Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Camila Cristiane De Conto Sena

Abstract The Great Crossing: From Senegalese Emigration to Brazilian Settlement. Political Geography of a Transatlantic Route and Socio-Economic Analysis of an Urban Integration This article, presented at the founding congress of the Association Internationale de Géographie Francophone in 2023, adopts a multi-sited and multi-scalar approach to analyze Senegalese migration trajectories to Brazil in the 2010s. It examines the political geography of these South-South routes, the transitions between stages, and the events that have reconfigured migration paths. The study also explores how Senegalese migrants integrate into Brazilian cities, transform urban spaces through new economic activities, and how settlement gradually evolves into a form of commercial and circular mobility.

Eduardo Koffmann Jopia, Patricia Galilea Aranda

Does it matter whether a government is "left wing" or "right wing" for economic growth? Using a panel of 113 countries (1995 2022), we combine: (i) the economic ideology of the executive branch (V Dem), (ii) the disaggregated institutional quality of the economic freedom index (Heritage), separating a core institutional block (HN: property rights, government integrity, judicial effectiveness) from a block of liberalization policies (HL: trade/financial openness, regulatory efficiency, size of government), and (iii) economic performance (GDP per capita PPP and its growth, World Bank). We estimate panel models with fixed effects by country and year, and standard errors grouped by country. We find that HN is strongly associated with higher income levels, while HL, on average globally, is not significant for income level once HN is controlled for, nor does it consistently predict short term growth. Government ideology exhibits weak direct effects on growth, although it operates indirectly via HL (right wing governments tend to have higher HL scores). Robustness tests with long five-year differences and country specific trends reinforce that, in the long run, "institutions prevail over politics." We conclude with recommendations for developing countries: prioritize the institutional core (rule of law, anti-corruption, effective justice) as a basis for policies whether left-wing or right wing to bear fruit in terms of growth

Dennis Müller

The mathematisation of the socio-economic sphere, where mathematics actively constructs social reality, presents a challenge for studies on ethics in mathematics and its education. While existing scholarship on ethics in mathematics offers insights, it often remains philosophically driven and disconnected from other relevant disciplines. This paper addresses this gap by asking how debates on ethics in mathematics and its education can be connected with economic sociology, and what socio-economic tensions become visible through this connection. Drawing from concepts such as imagined futures, varieties of capitalism, and variegated capitalism, we synthesise a new perspective. This analysis reveals six interconnected tensions: a socio-economic valuation gap regarding ethics education; the multifaceted implementation of mathematics across different capitalist systems; its material opaqueness; a growing gap between economic power and social unaccountability; the enclosure of imagination limiting sustainable futures; and the erosion of multilateralism, which challenges critical pedagogy. The paper's contribution is a first step towards a structural socio-economic framework that links the limited literature on ethics in mathematics with these broader sociological perspectives.

Anushka De, Diganta Mukherjee

This study investigates the dynamic and potentially causal relationships among childhood health, education, and long-term economic well-being in India using longitudinal data from the Young Lives Survey. While prior research often examines these domains in isolation, we adopt an integrated empirical framework combining panel data methods, instrumental variable regression, and causal graph analysis to disentangle their interdependencies. Our analysis spans five survey rounds covering two cohorts of children tracked from early childhood to young adulthood. Results indicate strong persistence in household economic status, highlighting limited intergenerational mobility. Education, proxied by Item Response Theory-based mathematics scores, consistently emerges as the most robust predictor of future economic well-being, particularly in the younger cohort. In contrast, self-reported childhood health shows limited direct impact on either education or later wealth, though it is influenced by household economic conditions. These findings underscore the foundational role of wealth and the growing importance of cognitive achievement in shaping life trajectories. The study supports policy approaches that prioritize early investments in learning outcomes alongside targeted economic support for disadvantaged households. By integrating statistical modeling with development policy insights, this research contributes to understanding how early-life conditions shape economic opportunity in low- and middle-income contexts.

Patrik Valábek, Michaela Horváthová, Martin Klaučo

This paper presents a deep Koopman-based Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) for efficient operation of a laboratory-scale pasteurization unit (PU). The method uses Koopman operator theory to transform the complex, nonlinear system dynamics into a linear representation, enabling the application of convex optimization while representing the complex PU accurately. The deep Koopman model utilizes neural networks to learn the linear dynamics from experimental data, achieving a 45% improvement in open-loop prediction accuracy over conventional N4SID subspace identification. Both analyzed models were employed in the EMPC formulation that includes interpretable economic costs, such as energy consumption, material losses due to inadequate pasteurization, and actuator wear. The feasibility of EMPC is ensured using slack variables. The deep Koopman EMPC and N4SID EMPC are numerically validated on a nonlinear model of multivariable PU under external disturbance. The disturbances include feed pump fail-to-close scenario and the introduction of a cold batch to be pastuerized. These results demonstrate that the deep Koopmand EMPC achieves a 32% reduction in total economic cost compared to the N4SID baseline. This improvement is mainly due to the reductions in material losses and energy consumption. Furthermore, the steady-state operation via Koopman-based EMPC requires 10.2% less electrical energy. The results highlight the practical advantages of integrating deep Koopman representations with economic optimization to achieve resource-efficient control of thermal-intensive plants.

Hephzibah Beula John, Mini Agrawal, Priyanka Nema et al.

Abstract This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the relationship between digital innovation and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a specific focus on the concept of green growth. Green growth refers to fostering economic growth while ensuring environmental sustainability, making it a critical framework for achieving the SDGs. By systematically reviewing a decade's worth of academic literature, we quantify the contributions of digital technologies to sustainable development initiatives. Utilizing data from prominent scholarly databases, we analyzed 271 articles to identify emerging trends, key themes, and research gaps within this interdisciplinary field. Our findings reveal significant patterns in how digital innovations, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT), are being leveraged to promote economic efficiency, resource conservation, and social equity—core tenets of green growth. Furthermore, we examine the geographical disparities in the adoption and impact of these technologies across developed and developing countries, highlighting unique challenges and opportunities. This bibliometric analysis not only underscores the transformative potential of digital tools in advancing sustainable practices but also emphasizes the necessity for targeted strategies that align technological advancements with the principles of green growth and inclusivity. The insights derived from this research provide valuable implications for policymakers, practitioners, and academics seeking to enhance the synergy between digital innovation and sustainable development.

Marco Pangallo, R. Maria del Rio-Chanona

Economic agent-based models (ABMs) are becoming more and more data-driven, establishing themselves as increasingly valuable tools for economic research and policymaking. We propose to classify the extent to which an ABM is data-driven based on whether agent-level quantities are initialized from real-world micro-data and whether the ABM's dynamics track empirical time series. This paper discusses how making ABMs data-driven helps overcome limitations of traditional ABMs and makes ABMs a stronger alternative to equilibrium models. We review state-of-the-art methods in parameter calibration, initialization, and data assimilation, and then present successful applications that have generated new scientific knowledge and informed policy decisions. This paper serves as a manifesto for data-driven ABMs, introducing a definition and classification and outlining the state of the field, and as a guide for those new to the field.

Christopher Davis, Andrew Caines, Øistein Andersen et al.

Thanks to recent advances in generative AI, we are able to prompt large language models (LLMs) to produce texts which are fluent and grammatical. In addition, it has been shown that we can elicit attempts at grammatical error correction (GEC) from LLMs when prompted with ungrammatical input sentences. We evaluate how well LLMs can perform at GEC by measuring their performance on established benchmark datasets. We go beyond previous studies, which only examined GPT* models on a selection of English GEC datasets, by evaluating seven open-source and three commercial LLMs on four established GEC benchmarks. We investigate model performance and report results against individual error types. Our results indicate that LLMs do not always outperform supervised English GEC models except in specific contexts -- namely commercial LLMs on benchmarks annotated with fluency corrections as opposed to minimal edits. We find that several open-source models outperform commercial ones on minimal edit benchmarks, and that in some settings zero-shot prompting is just as competitive as few-shot prompting.

Yuhki Hosoya

We consider a class of economic growth models that includes the classical Ramsey--Cass--Koopmans capital accumulation model and verify that, under several assumptions, the value function of the model is the unique viscosity solution to the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equation. Moreover, we discuss a solution method for these models using differential inclusion, where the subdifferential of the value function plays an important role. Next, we present an assumption under which the value function is a classical solution to the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equation, and show that many economic models satisfy this assumption. In particular, our result still holds in an economic growth model in which the government takes a non-smooth Keynesian policy rule.

Manish Jha, Jialin Qian, Michael Weber et al.

We use generative AI to extract managerial expectations about their economic outlook from 120,000+ corporate conference call transcripts. The resulting AI Economy Score predicts GDP growth, production, and employment up to 10 quarters ahead, beyond existing measures like survey forecasts. Moreover, industry and firm-level measures provide valuable information about sector-specific and individual firm activities. A composite measure that integrates managerial expectations about firm, industry, and macroeconomic conditions further significantly improves the forecasting power and predictive horizon of national and sectoral growth. Our findings show managerial expectations offer unique insights into economic activity, with implications for both macroeconomic and microeconomic decision-making.

LINȚĂ (COMAN) MARIANA-LUMINIȚA

The main objective of this article was to analyze the relationship between total revenues, social contributions and total gross expenses in Romania.The analysis covers the period 1995 to 2022 and is based on data collected from official sources.The study aimed to highlight the long-term dynamics and short-term adjustments between the key economic variables under analysis, thus providing insight into how fiscal policies can influence budgetary stability. Thus, in order to analyze the long-term interdependencies and short-term adjustments between total revenues, social contributions and total gross expenses, we proceeded to identify the cointegration relationships between the variables.The results showed that although there is an adjustment process, it is not instantaneous. Any short-term deviation of one of the key variables causes a series of adjustments in the other variables to restore the long-term balance, thus confirming the existence of structural links between these variables, while also providing a clear perspective on how these relationships manifests and stabilizes over time.

Davide Villa, Daniel Uvaydov, Leonardo Bonati et al.

Because of the ever-growing amount of wireless consumers, spectrum-sharing techniques have been increasingly common in the wireless ecosystem, with the main goal of avoiding harmful interference to coexisting communication systems. This is even more important when considering systems, such as nautical and aerial fleet radars, in which incumbent radios operate mission-critical communication links. To study, develop, and validate these solutions, adequate platforms, such as the Colosseum wireless network emulator, are key as they enable experimentation with spectrum-sharing heterogeneous radio technologies in controlled environments. In this work, we demonstrate how Colosseum can be used to twin commercial radio waveforms to evaluate the coexistence of such technologies in complex wireless propagation environments. To this aim, we create a high-fidelity spectrum-sharing scenario on Colosseum to evaluate the impact of twinned commercial radar waveforms on a cellular network operating in the CBRS band. Then, we leverage IQ samples collected on the testbed to train a machine learning agent that runs at the base station to detect the presence of incumbent radar transmissions and vacate the bandwidth to avoid causing them harmful interference. Our results show an average detection accuracy of 88%, with accuracy above 90% in SNR regimes above 0 dB and SINR regimes above -20 dB, and with an average detection time of 137 ms.

Hayato Kato, Hirofumi Okoshi

Do low corporate taxes always favor multinational production over economic integration? We propose a two-country model in which multinationals choose the locations of production plants and foreign distribution affiliates and shift profits between them through transfer prices. With high trade costs, plants are concentrated in the low-tax country; surprisingly, this pattern reverses with low trade costs. Indeed, economic integration has a non-monotonic impact: falling trade costs first decrease and then increase the plant share in the high-tax country, which we empirically confirm. Moreover, allowing for transfer pricing makes tax competition tougher and international coordination on transfer-pricing regulation can be beneficial.

Wafa Koussani, Faten Khamassi

Covid-19 had a negative effect economically and socially in Tunisia, as illustrated by the highest mortality rate recorded in Africa in March 2020 and the economic growth rate estimated at -9.3% by the Central Bank of Tunisia in 2020. The main cause of this situation is the quarantine and the sudden halt of several activities resulting in the drop in domestic demand and the loss of Tunisia's main trading partners. The agricultural sector, and particularly small and family farms, forced to align with the quarantine measures since March 2020, have suffered the full impact of Covid-19. Indeed, the pandemic crisis put a strain on food supply chains: a complex network of interactions involving farmers, agricultural inputs, processing plants, retailers, and others.

محمدحسین مرزه, رضا نجف زاده

نئولیبرالیسم مجموعه ای است از سیاست های اقتصادی که نظام اقتصاد داخلی کشورها و نظام اقتصادی بین ‎المللی را دستخوش تحولات گسترده ‎ای نموده و مهم‌ترین مؤلفه های آن عبارت‎اند از: باور راسخ به بازار آزاد و نامحدود جهانی و مالکیت خصوصی. سیاست اقتصادی جدید در عراق در شرایط سیاسی که توسط اشغال ایالات متحده آمریکا تحمیل شده است در حال اجراست. این سیاست اقتصادی در عراق به سیاست سرمایه‌داری ایالات متّحده‎ آمریکا پیوند خورده است؛ بنابراین، تمام خصوصیات نئولیبرالی در یک مدل، یعنی حمله نظامی و اشغال، مرزبندی سیستم سیاسی وابسته به قدرت و تحمیل و به‌کارگیری یک مدل اقتصادی در برابر ما مشهود است. این سیاست‌ها با یک شوک شروع شده و با تعدیل ساختاری در حال ادامه است؛ به عبارت دیگر، این سیاست‌ها برآمده از نیازها و ضروریات اجتماعی نیستند، بلکه محصول یک تغییر سیاسی ناگهانی هستند که ازراه اشغال و نه در طی رشد عینی جامعه و نیروهای داخلی یا در سطح تولید آن اتفاق افتاده است. این پژوهش ادعا نمی‌کند که عراق یک دولت با اقتصاد نئولیبرالیستی است بلکه به دنبال توصیف، تحلیل و انتقاد نتایج زیان‌بار سیاست‌های مدل اقتصادی نئولیبرال بر دولت و جامعه عراق است. نظام سرمایه‌داری جهانی با رهبری ایالات متّحده آمریکا به‎وسیلة ایجاد یک شوک به کشور عراق این دولت را در اقتصاد بازار باز و سرمایه‌داری جهانی ادغام کرد. این اقدام نه‌تنها در جهت اصلاح برای دولت عراق نبود بلکه به‎ دلیل اینکه حاصل یک عمل ناگهانی شوک‌آور با اشغال عراق بود و همچنین حاصل نیازهای توسعه اقتصادی، سیاسی و اجتماعی جامعه عراق نبود، باعث چالش‌های متعددی در سطح سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی ازجمله بیکاری، فقر، فساد اداری و مالی، رشد تروریسم، بالارفتن بدهی‌های خارجی و داخلی، از بین رفتن بخش خصوصی داخلی، محو اتحادیه‌های صنفی، بالارفتن فاصله‌های طبقاتی، نارضایتی ملی و رفاه نسبی، خارج شدن ثروت‌های کشور با ایجاد بخش خصوصی کاذب و غیر شفاف، تثبیت هرچه بیشتر اقتصاد رانتی، بالارفتن هزینه‌ها در بخش عمومی به‌خصوص کارمندان شد.

Juan Antonio Parrilla González, Diego Ortega Alonso

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent a commitment to sustainability through innovation, sustainable economic growth and the diversification of economic activities. The social economy and the revaluation of rural heritage play a fundamental role in implementing and progressing towards these goals, especially in agri-food cooperatives. In the case of the Spanish olive oil industry, a substantial percentage of the business in olive oil producing areas revolves around the social economy: 70% of the olive oil produced in Spain is made by cooperatives. For these cooperatives, the implementation of the SDGs offers them a potential tool for sustainable development, diversification and the economic growth of their businesses. This article focuses on analysing the relative importance of the SDGs in the olive oil cooperative sector in Andalusia, using the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) technique and applying the fuzzy-set approach (fsQCA) to the tenets of the SDGs. Lastly, causal models have been established, the practical implications of which centre on the implementation and development of the SDGs as a means of achieving the sustainable economic growth of these enterprises. The main findings of this study suggest that the sustainable development goals on which the cooperative societies analyzed are focused, in addition to producing olive oil, promote values linked to food security, sustainability, the showcasing of heritage, and gender equality.

A. G. A. Cariappa, B. S. Chandel, G. Sankhala et al.

Calcium (Ca) requirement increases tenfold upon parturition in dairy cows & buffaloes and its deficiency leads to a condition called milk fever (MF). Estimation of losses is necessary to understand the depth of the problem and design preventive measures. How much is the economic loss due to MF? What will be the efficiency gain if MF is prevented at the advent of a technology? We answer these questions using survey data and official statistics employing economic surplus model. MF incidence in sample buffaloes and cows was 19% and 28%, respectively. Total economic losses were calculated as a sum total of losses from milk production, mortality of animals and treatment costs. Yearly economic loss due to MF was estimated to be INR 1000 crores (US$ 137 million) in Haryana. Value of milk lost had the highest share in total economic losses (58%), followed by losses due to mortality (29%) and treatment costs (13%). Despite lower MF incidence, losses were higher in buffaloes due to higher milk prices and market value of animals. The efficiency gain accruing to producers if MF is prevented, resulting from increased milk production at decreased costs was estimated at INR 10990 crores (US$ 1.5 billion). As the potential gain if prevented is around 10 times the economic losses, this study calls for the use of preventive technology against MF.

Muhammad Salar Khan

I extend the concept of absorptive capacity, used in the analysis of firms, to a framework applicable to the national level. First, employing confirmatory factor analyses on 47 variables, I build 13 composite factors crucial to measuring six national level capacities: technological capacity, financial capacity, human capacity, infrastructural capacity, public policy capacity, and social capacity. My data cover most low- and middle-income- economies (LMICs), eligible for the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) support between 2005 and 2019. Second, I analyze the relationship between the estimated capacity factors and economic growth while controlling for some of the incoming flows from abroad and other confounders that might influence the relationship. Lastly, I conduct K-means cluster analysis and then analyze the results alongside regression estimates to glean patterns and classifications within the LMICs. Results indicate that enhancing infrastructure (ICT, energy, trade, and transport), financial (apparatus and environment), and public policy capacities is a prerequisite for attaining economic growth. Similarly, I find improving human capital with specialized skills positively impacts economic growth. Finally, by providing a ranking of which capacity is empirically more important for economic growth, I offer suggestions to governments with limited budgets to make wise investments. Likewise, my findings inform international policy and monetary bodies on how they could better channel their funding in LMICs to achieve sustainable development goals and boost shared prosperity.

IRINA-ELENA CHIRTOC, GABRIELA BUȘAN

In order to achieve the main objective of the European Central Bank and implicitly of the national central banks that make up the European System of Central Banks, the Governing Council of the ECB bases its decisions on a two-pillar monetary policy strategy and implements them both through ordinary monetary policy, as well as through unconventional measures. Monetary policy is the set of actions by which monetary authorities monitor and regulate the amount of currency in circulation, the level of interest rates, exchange rates and other economic and monetary indicators in order to achieve the general objectives of economic policy. The main monetary policy instruments used to achieve the objectives are market operations, permanent facilitation and the establishment of minimum required reserves.

Karim KOBA

يهدف البحث لإظهار دور الاليات الداخلية لحوكمة الشركات في إدارة المخاطر من خلال دراسة نظرية تعتمد على المنهج الوصفي، توصلنا لمجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن التدقيق الداخلي يعتبر الركيزة الأولية والاساسية لباقي الاليات الداخلية لحوكمة الشركات في إطار إدارة المخاطر، إذ يقوم المدقق الداخلي بدراسة وتحديد وتقييم المخاطر المتعلقة بالشركة بهدف إمداد لجنة التدقيق بتقارير أولية وكذلك بهدف إعداد مخططات وبرامج التدقيق. الكلمات المفتاحية : الحوكمة؛ المخاطر؛ التدقيق؛ مجلس الإدارة؛ مبادئ الحوكمة. تصنيف The research aims to show the role of the internal mechanisms of corporate governance in risk management through a theoretical study based on the descriptive approach. The researcher concluded to a set of results, the most important of them is that the internal audit is the main pillar of the other internal mechanisms of corporate governance in terms of risk management. In fact, the internal auditor studies, identifies and evaluates the main risks that the economic company may face with the aim of providing to the audit committee initial reports as well as preparing audit plans and programs. Key words : Governance; Risks; Audit; Administration council; Audit Committee.