Python developers rely on two major testing frameworks: \texttt{unittest} and \texttt{Pytest}. While \texttt{Pytest} offers simpler assertions, reusable fixtures, and better interoperability, migrating existing suites from \texttt{unittest} remains a manual and time-consuming process. Automating this migration could substantially reduce effort and accelerate test modernization. In this paper, we investigate the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate test framework migrations from \texttt{unittest} to \texttt{Pytest}. We evaluate GPT 4o and Claude Sonnet 4 under three prompting strategies (Zero-shot, One-shot, and Chain-of-Thought) and two temperature settings (0.0 and 1.0). To support this analysis, we first introduce a curated dataset of real-world migrations extracted from the top 100 Python open-source projects. Next, we actually execute the LLM-generated test migrations in their respective test suites. Overall, we find that 51.5% of the LLM-generated test migrations failed, while 48.5% passed. The results suggest that LLMs can accelerate test migration, but there are often caveats. For example, Claude Sonnet 4 exhibited more conservative migrations (e.g., preserving class-based tests and legacy \texttt{unittest} references), while GPT-4o favored more transformations (e.g., to function-based tests). We conclude by discussing multiple implications for practitioners and researchers.
We present a novel and detailed dataset on origin-destination annual migration flows and stocks between 230 countries and regions, spanning the period from 1990 to the present. Our flow estimates are further disaggregated by country of birth, providing a comprehensive picture of migration over the last 35 years. The estimates are obtained by training a deep recurrent neural network to learn flow patterns from 18 covariates for all countries, including geographic, economic, cultural, societal, and political information. The recurrent architecture of the neural network means that the entire past can influence current migration patterns, allowing us to learn long-range temporal correlations. By training an ensemble of neural networks and additionally pushing uncertainty on the covariates through the trained network, we obtain confidence bounds for all our estimates, allowing researchers to pinpoint the geographic regions most in need of additional data collection. We validate our approach on various test sets of unseen data, demonstrating that it significantly outperforms traditional methods estimating five-year flows while delivering a significant increase in temporal resolution. The model is fully open source: all training data, neural network weights, and training code are made public alongside the migration estimates, providing a valuable resource for future studies of human migration.
Naghmeh Akhavan, Alexander George, Michelle Starz-Gaiano
et al.
Collective cell migration is a fundamental biological process that drives events such as embryonic development, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. In this study, we develop a biophysically informed phase-field model to investigate the collective migration of the border cell cluster in the Drosophila melanogaster egg chamber. Our model captures key aspects of the egg chamber architecture, including the oocyte, nurse cells, and surrounding epithelium, and incorporates both mechanical forces and biochemical cues that guide cell migration. We introduce the Tangential Interface Migration (TIM) force which captures contact-mediated propulsion generated along interfaces between the border cell cluster and surrounding nurse cells. Our simulations reveal three key features of TIM-driven migration that distinguish it from previous forms of chemotaxis: (1) the necessity of border cell-nurse cell overlap to initiate movement (i.e., border cells cannot move without a nurse cell substrate), (2) motion is tangential to border cell-nurse cell interfaces, and (3) persistent migration even in regions where the spatial slope of chemoattractant is decreasing. Additionally, we demonstrate that with or without geometry-mediated alterations in chemoattractant distribution such as at intercellular junctions we can vary induced migration pauses, independent of mechanical confinement. We capture an experimentally observed transition to dorsal migration at the oocyte with a sustained medio-lateral chemical cue of small amplitude. The results show how spatial constraints and interfacial forces shape collective cell movement and highlight the utility of phase-field models in capturing the interplay between tissue geometry, contact forces, and chemical signaling.
Angeline Cruz, Angela Martínez-Perez, Alex Almuedo-Riera
et al.
Background: Migrants are disproportionately affected by several infectious diseases differing the risk within migrant groups. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of six chronic infections in asymptomatic migrants attended at primary care or specialized units where health assessments are offered. Methods: A multicentric cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C virus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma spp., and Trypanosoma cruzi infections in the migrant population who participated in a screening programme implemented at six primary health care centres, and two infectious diseases outpatient clinics in Catalonia, Spain. Results: Of the 314 recruited migrants, 284 (90.4 %) were tested for at least one infection. The prevalence of the infections was as follows: 1.8 % for HIV, 1.8 % for chronic hepatitis B virus, 14.1 % for previous exposure to a hepatitis B virus infection, 0.4 % for hepatitis C virus infection, 2.6 % for S.stercoralis infection, and 7.0 % for T.cruzi infection. No cases infected with Schistosoma spp. were reported. A higher prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C virus was observed in Sub-Saharan Africans, whereas a higher prevalence of S.stercoralis and T.cruzi infections was reported in migrants from Latin-America and the Caribbean. Conclusion: Findings suggest a high burden of the studied infections, including parasitic infections, in the migrant population with variations within migrant groups based on areas of birth.
Public aspects of medicine, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
A globalização impôs uma série de mudanças nos fluxos migratórios, em especial entre os países do Sul-Global em direção ao Norte desenvolvido. Diante dessa nova conjuntura de fronteira e de fluxos migratórios, o artigo tem por finalidade compreender fluxos migratórios na atualidade e quais são as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos imigrantes, baseando-se nos conflitos vivenciados na fronteira entre a União Européia e o Marrocos. A hipótese preliminar da pesquisa é a de que os imigrantes que partem do Mediterrâneo são a materialização da expansão das fronteiras no mundo pós-moderno, o que incita – nos países de destino – argumentos vinculados à securidade como obstáculo à entrada de não nacionais. Como consequência, o direito de migrar não é tratado como um direito humano fundamental, e sim como uma faculdade discricionária dos Estados-Nação. A análise é realizada a partir de um estudo de caráter qualitativo, nos quais são analisados estudos de caso realizados na região do continente africano, aliadas à leitura crítica de relevante pensador – Mezzadra - sobre o direito à migração. Conclui-se que, dada sua posição geográfica e na geopolítica regional, o Marrocos acaba tendo um verdadeiro dilema: o de acolher os imigrantes subsaarianos e/ou de reproduzir as medidas securitárias europeias
International relations, Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
The right to nationality is among the fundamental rights that are recognisable under international and regional treaties, as well as national laws. Under international law, the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (collectively the “Statelessness Conventions”), for example, were adopted to promote and protect the right to nationality and eradicate statelessness.
There are three ways by which nationality can be acquired: by descent or parentage (jus sanguinis – law of the blood), by birth on the territory (jus soli – law of the soil), or by way of naturalization which includes (jus domicili or long residence). However, the determination of nationality remains ambiguous, and statelessness is becoming a major concern in the Southern African Region. Statelessness often occurs due to the lacunae found in the laws, policies, and practices of states that deny individuals their right to nationality, at birth or later in life. Stateless persons become unfairly marginalised and denied their basic human rights and access to services, legal protection, and recognition. Statelessness is not only harmful to stateless persons themselves but can destabilise the society in which such persons live.
This article investigates the risks of statelessness that can be associated with cross-border and permanent displacement due to the impacts of climate change. It evaluates the likelihood that such circumstances may lead to uncertain rights and legal statuses of stateless persons, issues that have the potential to be passed on to subsequent generations. The article concludes with recommended solutions for effectively preventing statelessness and for protecting and promoting the rights of stateless persons in the Southern African Region, specifically South Africa, Mozambique, and Tanzania.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration
The article deals with the formation of Soviet power, the Soviet Union, the influence of the ideology of Marxism, Leninism and Stalinism on the processes associated with industrialization, national socialism, nationalism, war and peace, humanism and fascism, which were a response to the economic and political domination of the United States and Europe. In the context of comparative analysis, special attention is paid to the phenomenon of Bolshevism as a real challenge of the 20th century. Considering that without the October Revolution and the Civil War in Russia there would be no war ideologies in Europe, without the experience of a multinational empire there would be no ethnic cleansing, without the victory of the Soviet Union in World War II there would be no communist rule in Eastern Europe and etc.
The article also examines the prerequisites for the formation and transformation of the totalitarian political system and regime of the USSR, against which the revival of democracy and market economy began in Europe.
Political science (General), Political institutions and public administration (General)
This article explores Norwegian-Somali parents’ motivation for returning to Somalia, how life has unfolded in the face of their return and how they are preparing for their future return to Norway. The article is a result of an ethnographic study of Norwegian-Somali returnees in Somalia. The analysis reveals that the desire to avoid Norwegian government surveillance of families served as an important backdrop for their return to Somalia. The motivations for returning to Somalia were also related to experiences of stigmatisation in Norway and the complexity of belongings to Norway and Somalia. The study suggests that parents work towards strengthening their belonging to both Somalia and Norway. The study further highlights that, by moving, the parents perceive that their children will be proud of their Somaliness and bond with family members in Somalia. To maintain a belongingness to Norway, parents actively work towards cultivating their children’s Norwegianness by creating a Norwegian school, celebrating Norwegian Constitution Day and emphasising Norwegian cultural repertories in their everyday lives.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Communities. Classes. Races
Relation between dips of post-stack migrated and unmigrated data is well known and easy to derive. A similar relation between dips of pre-stack migrated and unmigrated constant offset data is not available in literature and is calculated here. Since migration outputs for multiple offsets are available, the formula valid for all offsets gives us a tool to check the correctness of the migration velocity model. The formula is also used to study how a reflector with constant dip gets curved in constant offset gathers. Further, a handy formula for prestack migration aperture is derived and its variations with offset, depth and dip angle studied.
David B. Brückner, Matthew Schmitt, Alexandra Fink
et al.
Cell migration in confining physiological environments relies on the concerted dynamics of several cellular components, including protrusions, adhesions with the environment, and the cell nucleus. However, it remains poorly understood how the dynamic interplay of these components and the cell polarity determine the emergent migration behavior at the cellular scale. Here, we combine data-driven inference with a mechanistic bottom-up approach to develop a model for protrusion and polarity dynamics in confined cell migration, revealing how the cellular dynamics adapt to confining geometries. Specifically, we use experimental data of joint protrusion-nucleus migration trajectories of cells on confining micropatterns to systematically determine a mechanistic model linking the stochastic dynamics of cell polarity, protrusions, and nucleus. This model indicates that the cellular dynamics adapt to confining constrictions through a switch in the polarity dynamics from a negative to a positive, self-reinforcing feedback loop. Our model further reveals how this feedback loop leads to stereotypical cycles of protrusion-nucleus dynamics that drive the migration of the cell through constrictions. These cycles are disrupted upon perturbation of cytoskeletal components, indicating that the positive feedback is controlled by cellular migration mechanisms. Our data-driven theoretical approach therefore identifies polarity feedback adaptation as a key mechanism in confined cell migration.
API developers evolve software libraries to fix bugs, add new features, or refactor code. To benefit from such library evolution, the programmers of client projects have to repetitively upgrade their library usages and adapt their codebases to any library API breaking changes (e.g., API renaming). Such adaptive changes can be tedious and error-prone. Existing tools provide limited support to help programmers migrate client projects from old library versions to new ones. For instance, some tools extract API mappings be-tween library versions and only suggest simple adaptive changes (i.e., statement updates); other tools suggest or automate more complicated edits (e.g., statement insertions) based on user-provided exemplar code migrations. However, when new library versions are available, it is usually cumbersome and time-consuming for users to provide sufficient human-crafted samples in order to guide automatic migration. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, AutoUpdate, to further improve the state of the art. Instead of learning from change examples, we designed AutoUpdate to automate migration in a compiler-directed way. Namely, given a compilation error triggered by upgrading libraries, AutoUpdate exploits 13 migration opera-tors to generate candidate edits, and tentatively applies each edit until the error is resolved or all edits are explored. We conducted two experiments. The first experiment involves migrating 371 tutorial examples between versions of 5 popular libraries. AutoUpdate reduced migration-related compilation errors for 92.7% of tasks. It eliminated such errors for 32.4% of tasks, and 33.9% of the tasks have identical edits to manual migrations. In the second experiment, we applied AutoUpdate to migrate two real client projects of lucene. AutoUpdate successfully migrated both projects, and the migrated code passed all tests.
Temporary exhibitions are excellent points of departure for looking at the ‘troubling’ effects that refugee realities, migration, and mobility practices have on European museums. Based on an analysis of the narrative strategies of four travelling exhibitions Lichtblick, Yallah?!, Flight for life, and The Museum without a home, the focus of this contribution is on representations of migration and solidarity work since the 2015 ‘summer of migration’. The article analyses the displays themselves and the venues, the places, and the spaces that are represented through them, and the ways in which the exhibitions relate to solidarity work. It is the aim of this article to sound these exhibitions’ potential to trouble and also to inspire museums in their work towards representing flight and mobility, as well as refugees and solidarity workers and the manifold ways in which they are part of today’s European realities.
Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration, Communities. Classes. Races
Thomas Rometsch, Peter J. Rodenkirch, Wilhelm Kley
et al.
Transition disks form a special class of protoplanetary disks that are characterized by a deficiency of disk material close to the star. In a subgroup, inner holes in these disks can stretch out to a few tens of au while there is still mass accretion onto the central star observed. We analyse the proposition that this type of wide transition disks is generated by the interaction of the disk with a system of embedded planets. We performed 2D hydrodynamics simulations of a flat disk using either a locally isothermal equation of state or considering also radiative effects. Two 3 to 9 Jupiter mass planets were embedded in the disk and their dynamical evolution due to disk-planet interaction was followed for over 100 000 years. The simulations account for mass accretion onto the star and planets. We included models with parameters geared to the system PDS 70. To assess the observability of features in our models we performed synthetic ALMA observations. For systems with a more massive inner planet there are phases where both planets migrate outward engaged in a 2:1 mean motion resonance via the Masset-Snellgrove mechanism. In sufficiently massive disks the formation of a vortex in the outer disk can trigger rapid outward migration of the outer planet where its distance increases by tens of au within a few thousand years. Later, the outer planet migrates back inwards settling again into resonance with the inner planet. We call this emerging composite phenomenon a 'migration jump'. Outward migration and the migration jumps are accompanied by a high mass accretion rate onto the star. The synthetic images reveal numerous substructures depending on the type of dynamical behaviour. Our results suggest that the outward migration of two embedded planets is a prime candidate for the explanation of the observed high stellar mass accretion rate in wide transition disks.
O artigo trata do acesso à saúde sexual e saúde reprodutiva das mulheres em privação de liberdade no Presídio Feminino de Florianópolis, a partir dos direitos sexuais e direitos reprodutivos, numa perspectiva interseccional de gênero e de integralidade de saúde das mulheres. Existe uma histórica omissão dos poderes públicos às mulheres encarceradas, que não as vêem como detentoras de direitos e de especificidades advindas das questões de gênero. As mulheres são tratadas como ‘presos que menstruam’, sendo suas particularidades resumidas à diferença biológica, seus direitos são violados desde a construção de unidades prisionais projetadas para os homens, até a atenção a direitos essenciais, como saúde, educação, trabalho, preservação de vínculos familiares e (re)socialização. A metodologia da pesquisa foi qualitativa e de cunho etnográfico, com destaque às narrativas das mulheres e profissionais da Instituição. O percurso metodológico adotado é detalhado para dar visibilidade à construção e análise dos dados, assim como ao campo de pesquisa.
Apresentamos reflexões sobre uma experiência onde buscamos ressaltar os protagonismo indígenas nas aulas de história, evidenciando o povo indígena Xukuru do Ororubá habitante nos municípios de Pesqueira e Poção/PE. Partindo dos diálogos com a participação de representantes do povo indígena em sala de aula, discutindo situações para superação de pré-conceitos expressos pelos discentes em relação aos povos indígenas, desde os estereótipos físicos até questionamentos sobre os acessos dos indígenas as tecnologias. Favorecendo o ensino para além do livro didático, com uma nova abordagem sobre a temática indígena e sobre os citados indígenas, enfatizando suas mobilizações para a conquista e garantias de direitos, especificamente às terras onde habitam, para afirmação da identidade nas relações de convivência com os não índios.