Abstract The credible capacity formation is a critical task in the design of a virtual power plant (VPP) and serves as the foundation for maintaining stability between the VPP and the power grid. In this study, an optimal configuration method for distributed generations (DGs) for units within a VPP is proposed, based on the concept of credible capacity. The expected energy not served (EENS) is used as the system reliability index to evaluate the credible capacity of the VPP. To optimize the benefit function of cooperative operation between the VPP and the power grid, cooperative game theory is applied to configure the capacities of the VPP's DG resources—namely, wind, solar, and storage units. Multiple scenarios of EENS and credible capacity were analysed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the method can successfully achieve credible capacity for a VPP by optimally configuring the capacities of individual DG units.
Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations
We conducted constant pressure Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo molecular simulations to explore the adsorption separation of 3 binary gas mixtures: CH4/CO, C2F6/N2, and SO2/CO2 within slit pores. Key findings indicate that CH4/CO, a mixture of 2 supercritical gases at room temperature, shows modest adsorption selectivity of around 4, even at elevated pressures of 20 MPa. In contrast, the C2F6/N2 mixture, consisting of supercritical N2 and C2F6 near its critical temperature, exhibits significantly higher selectivity, reaching tens to hundreds. The SO2/CO2 mixture, with both gases in a subcritical state at room temperature, displays intermediate selectivity between the other 2 systems. Our simulations revealed that the adsorption selectivity for CH4/CO and C2F6/N2 mixtures displays distinct single- and double-peaked trends with varying pore widths under medium to high pressures, corresponding to monolayer and bilayer adsorption phenomena. The SO2/CO2 system, however, presented a more intricate adsorption mechanism, potentially involving 3-layer molecular adsorption within the pores. Expanding our investigation to 276 mixtures, we discovered an important trend: a higher ratio of critical temperatures between mixture components correlates with increased adsorption selectivity and simplified separation processes. Intriguingly, when this ratio approaches unity, separation difficulty escalates. Additionally, we identified a significant linear relationship between adsorption selectivity and the ratio of adsorption heats at low pressures (0.1 MPa) for a pore width of 0.8 nm, underscoring the impact of thermodynamic properties on separation efficacy. These insights are crucial for the development of energy-efficient gas separation materials, which are vital for applications such as natural gas purification and carbon capture and storage, contributing to a sustainable energy future.
Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, Renewable energy sources
By utilizing a global sample of 160 countries from 2000 to 2021, this study first identifies the spatial-temporal characteristics of energy resilience from four dimensions: energy supply resilience, energy consumption resilience, energy security resilience, and energy vulnerability resilience. And its potential effect on carbon emissions (CO2). We find the negative impact of energy resilience on CO2. This study uses the World Bank's classification of income levels of countries globally to categorize the countries within the sample into four groups. The results indicate that the degree of economic growth among the countries and regions directly correlates with how much energy resilience affects CO2. In addition, the mediation analysis reveals the crucial influence of technological innovation on energy resilience affecting CO2. The study provides an essential reference basis for global CO2 reduction and offers new ideas and methods for coping with climate change from the perspective of energy resilience.
This article proposes a comprehensive overview of the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and its subsets-machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) in next-generation battery energy management systems (BEMS) for electric vehicles (EVs). Next-generation BEMS has gained close attention from professionals in the energy sectors due to monitoring voltage and current, estimating charge and discharge, equalizing and protecting the battery, managing temperature conditions, and managing battery data analytics. The discussion also highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with AI-based BEMS, considering efficiency, energy management, reliability, control, and life factors. Finally, the article discusses several other potential disruptive impacts of AI-enabled BEMSs for next-generation EVs. The article also highlights key challenges and critically analyzes recent research efforts and open gaps in BEMS.
Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade
Mohannad Takrouri, Nicolás M. Cuadrado, Martin Takáč
Machine learning (ML) is increasingly vital for smart-grid research, yet restricted access to realistic, diverse data - often due to privacy concerns - slows progress and fuels doubts within the energy sector about adopting ML-based strategies. We propose integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) in energy modeling to generate realistic, culturally sensitive, and behavior-specific data for household energy usage across diverse geographies. In this study, we employ and compare five different LLMs to systematically produce family structures, weather patterns, and daily consumption profiles for households in six distinct countries. A four-stage methodology synthesizes contextual daily data, including culturally nuanced activities, realistic weather ranges, HVAC operations, and distinct `energy signatures' that capture unique consumption footprints. Additionally, we explore an alternative strategy where external weather datasets can be directly integrated, bypassing intermediate weather modeling stages while ensuring physically consistent data inputs. The resulting dataset provides insights into how cultural, climatic, and behavioral factors converge to shape carbon emissions, offering a cost-effective avenue for scenario-based energy optimization. This approach underscores how prompt engineering, combined with knowledge distillation, can advance sustainable energy research and climate mitigation efforts. Source code is available at https://github.com/Singularity-AI-Lab/LLM-Energy-Knowledge-Distillation .
Trade policy uncertainty has become a significant feature of today's global economy. While its impact on free trade is evident, its microeconomic effects remain open to debate. This study explores the influence of trade policy uncertainty on corporate ESG performance and its underlying mechanisms, using data from A-share listed companies in China from 2010 to 2020. The findings reveal that increased trade policy uncertainty significantly and robustly enhances corporate ESG performance. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that high-tech enterprises are better equipped to improve their ESG performance in response to trade policy uncertainty. Furthermore, strengthening internal controls and appointing CEOs with environmental backgrounds also help firms seize the opportunities arising from trade policy uncertainty. In terms of mechanisms, trade policy uncertainty intensifies industry competition, compelling firms to enhance their ESG performance to gain market share. Additionally, it stimulates green technological innovation, further optimizing ESG outcomes. Therefore, efforts should focus on improving the ESG standards system, establishing ESG incentive policies, increasing the transparency and predictability of trade policies, and promoting corporate green development to advance national sustainable development goals.
Arif Hakan Yalçın, İbrahim Mutlu, Ercan Şimşir
et al.
The environmental impactof fossil fuels and their limited availability increase the need for research into alternative energy sources. In this research, pyrolysis oil (PO) was obtained from waste sour cherry kernels. PO cannot be used directly as fuel in diesel engines because of its negative fuel properties, such as low energy density, high viscosity, high water content, and low cetane number. Therefore, PO was blended with diesel at various weight proportions (wt%) using n-butanol (NB) as cosolvent, and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (2-EHN) as cetane improver. Blended fuels containing 40 wt% diesel i.e., D2 (Diesel 40% / PO 0% / NB 55% / 2-EHN %5), D3 (Diesel 40 / PO 5% / NB 50% / 2-EHN 5%) and D4 (Diesel 40% / PO 15% / NB 40% / 2-EHN 5%) were identified as optimal blend compositions regarding the physicochemical characteristics of fuel. These fuels were tested for engine performance and emission characteristics at engine speeds of 1500, 1800, 2400, 3000 and 3600 rpm under full engine load (10 Nm) in a single-cylinder diesel engine. All data (i.e. cylinder pressure, engine torque and performance changes, heat release rate, and emission characteristics) were recorded using a Kistler KiBox data acquisition system. The engine tests showed a decrease in NOx, HC and soot emissions when blended fuels (D2, D3 and D4) were compared to D1 (Diesel 100% / PO 0% / NB 0% / 2-EHN 0%). The lower NOx emissions in the blended fuels are explained by the PO's water content. Water raises the specific heat capacity of the fuel-air mixture while reducing the internal cylinder temperature. Additionally, the high latent heat of evaporation of n-butanol may contribute to reduce NOx emissions. In addition, the decrease in HC emissions may be caused by the increase in the oxygen ratio of blended fuels, while the decrease in soot emissions may be caused by the low C/H ratio and high oxygen content of blended fuels. To conclude, blends of PO, diesel n-butanol, and 2-EHN can be used as biofuels in diesel engine applications.
Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, Chemical engineering
Abstract To optimally harness the adjustable capabilities of reactive power sources for voltage control, a dynamic partitioning method that uses reactive power flow tracking for branch cutting through Binary Particle Swarm Optimisation (BPSO) is proposed for Active Distribution Networks (ADNs). Initially, the limitations of existing Voltage/Var Sensitivity (VVS) calculation methods are analysed, leading to the proposition of a novel VVS calculation method capable of capturing variations in source‐load timing characteristics. Subsequently, the fuzzification of the VVS matrix between nodes is used to derive the membership degree matrix. Next, based on the membership relationship between reactive power source nodes, these nodes are pre‐partitioned, and the number of leading nodes and zones alongside are preliminarily determined. Then, the range of the branch to be cut is established, guided by the reactive power flow direction of the branch. Employing the zonal comprehensive coupling degree as the objective function of the BPSO facilitates the identification of optimal branch cutting points, thereby determining the partitioning outcome. Finally, a reactive power reserve check is executed to rectify any non‐compliant zones. In this study, numerical simulations are conducted using the enhanced IEEE 33‐node power system to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations
Large penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) brings huge uncertainty into the electricity markets. The current deterministic clearing approach in the day-ahead (DA) market, where RESs participate based on expected production, has been criticized for causing a lack of coordination between the DA and real-time (RT) markets, leading to high overall operating costs. Previous works indicate that improving day-ahead RES entering quantities can significantly mitigate the drawbacks of deterministic clearing. In this work, we propose using a trained forecasting model, referred to as value-oriented forecasting, to determine RES Improved Entering Quantities (RIEQ) more efficiently during the operational phase. Unlike traditional models that minimize statistical forecasting errors, our approach trains model parameters to minimize the expected overall operating costs across both DA and RT markets. We derive the exact form of the loss function used for training, which becomes piecewise linear when market clearing is modeled by linear programs. Additionally, we provide the analytical gradient of the loss function with respect to the forecast, enabling an efficient training strategy. Numerical studies demonstrate that our forecasts significantly reduce overall operating costs for deterministic market clearing compared to conventional forecasts based on expected RES production.
Branislava Lepotić Kovačević, Ljiljana Hadžibabić, Iva Đinđić Ćosić
et al.
Direktni dalekovod je deo strukture elektroenergetskog sistema koji je uređen propisima Evropske unije o tržištu električne energije. Kroz proces transponovanja propisa pod okriljem Energetske zajednice i proces Stabilizacije i pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji, pojam direktnog dalekovoda definisan je u propisima Republike Srbije koji uređuju oblast energetike. U radu će se uporedno analizirati odredbe propisa Evropske unije i propisa Republike Srbije o direktnom dalekovodu. Biće analizirani efekti regulisanja direktnog dalekovoda u Republici Srbiji i značaj i mogućnosti izgradnje direktnog dalekovoda u kontekstu razvoja prenosnog i distributivnog sistema električne energije. Takođe, analiziraće se efekti propisa o direktnom dalekovodu Republike Srbije na podršku tržištu električne energije i uloga direktnog dalekovoda u razvoju distribuirane proizvodnje električne energije i u energetskoj tranziciji. Na kraju će biti predloženo o čemu bi sve trebalo voditi računa da bi došlo do razvoja tržišta električne energije uz korišćenje potencijala direktnog dalekovoda u postojećem pravnom okviru.
Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade, Economics as a science
Marc Barbar, Dharik S. Mallapragada, Robert Stoner
The growing demand for electricity in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDE) is causing loading and congestion problems on distribution networks, particularly in urban locations, that adversely impact sustainable development and economic growth. Electric utilities in these economies face unique constraints regarding raising capital required to upgrade their congested networks. Battery storage has emerged as a non-wire alternative (NWA) to feeder upgrades. This article presents a flexible valuation framework for battery storage use in distribution networks and its application in the context of EMDE distribution network planning. We evaluate the value of storage as an NWA using a multi-stage decision making process that combines system optimization with Markov-decision processes (MDP) to identify the least-cost network upgrade strategy under demand growth uncertainty. This approach was applied to distribution feeders in Delhi, India, and results highlight the cost-effectiveness of battery storage to manage load growth while deferring network investments. Across the low, medium and high battery storage capital cost projections for 2030, we estimate that 18 to 29 GWh of battery storage capacity could be deployed to defer 11,752 to 15,914 km of medium voltage distribution feeder lines that are loaded at 60% or more of their ampere capacity in 2030, resulting in 12 to 16% capital cost savings. Interestingly, lowering storage capital costs does not always lead to increased storage deployment, due to network capacity constraints limiting opportunities for off-peak storage charging.
Loubna Benhabib, Yacine Marif, Zakia Hadjou Belaid
et al.
The development of solar concentrator technology has just reached a very significant level. Using reflectors to concentrate the sun's rays on the absorber dramatically reduces the size of the absorber, reducing heat loss and increasing its efficiency at high temperatures. Another advantage of this system is that the reflectors are significantly less expensive, per unit area, than the flat collectors. To determine the performances of a cylindrical-parabolic concentrator, mathematical modeling of the heat balance on the absorber, the coolant, and the glass envelope was established using Matlab. The system of equations obtained is solved by the finite difference method. The results for a typical day are the variation in the temperature of the heat transfer fluid, the absorber tube, and the glass envelope. Thus, we examine the effect of the wind speed, flow rate on the temperature distribution of the coolant at the outlet. However, for a mass flow rate of the fluid of 0.1 kg / s, the outlet temperature of the fluid is 85 ° C with a thermal efficiency of 73%. Excluding the energy absorbed by the absorber tube is 75% of the solar intensity received on the reflector.
Tito Francisco Ianda, E. Sales, A. Nascimento
et al.
Sub-Saharan African countries present chronic energy shortages and heavy reliance on oil imports for diesel. The small demand and high production costs in some countries have compromised the economic feasibility of the biodiesel industry in the region. Therefore, to overcome these limitations a model of “multi-countries” cooperated production and consumption of biodiesel was proposed for a group of seven neighboring countries. The model explored linear programming and simulations to the problem of minimizing biodiesel production costs considering different types of production and demand restrictions. The data processing was realized using the Solver and Linear Interactive Discrete Optimizer software (LINDO). The simulations and scenarios revealed that palm oil is the crop that minimize the production costs (US$0.82/L) and that, although jatropha was classified in the second place (US$1.05/L), it is the crop with the biggest job creation potential (5.0 times that of the palm oil seeds). These results reveal the presence of a trade-off in the strategy and the choice between different oilseeds: (a) to produce biodiesel from the crop with minimal costs (palm oil) or (b) to choose the one that has the biggest potential for job creation (jatropha). Considering the diesel price between US$0.60 and US$1.14/L at service stations in the region in 2016, both the biodiesel from palm oil and jatropha will need subsidies and fiscal incentives (tax reductions) to be competitive in the fuel market (diesel). The volume of biodiesel to supply the B10 demand in 2031 has the potential to reduce US$ 1.98 billion/year of the expenses on oil imports. It is worth observing that this decision-support model adds the “multi-countries” cooperation perspective as a contribution to the methodological and political approaches about biofuels production and consumption and can be exploited as a starting point for the formulation of policies, strategies, and investment decisions for the establishment of biodiesel production programs.
The global energy consumption has been on the rise worldwide as developing nations begin to industrialize and as consumers in developed nations buy more energy consuming appliances to make life more comfortable. If the current trends continue, we may face an energy shortage in future. The phrase "hydrogen economy" refers to programs at using hydrogen as an energy carrier to replace hydrocarbon fuels and reduce emissions produced by their consumption. Technologies such as fuel cells developed for cars, buses, power generation and other applications, along with the infrastructural implications of their broad and increasing use, are being demonstrated in many countries around the world. Activities related to the hydrogen economy are covered on a country by country basis, where applicable. Keyword: climate change; clean energy; energy challenge; renewable energy; hydrogen; hydrogen economy; innovation, fuel cell A. Background The beginning of world energy problem starts when the scientists agree that climate change is bound to happen in a certain time in the future. This adds to other significant problem surrounding energy consumption such as the scarcity of fossil fuel. Energy has been the reason behind some political movement which are currently revolving on how to find an endless source, whatever it takes. The search of that kind of source is motivated by the imagination of a world powered almost entirely by an infinite endless and totally clean fuel. Hydrogen is just such a fuel. It is one of the most common elements in the universe, can be made from water, and used to generate simple electricity for homes and cars. In such a world energy would come from an easily stored and domestically produced fuel. Electric power and transportation would be totally clean and entirely free of messy geopolitical problems. Unlike fossil fuels used in today's almost all human daily activities, the only by-product of hydrogen power would be pure water. With hydrogen, the challenge isn't finding a supply, but extracting the hydrogen cheaply and cleanly. For decades, scientists has been and still trying to find ways to do so. This is when a coherent energy strategy is required. Which are addressing both energy supply and demand. Then, taking account of the whole energy lifecycle including fuel production, transmission and distribution, and energy conversion. Also, the impact on energy equipment manufacturers and the end-users of energy systems. Problem While the scientists are fighting in their own way to create the most balanced energy sources, how much exactly is the damage that we have been tortured the world with? Implementing the idea of hydrogen as a source can’t be taken for granted. Such problems follows: Can hydrogen be used as a more efficient and cleaner alternative energy source? How far the idea of using hydrogen as an energy source can be implemented? Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultur, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial, 5(2) July 2018, 55-65 P-ISSN: 1410-881X (Print) Theresia Asteria, Powering the World with Hydrogen DOI: http://www.konfrontasi.net/index.php/konfrontasi2 56 Purpose The aim is to know if there are possibilites in achieving higher energy efficiency in renewable resources, particularly hydrogen. Energy, Natural Resources and Environment: 1. Energy Markets Commodities markets that deal specifically with the trade and supply of energy are called energy markets. It is not only refer to an electricity market, but also to other sources of energy like oil and gas. When the government creating an energy policy that encourages the development of an energy industry in a competitive manner, it results as an energy development. a. Energy Production As of 2011, world primary energy production grew at the slower pace of 2.7%, from 4.5% in 2010. In Asia, where the growth of primary energy production it increased 7.1% in 2010. It hardly caught up with the consumption growth in 2011, where there was a 3.7% increase against 5.1% for the consumption. Production rose by 7.1% or 163 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in China, a little less than consumption. It stagnated in India, slightly increased by 0.4% and even fell by 36% or 34 Mtoe in Japan following the 2011 Fukushima disaster. The sharp reduction in Japan contributed to the stagnation of the primary production in the OECD countries, which was increase 14 Mtoe. The dynamic production trend in North America, 3.8% rose by 81 Mtoe, was partially offset by the 3% or 33 Mtoe decrease in Europe. In Africa, primary production decreased by 5.7%, while it rose by 2% in Latin America and the former Soviet Union territories, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Oil and gas producing countries in the Middle East posted 10% increase or 165 Mtoe in production in 2011. As of 2011, OECD accounted for 30% of the world primary energy production, same as Asia. While China alone is 19%. b. Energy Trade By 2011, the Middle East region strengthened its position as the world’s largest net exporter of energy with 12% increase in the trade surplus and only added 2% in Russia. In North America, shale gas resources contributed to the 4.8% increase in Canadian net exports and to the 12% fall in net energy imports in the United States. The trade surplus increased only 2% in Latin America, even though Argentina became a net importer in 2011. In Africa, the trade surplus dropped by 14% due to the reduction in Algeria and Nigeria net exports, 5.2% and 2.3% respectively. In Europe, net energy imports increased by only 1.1% as energy demand was impacted by the economic crisis. In Asia, net imports continued to soar to sustain the 9.8% on average in industrial growth, but 14% in China and 21% in India. c. Energy Consumption Primary energy consumption increased at a much slower pace in 2011, by 2.2%, after the strong growth noticed in 2010, which was 4.9%. As an impact of economic crisis, energy consumption in OECD countries fell by 1.3%, in line with the 3.2% drop in the European Union and the stagnation in North America, including 0.7% drop in the United States. In China and India, energy consumption continued to grow steadily, 7.7% and 6.2% respectively, with China widening the gap with the United States, 19% above Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultur, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial, 5(2) July 2018, 55-65 P-ISSN: 1410-881X (Print) Theresia Asteria, Powering the World with Hydrogen DOI: http://www.konfrontasi.net/index.php/konfrontasi2 57 the USA. Energy demand in Japan fell by 6.6% compared to a 6.3% hike in 2010, while it increased at a slower pace in many southeastern Asian countries. Thus, limiting the growth in energy demand in Asia to 5.1% in 2011. The dynamic trend in Africa and Latin America, 3.1% and 5.1% respectively, in 2010 and stalled in 2011 WITH less than 1% growth. 2. Renewable Energy Climate change raises the world’s concerns. There is this urgent need to reduce carbon emissions that are driving increasing growth in the renewable energy industries. Many countries now have targets for their own renewable energy futures, and have enacted wide-ranging public policies to promote renewables. Low-carbon renewable energy replaces conventional fossil fuels in three main areas. They are power generation, hot water or space heating, and transport fuels. Total investment in renewable energy reached US$257 billion in 2011, up from US$211 billion in 2010. The top countries for investment in 2011 Were China, Germany, the United States, Italy, and Brazil. a. Electricity Production The share of renewables in global power generation slightly exceeded 20% in the world in 2011. Renewables, mainly hydro, account for more than 58% of the power mix in Latin America. Their share increased by two percentage points in North America. In the United States, hydropower production and wind generation rose by more than 25% and solar production by 50%. In Canada, hydropower production which was 60% of total generation, increased by 7% and wind generation doubled. In Europe, the share of renewables in power generation increased slightly to nearly 26% in 2011. In Italy and the United Kingdom, changes in the financial incentive schemes boosted solar power generation, which increased by 65% in the United Kingdom and rose fivefold in Italy. On the contrary, coal promotion policies, and to a lesser extent adverse hydro conditions, reduced the share of renewables in power generation from nearly 33% to 29% in Spain. In China, the steady progression of renewables in the power mix since 2007 stalled in 2011, 16% of the power generation, from 18% in 2010, in spite of a 22% increase in wind generation, owing to a rising coal-fired production. In India on the contrary, the share of renewables in the power mix gained one percentage point driven by hydropower of 14% and wind 23%. b. Primary Consumption The share of renewables in global power generation slightly exceeded 20% in the world in 2011. Renewables, mainly hydro, account for more than 58% of the power mix in Latin America and their share increased by two percentage points in North America. In the United States, hydropower production and wind generation rose by more than 25% and solar production by 50%. In Canada, hydropower production which accounts 60% of total generation, increased by 7% and wind generation doubled. In Europe, the share of renewables in power generation increased slightly to nearly 26% in 2011. In Italy and the United Kingdom, changes in the financial incentive schemes boosted solar power generation, which increased by 65% in the United Kingdom and rose fivefold in Italy. On the contrary, coal promotion policies, and to a lesser extent adverse Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultur, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial, 5(2) July 2018, 55-65 P-ISSN: 1410-881X (Print) Theresia Asteria, Powering the World with Hydrogen DOI: http://www.konfrontasi.net/index.php/konfrontasi2 58 hydro conditions, reduced the share of renewables in power generation from nearly 33% to 29% in Spain. In Chin
Intraformational water zones are widely reported in Canadian oil sands fields. In order to pressurize a thief zone, one of the initiatives is to inject gas. However, the evaluation of gas injectivity based on a pore size distribution is still a big challenge. This study provides a multi-scale approach to study the effect of a pore size distribution on gas injectivity in intraformational water zones. The results indicate the gas effective permeability increases in a less complex and more discrete pore network. The enhancement of gas effective permeability with increased gas saturation weakens with higher complexity and lower discreteness of a pore network. A less complex and more discrete pore network better benefits the gas injectivity index.
Chemical technology, Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade