline possible general factors that are influencing the results.
The paper discusses cases in which referents that have not been mentioned previously are assessed without any overt mention of those referents but are rather made accessible through multimodal means, which are finely calibrated with what else is going on in the conversation. The authors suggest that the cases discussed raise important questions about reference and referentiality. The data are multiperson conversations in Italian and Finnish.
Estonian and Japanese are quantity languages both exploiting the duration cue to implement phonological contrasts. However, the quantity systems of the two languages are different – Estonian features a three-way quantity contrast while Japanese has a binary contrast. This paper studies how L2 subjects with Japanese-language background (L2-JP) produce the Estonian quantity contrasts. For the acoustic analysis the speech recordings by six L2-JP subjects and 12 native Estonian (L1-EE) subjects were used. The material analyzed consists of read sentences comprising triplets of segmentally identical disyllabic target words in the quantities Q1 (short), Q2 (long) and Q3 (overlong). In their production, the L2-JP subjects successfully produced the Q1/Q2 contrast but failed in contrasting vocalic Q2 and Q3 (CVVCV vs. CVVːCV) oppositions; however, the subjects managed to produce the Q2/Q3 consonantal quantity contrasts (CVCCV vs. CVCːCV). The L2-JP subjects’ segment durations differing from those of the L1-EE subjects, reveal the role of native durational patterns on the acquisition of Estonian quantity oppositions.
Kokkuvõte. Einar Meister, Rena Nemoto, Lya Meister: Eesti välted jaapani emakeelega keelejuhtide häälduses. Eesti ja jaapani keel on kvantiteedikeeled, st mõlemad keeled kasutavad kestust fonoloogiliste vastanduste väljendamiseks. Kvantiteedisüsteemid kahes keeles on siiski erinevad – eesti keelt iseloomustab kolmene vältevastandus, jaapani keeles on kestusvastandus binaarne. Artiklis uuriti eesti väldete hääldust jaapani emakeelega keelejuhtide kõnes ja võrreldi seda eesti emakeelega keelejuhtide hääldusega. Akustiliseks analüüsiks kasutati kuue eesti keelt võõrkeelena kõneleva jaapanlase ja 12 eesti emakeelega keelejuhi etteloetud lausete salvestusi, milles esinesid vältevastandusi kandvad kahesilbilised sõnad. Tulemused näitasid, et jaapani keelejuhid hääldasid kontrastiivselt esma- ja teisevältelisi sõnu, kuid ei eristanud teise- ja kolmandavältelisi vokaalikeskse vastandusega (CVVCV vs CVVːCV) sõnu. Samas hääldasid nad erinevalt teise- ja kolmandavältelisi konsonandikeskse vastandusega (CVCCV vs CVCːCV) sõnu. Leitud segmendikestuste erinevused jaapanlaste ja eestlaste kõnes peegeldavad emakeelsete kestusmustrite erinevusi kahes keeles.
Märksõnad: eesti keel, jaapani keel, aktsendiga kõne, fonoloogiline kestus, välted
Mari is one of the endangered Finno-Ugric languages located in the territory of the Russian Federation. The danger of extinction of Mari is influenced by both objective and subjective factors. In the current paper, the issue under investigation is the impact of the Mari traditional religion and folk culture on language maintenance. Because of continuously reduced institutional support, the status of the Mari language has decreased significantly in the last 10 years. The favourable development of traditional culture has brought with it an increase in the number of native speaking people within the Mari El region (Russia). It is slightly observed in some spheres (social and cultural) and almost unnoticeable in others (political, economic). The mechanism of impact of Mari traditional religion and culture is characterized as psychological. It gives reason to believe that the chances for the preservation of the Mari language are reasonably good.
Kokkuvõte. Elena Vedernikova: Rahvakultuuri ja -usundi mõju mari keelele. Mari keel on Vene Föderatsiooni ohustatud keeli. Mari keele väljasuremise ohtu mõjutavad nii objektiivsed kui ka subjektiivsed asjaolud. Käesolevas artiklis uuritakse mari rahvausundi ja rahvakultuuri mõju keele säilimisele. Institutsionaalse toetuse pideva vähenemise tõttu on mari keele staatus viimase kümne aasta jooksul tähelepanuväärselt langenud. Rahvakultuuri soodus areng on kaasa toonud emakeelekõnelejate arvu suurenemise Mari Eli piirkonnas (Venemaal). Soodus areng on vähesel määral märgata mõnes valdkonnas (sotsiaalia ja kultuur) ning peaaegu märkamatu teistes (poliitiline ja majanduslik). Mari rahvausundi ja rahvakultuuri toime- mehhanism on psühholoogiline. See annab põhjust uskuda, et mari keele säilitamise võimalused on üpris head.
Märksõnad: keele säilitamine, kultuur, mari rahvausund
Language change manifests itself in various ways. The majority of studies on language change in Yami, an endangered Austronesian language spoken on Orchid Island, Taiwan, have centered on the rapid language shift from Yami to Mandarin within the speech community (Chen 1998, Li and Ho 1988, Lin 2007, Rau 1995). The present study, however, aims to explore whether the sound change of [ɮ] to [l] in Yami (e.g., soli [ʂuɮi] > [ʂuli] 'taro') is triggered by language contact between Mandarin and Yami. Three variables were considered: Mandarin competence, Mandarinspeaking frequency, and social network integration. The results showed that the three variables were strongly correlated with sound change. Participants possessing advanced Mandarin competence, higher Mandarin-speaking frequency, and/or weaker social network integration into the Yami community (i.e., greater exposure to Mandarin) tended to exhibit the highest rate of sound change, which might be attributed to a cross-linguistic influence from Mandarin to Yami through extensive language contact.
<p><span>The central research question of the present paper is ‘What variables influence switching (code-switching and code-blending) between Estonian Sign Language and spoken Estonian among bimodal bilinguals in a school environment?’ The data from guided discussions involving deaf and hearing students indicated that bimodal bilinguals predominantly code-blend, i.e. simultaneously produce speech and signs. The main function of switching among the students was to emphasise a constituent in a clause, but they also switched to express themselves in an original way. In some utterances, it proved difficult to apply a single function to a switch, thus a sequential turn-by-turn analysis was employed. A deaf student’s level of switching was influenced most by the hearing status of the interlocutor, and the amount of switching by the interlocutor.</span></p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.03</p>
<p><span>The article investigates the behaviour of interviewers during the oral proficiency interview within the framework of the national examination in the English language in Estonia from the gender perspective. The research investigates whether noticeable differences can be traced in the behavioural patterns of male and female interviewers that could lead to placing the candidates in a disadvantaged position, not allowing them to display their language proficiency to the full. The study involves nine female and nine male interviewers whose interview language is subjected to content analysis. The results show an overall attempt to follow the scripted interview format envisaged for this examination, but alterations to the script prevail with both gender groups. </span></p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5128/ERYa9.14</p>
This article is about the venture of the units of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals organization in the Balkans during World War I. It is important to note that these women, inspired by the ideals of equality and compassion, were not part of any governmental organization, as the British War Office refused to employ them, and thus acted entirely based on their ideals. The first unit to serve in the Balkans under Dr. Elsie Inglis was captured by the Central Powers on the invasion of Serbia, but would be later reorganized as the SWH London unit, and would travel to Romania and Russia together with its ambulance unit, in order to help the First Serbian Volunteer Division. After the unfortunate demise of Dr. Elsie Inglis on 26 November 1917 upon her arrival at Newcastle upon Tyne, the unit was renamed the “Dr. Elsie Inglis” unit, and travelled to Macedonia and Serbia in order to continue its relief work. Other units that served in Macedonia and Serbia since 1916 were the Girton and Newnham unit, the America Unit, their transport (ambulance) sub-units, and briefly Dr. Mary Blair’s unit. The SWH Committee in Edinburgh had the honourable initiative of crowning their efforts throughout the war by founding an “Elsie Inglis Memorial Hospital” in Belgrade during the spring of 1919, but this project would last only for a year.
Artiklis otsitakse vastust küsimusele, kas käesoleval ajal on eesti keeles toimunud muutusi mineviku liitajavormide kasutamises, võrrelduna kümne aasta taguse ajaga, mil kirjutati päris palju sellest, et eestlased kipuvad liitaegade asemel kasutama lihtminevikku. Kuna on väidetud, et eesti keele liitaegade vähese kasutamise põhjuseks võivad olla kehvad tõlked just vene keelest, on analüüsimaterjaliks valitud viis vene kirjaniku Boris Akunini teost ja nende tõlked eesti keelde. Artiklis vaadeldakse, kuidas tõlkijad on kasutanud eesti keele liht-, täis- ja ennemineviku vorme. Erilist tähelepanu pööratakse täismineviku kasutamisele, võttes aluseks Bernard Comrie väljapakutud neli perfektitüüpi. Artikli autori üheks eesmärgiks on juhtida tähelepanu veaohtlikele olukordadele ehk nendele juhtudele, kus tõlkijal võib tõesti vene keele eeskujul tekkida kiusatus valida liitaja asemel lihtmineviku vorm. Siiski võib analüüsile tuginedes väita, et eesti keele mineviku liitajavormide kasutamine ei ole sugugi nii harva esinev nähtus, kui võiks arvata. Paljudel juhtudel on küsimus pigem ikkagi konkreetse tõlkija strateegias
Abstract:Over Easter 1903, a large-scale anti-Jewish riot in Kišinev, capital of the Russian governorate of Bessarabia, left dozens of Jews dead and hundreds injured, thus leading to a massive wave of emigration. A product of social discontent and anti-Semitic agitation, the riots of Kišinev became notoriously famous as the onset of a wave of pogroms of hitherto unprecedented brutality, which only subsided after the end of the Russian Revolution of 1905/06. This article analyzes the incidents by emphasizing cultural transfers between Kišinev and Lithuania, using the histoire croisée approach in order to provide for the different ethnic, social and political backgrounds and motivations of the actors. It also compares the disturbances in the rural north of Lithuania and in the Bessarabian industrial city of Kišinev in order to contextualize anti-Jewish violence in Lithuania on the larger scale of the Russian pogroms. When Lithuanian Jews were sometimes threatened to be killed “as in Kišinev” and at other times to be treated “as in Linkuva”, the significance of analyzing cultural transfer while keeping the regional context in mind becomes apparent.Rezumat:În perioada Paştelui anului 1903, o revoltă antievreiască la scară largă izbucnită la Chişinău, capitala guberniei ruseşti Basarabia, lăsa în urma sa zeci de evrei morţi şi sute de răniţi, ceea ce a condus la un val masiv de emigrare. Rezultat al nemulţumirilor sociale şi al agitaţiilor antisemite, revolta de la Chişinău a devenit foarte cunoscută ca marcând debutul unui val de pogromuri, de o brutalitate fără precedent până în acel moment, care s-a diminuat abia după încheierea Revoluţiei Ruse din 1905-1906. Articolul de faţă abordează incidentele prin studierea transferurilor culturale dintre Chişinău şi Lituania, utilizând metodele histoire croisée în scopul de a oferi explicaţii pentru diferenţele ce apar în ceea ce priveşte mediile etnice, sociale şi politice şi motivaţiile actorilor. Acesta compară, de asemenea, tulburările din partea rurală de nord a Lituaniei şi din oraşul industrial basarabean Chişinău, în scopul de a contextualiza violenţa anti-evreiască din Lituania la scara mai largă a pogromurilor ruseşti. Atunci când evreii lituanieni au fost, uneori, ameninţaţi că vor fi ucişi „ca la Chişinău” şi în alte momente că vor trataţi „ca în Linkuva”, semnificaţia analizei transferurilor culturale, păstrând în acelaşi timp în minte contextul regional, devine evidentă.