Hasil untuk "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"

Thando Nqasha, Mulemwa Akombelwa, Mayshree Singh et al.

The 2014 Orkney earthquake caused significant damage to unreinforced masonry buildings in the surrounding townships. After the earthquake, field surveys were conducted to assess the extent of damage in the affected areas. This study reviews data collected from the 2014 Orkney earthquake to investigate damage patterns, evaluate building safety for occupancy, and support fragility curve construction. Damage was quantified based on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) to assess building safety and conduct regression analysis. The results indicate that the collected data is suitable for investigating damage patterns and determining building safety for occupancy. However, it is not suitable for constructing fragility curves. Empirical fragility curves are typically developed using logistic regression, but this study found the data unsuitable for regression analysis due to sampling errors and limited data quantity. This study recommends the use of first-order approximation methods to supplement the dataset, reducing sampling errors and increasing data quantity.

Jesus M. Barajas, Sarah Grajdura, Alex Karner et al.

In early 2025, the US Department of Transportation (DOT) presented new criteria for discretionary funding prioritization based on marriage rates, birth rates, and compliance with Federal immigration policy. This policy diverges from the previous equity and justice-focused prioritization. We analyze how the new DOT policy will affect discretionary transportation spending priorities across geography, sociodemographics, transportation burdens and barriers, and voting lines. The new 2025 DOT policy shifts funding priorities towards white, Trump-voting areas and away from Black, Latino, and lower-resourced populations and those experiencing higher travel burdens and barriers.

Jutamat Chotirat, Supuck Prugsiganont van der Hoeven, Tanut Waroonkun

This research aims to explore the factors related to the physical environment in outpatient departments (OPD) that influence the hospital design process in public hospitals in Thailand after the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, it seeks to establish design guidelines for preventing respiratory diseases. This is a qualitative study involving 50 participants, including 20 medical personnel and 30 patients and their relatives, based on the Clinic Design Post-Occupancy Evaluation Toolkit. Data collection was conducted in three stages: (1) observing the physical environment using a checklist derived from the Clinic Design Post-Occupancy Evaluation Toolkit, (2) conducting surveys using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) questionnaire, and (3) interviews to assess impacts on mental health and the prevention of airborne respiratory diseases. The AHP ranking results indicated that issues concerning space screening, furniture arrangement, ventilation, recreational reception areas, lighting, and space layout are concerns expressed by medical personnel, patients, and their relatives in the outpatient departments of both buildings. Thematic analysis of focus group discussions among medical personnel, patients, and their relatives identified three main factors and two design recommendations to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and respiratory disease: (1) Improving the outpatient waiting area environment to reduce the spread of infectious diseases. (2) Enhancing space management and screening processes.

Zef Hemel

Claske Vos

J. Talmadge Wright

Muhammad Iqbal, Auliana Auliana, Dwhy Dinda Sari et al.

Early childhood language development is a multifaceted and intricate process that includes the acquisitionof various linguistic components. However, occurrence of language delays or disorders among 3-5-years-old children is a significant challenge that can impede this progression. These delays or disorders can have asignificant impact on word class acquisition, which is a fundamental aspect of language development. Thisstudy aims to elucidate the diverse types of word classes observed in the language acquisition process ofchildren aged 3-5 years in North Aceh. Specifically, the investigation focuses on noun, verb, and adjectiveword classes. Employing a qualitative approach within a descriptive research framework. Thus, variousdata collection techniques including observation, listening, recording, note-taking, and documentation,were utilized in this study. Purposive sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 5 participants.These five participants were selected based on their age criteria, research site location, language proficiency,active engagement in interactions, as well as their availability and willingness to participate. The primarydata source encompassed children aged 3-5 years, with a particular emphasis on nouns, verbs, and adjectivesderived from conversational interactions. The results revealed three distinct types of word classes in thelanguage acquisition process of children aged 3-5 years. Firstly, the noun word class encompassed a rangeof entities, such as people, animals, fruits, flowers, food and drinks, tableware, sports equipment, clothing,plants, transportation equipment, and other nouns typically associated with the child’s environment.Secondly, the verb word class comprised verbs accompanied by objects and verbs without objects. Thirdly,the adjective word class characterized the state of nouns or objects, encompassing descriptors relatedto mental attitude, shape, size, color, mileage, temperature and humidity, power of energy, and senseimpressions. This study sheds light on the diverse nature of language learning in children aged 3-5 yearsby evaluating and analyzing these distinct word classes. Equally significant, by examining the linguisticpatterns and structures that emerged during this time period, this study contributes to our understanding of how children acquire language during the preschool years.

Hapid Durohman, Siti Shofia Marwa, Friska Aulia Dewi Andini

Abstract This research aims to examine the financial performance differences of the National Zakat Collection Institutions (LAZNAS) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, researchers conducted a comparative analysis of LAZNAS's financial performance before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using a quantitative descriptive research approach. The data used are secondary data from the financial reports of zakat collection institutions published on their websites for four periods: pre-pandemic (2018-2019) and during the pandemic (2020- 2021). Data analysis involved assessing LAZNAS's financial performance based on activity ratios (zakat allocation ratio) and growth ratios (growth of zakat). Subsequently, non- parametric tests, specifically the Wilcoxon sign rank test using STATA 17. The research findings indicate that there is no significant difference in the performance of zakat collection institutions based on activity ratios. However, the performance of zakat collection institutions based on growth ratios shows a significant difference, as evidenced by the results of the growth of zakat calculations. This implies that there is a difference in the collection of zakat funds by LAZNAS during the COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: Zakat ; Financial Performances ; National Amil Zakat Institution ; Covid-19.   Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan kinerja keuangan Lembaga Amil Zakat Nasional (LAZNAS) sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19. Dalam penelitian ini, para peneliti melakukan analisis perbandingan kinerja keuangan LAZNAS sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19 menggunakan pendekatan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari laporan keuangan lembaga pengumpulan zakat yang dipublikasikan di situs web mereka selama empat periode: sebelum pandemi (2018-2019) dan selama pandemi (2020-2021). Analisis data melibatkan penilaian kinerja keuangan LAZNAS berdasarkan rasio aktivitas (rasio alokasi zakat) dan rasio pertumbuhan (pertumbuhan zakat). Selanjutnya, uji non-parametrik, khususnya uji peringkat tanda Wilcoxon menggunakan STATA 17. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan signifikan dalam kinerja lembaga pengumpulan zakat berdasarkan rasio aktivitas. Namun, kinerja lembaga pengumpulan zakat berdasarkan rasio pertumbuhan menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan, sebagaimana dibuktikan oleh hasil perhitungan pertumbuhan zakat. Ini mengimplikasikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan dalam pengumpulan dana zakat oleh LAZNAS selama pandemi COVID-19. Kata kunci: Zakat; Kinerja Keuangan; Lembaga Amil Zakat Nasional; Covid-19.

Todor Kesarovski, Fabio Hernández-Palacio

Compact settlements take advantage of economies of scale by sustaining a system of high-quality socio-economic services at close proximities. Urban density with a balanced mix of uses also benefits walking and cycling as mobility modes that provide sufficient access to urban amenities, especially when combined with effective public transport. Indeed, walking and cycling can decrease the use of cars for short-distance trips. From this perspective, urban density can help to reduce pollution, optimise energy consumption and decrease infrastructural expenditures while contributing to more attractive urban environments. These ideas have induced a new wave of time geography planning concepts, such as the ‘10-minute city’, to enhance urban sustainability. For these concepts to move beyond visionary narratives, they must be expressed in specific empirical frameworks. Thus, the current research focuses on accessibility to grocery shops, as an essential urban service, in the Stavanger metropolitan area (Norway) using 10 minutes isochrones for walking and cycling. The study integrates open data, GIS network analyses, statistical regressions and bivariate representations of the results. The research estimates the level of serviceability by quantifying the number of shops that are accessible for each location and interrelates this estimation with spatial and population densities. The paper also presents a method to detect spatial inequalities by visualising over/under-serviced areas. This visualisation can become a tool to support strategies to rebalance such imbalances. Moreover, this study offers a practical approach towards the ‘10-minute city’ concept, as it can be adjusted to different isochrones at different spatial scales. In general, this approach can serve both to analyse existing contexts and to model strategies to support sustainability policies, such as urban densification and the promotion of environmental-friendly transport.

Ahmad A. A. Alkhatib, Khulood Abu Maria, Shadi Alzu'bi et al.

Abstract Traffic congestion and road intersection management have become a significant issue, mainly with the highly increasing number of vehicles in cities. There is a common belief from vehicle drivers that installing traffic lights with some consideration of traffic flows will be dominant in traffic movements. This article proposes a novel system for Urban Traffic Control (UTC) with a continuous dynamic environment adaptation to improve traffic flow on large cities' network roads. The proposed system introduces vehicle counting method, lane evaluation of the current status and controlling method considering the effect on the whole traffic network—not just the intersection itself—to provide an efficient traffic scheduling. The main objective of the authors’ system is to reduce traffic jam, by reducing waiting time and trip time for vehicles at intersections. Some indicators and models are introduced in this work to assign traffic flow schedules with minimum traffic congestion and vehicle waiting time. These indicators and models include a traffic jam indicator, vehicle priority and lane weight. A multi‐agent urban traffic control system is proposed as the simulation environment using NetLogo simulator. (A total of 150) Vehicles are generated with random behaviour distributed over 25 intersections for 9 h duration to compare the normal fixed cycle traffic light and the authors’ smart traffic control. Results show a reduction in the total average waiting time of all vehicles for the simulation period by more than (29.98%). Hence, it is more suitable for the complexity of the current traffic condition with minimum changing infrastructure.

Alessandro MARRA, Vittorio CARLEI

It is widely acknowledged that firms require an efficient regulatory environment: if transaction costs generated by business regulations are not onerous, firms grow more and develop more quickly, attract more foreign direct investment, and employ more workers. But what does it induce alterations in the basic institutional framework? In this paper we intend to test North’s thesis by which as trade expands and the size of the market grows, transaction costs increase requiring that more and more resources should be devoted to improving existing regulations and, then, reducing such costs. The paper is structured as follows. Section 1 introduces. Section 2 provides the theoretical background. Section 3, based on World Bank data on 30 Chinese cities, investigates whether there is a correlation at urban and provincial levels between efficient business regulations on one side and economic outcomes (gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, employment, etc.) on the other. Section 4 addresses the pilot question mentioned above and tests whether simpler and less costly ways of meeting legal requirements for starting and running a business are associated with long-run trade. Section 5 discusses results in the light of theoretically assumed causal links and proposes a 2SLS regression model, whereby a geographical instrumental variable is used to investigate the causal relationship between business regulations and exports.

Diana Elba De Pietri, Patricia Dietrich, Alejandro Carcagno

El propósito del trabajo es identificar indicadores geográficos de riesgo ambiental para contribuir con la sustentabilidad urbana local. Se diseñó un procedimiento metodológico ad-hoc para promover la participación de la comunidad en la planificación ambiental local del municipio de Tres de Febrero, provincia de Buenos Aires. A partir del análisis de los datos relevados, se llega a un diagnóstico rápido de los eventos ambientales que inciden en la salud o calidad de vida. Los resultados fueron organizados conforme a la identificación y clasificación de eventos ambientales según el porcentaje de opinión respecto al grado de amenaza ambiental, el análisis de escenarios de riesgo ambiental y la delimitación del área de afectación de los eventos ambientales percibidos. Con base en las respuestas gráficas obtenidas durante la encuesta de hogares y las estadísticas descriptivas de los datos recopilados, se definen indicadores geográficos. El indicador geográfico de riesgo concentra las afectaciones ambientales y su manejo permite evaluar la vulnerabilidad de los hogares. El uso de indicadores geográficos para reducir riesgo ambiental, facilita la priorización de acciones preventivas alertando sobre posibles lugares de exposición.

Мария Владимировна Певная, Елена Анатольевна Шуклина, Анна Николаевна Тарасова et al.

The article was prepared on the basis of an international comparative study – a sociological survey of students from regional universities from 37 cities in the Sverdlovsk region of the Russian Federation and 20 settlements of the Shirak region in the Republic of Armenia (targeted sample, No. = 715). The authors explore the potential for social participation of students from countries with a common political background of post-socialism and cardinal differences in the cultural and historical heritage of urban spaces. The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for social participation of students of regional universities in Russia and Armenia and the subjective factors that determine their activity in the development of cities. The article analyzes the experience of volunteering, as well as the willingness of students to different types of constructive social participation in urban development. To identify factors that activate the social participation of students, a discriminant analysis has been used. Discriminant models were constructed dividing groups of students from different countries with a high and low degree of readiness for social participation, as well as into groups with and without volunteering experience. The authors argue that Russia and Armenia are characterized by an identical structure of student involvement in volunteer activities, but the level of students’ readiness for social participation in urban development in the countries under consideration is different. For Armenian students, not only the willingness for social participation is higher, but also the practices themselves are more associated with active socio-cultural activities in the urban space. Two factors that determine the experience of real participation in the socio-cultural development of cities are characteristic of both Russian and Armenian students. The real experience of volunteering is more likely to be acquired by those students who are motivated to receive information about the culture and history of their cities, as well as the ability to see and identify significant cultural and historical objects where they live and study. In the Russian scenario, the importance of the city, the need for its development increases for students if they, being armed with certain knowledge about its culture and history, consider that the city is an interesting object (including a tourist one) for promotion. For Armenian students, knowledge of the culture and history of their place of birth is a basic factor that shapes their interest in further exploring their cities, the desire to make them better.

Zhiqiu Jiang, Sicheng Wang, Andrew S. Mondschein et al.

Prior research on attitudes towards autonomous vehicles (AVs) shows variation across a set of demographic and socio-economic factors, but few consider spatial patterns. We investigate the spatial distributions of attitudes and preferences towards AVs from a U.S. nationally representative on-line panel. We examine 1) four attitudinal dimensions established by an exploratory factor analysis – technology acceptance, driving enjoyment, risk-taking, and traffic regulation – and their spatial variations; and 2) public viewpoints and preferences in purchasing, sharing, and using privately-owned and shared AVs. Findings suggest that the northeastern US is more receptive to AVs, compared to other parts of the country.

M. Habrel

In the urban sphere, the problems become more complicated and there are many violations and errors, so the problem of streamlining the problems of urban planning and substantiation of new methodological tools for solving «atypical» problems is relevant, as classical methods are ineffective. In the article the author solved problems: classification, specification of structure and maintenance of urban problems; substantiation of typological features and selection of «atypical» urban problems; outlining the general algorithm and methods of their solution; checks of orderly methodical tools on urban tasks of Lviv. Existing methods and solutions of urban problems are systematized. The general scientific methods of research include: theoretical (convergence from the abstract to the concrete, the method of formalization, the historical method, the system-structural, the method of studying documents); empirical (method of observation, comparison, field surveys, measurements) and empirical-theoretical (abstraction, analysis, synthesis, logical method, modeling), as well as statistical, historical, sociological and cartographic analysis. The classification and «atypical» problems of urban planning are carried out, the methodical tools of their solution are arranged. Methods and means to increase the efficiency of functioning and development of urban systems are based on the provisions of fuzzy sets and their essence. Thus, the new methods should classify urban problems by input and output indicators and knowledge of the internal structure of the system (processes and behavior). According to the theory of validity, in the first step, data are collected using various methods, denoted by codes, grouped into groups to make them more effective. Classification and characterization of «atypical» tasks, as well as updated methodological tools were tested on the example of Lviv — the principles and ways of reforming and developing its spatial structure. The forecast of the future is based on the genesis and historical ways of development of territories and cities. New ways or elimination of old ones meet at radical reforms, and development is caused not only by historical longevity and change of conditions, but also by new processes and behavior of system. There are ways to solve «atypical» problems: simple, including one direction; more complex covers the main direction and two or three additional subdirections; complex includes one or two main directions and several subdirections. This substantiates the feasibility of permanent city design and updating of urban planning documentation.

Ana Carolina Fernandes Pires, Érika Cristine Kneib, Rômulo José da Costa Ribeiro

Resumo O processo de urbanização ao qual estão submetidas as regiões metropolitanas brasileiras ocorre de forma insustentável. Intensa polarização e dependência entre seus municípios propicia deslocamentos pendulares, realizados geralmente por ônibus coletivos, que circulam com baixa rotatividade de passageiros em extensos vazios urbanos. Esta pesquisa apresenta os impactos que a metropolização provoca no sistema de transporte coletivo, com estudo de caso em municípios selecionados da Região Metropolitana de Goiânia (RMG). Indicadores de qualidade e eficiência são utilizados para a avaliação do sistema de transporte coletivo. Os resultados demonstram impactos econômicos no sistema de transporte coletivo e impactos sociais para os passageiros. A conclusão deste trabalho demonstra necessidade de descentralização das atividades socioeconômicas na RMG e políticas para potencialização do transporte coletivo.

Russell King, Marek Okólski

In this paper we review the significant political events and economic forces shaping contemporary migration within and into Europe. Various data sources are deployed to chronicle five phases of migration affecting the continent over the period 1945–2015: immediate postwar migrations of resettlement, the mass migration of ‘guestworkers’, the phase of economic restructuring and family reunion, asylum-seeking and irregular migration, and the more diverse dynamics unfolding in an enlarged European Union post-2004, not forgetting the spatially variable impact of the 2008 economic crisis. In recent years, in a scenario of rising migration globally, there has been an increase in intra-European migration compared to immigration from outside the continent. However, this may prove to be temporary given the convergence of economic indicators between ‘East’ and ‘West’ within the EU and the European Economic Area, and that ongoing population pressures from the global South, especially Africa, may intensify. Managing these pressures will be a major challenge from the perspective of a demographically shrinking Europe.

Rasoulian Mohsen, Ghannadi Ali Akhavan, Nojoomi Alireza

In the contemporary world, the insurance industry is considered one of the crucial factors of the development and progress of countries, and the insurance condition is an indicator of this phenomenon. The aim of the study is to assess risk taking of insurance companies from the perspective of senior managers and experts. The methods of research are questionnaire and interview with experts and senior managers of life insurance of active insurance companies in the city of Tehran using random sampling. In the present study, among 60 senior managers and experts, descriptive statistics in the field of demography such as gender, background, and educational level of respondents have been studied, and then they have been asked for the confirmation and rejection of statistical assumptions in the form of known criteria and opinions of experts and decision-makers. To prioritise the factors from the hierarchical analysis process for factor ranking, the results have indicated that inflation, governmental policies and lack of expertise are the major factors affecting risk taking in the industry of life insurance.

Lars Meier