Hasil untuk "Thermodynamics"

M. Lesieur

R. M. Bowen

J. Mazars, G. Pijaudier-Cabot

S. Vepřek, M. Venugopalan

R. Arnheim

D. Garfinkle, G. Horowitz, A. Strominger

K. Binder

J. Mazars

R. Cammarata

G. Olson

M. Lombardo

These lectures review phases and phase transitions of the Standard Model, with emphasis on those aspects which are amenable to a first principle study. Model calculations and theoretical ideas of practical applicability are discussed as well. Contents: 1.Overview; 2. Field Theory at Finite Temperature and Density; 3.Critical Phenomena; 4.Electroweak Interactions at Finite Temperature; 5. Thermodynamics of Four Fermions models; 6.The Phases of QCD; 7.QCD at Finite Temperature, $\mu_B = 0$; 8.QCD at Finite Temperature, $\mu_B \ne 0$.

R. Semiat

I. Teraoka

D. Ess, K. Houk

X. Zhang

R. Kosloff, Amikam Levy

Quantum thermodynamics supplies a consistent description of quantum heat engines and refrigerators up to a single few-level system coupled to the environment. Once the environment is split into three (a hot, cold, and work reservoir), a heat engine can operate. The device converts the positive gain into power, with the gain obtained from population inversion between the components of the device. Reversing the operation transforms the device into a quantum refrigerator. The quantum tricycle, a device connected by three external leads to three heat reservoirs, is used as a template for engines and refrigerators. The equation of motion for the heat currents and power can be derived from first principles. Only a global description of the coupling of the device to the reservoirs is consistent with the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Optimization of the devices leads to a balanced set of parameters in which the couplings to the three reservoirs are of the same order and the external driving field is in resonance. When analyzing refrigerators, one needs to devote special attention to a dynamical version of the third law of thermodynamics. Bounds on the rate of cooling when Tc→0 are obtained by optimizing the cooling current. All refrigerators as Tc→0 show universal behavior. The dynamical version of the third law imposes restrictions on the scaling as Tc→0 of the relaxation rate γc and heat capacity cV of the cold bath.

R. Criss

A. Connes, M. Marcolli

Thomas Hartman, C. Keller, Bogdan Stoica

A bstractTwo-dimensional conformal field theories exhibit a universal free energy in the high temperature limit T → ∞, and a universal spectrum in the Cardy regime, Δ → ∞. We show that a much stronger form of universality holds in theories with a large central charge c and a sparse light spectrum. In these theories, the free energy is universal at all values of the temperature, and the microscopic spectrum matches the Cardy entropy for all Δ≥c6$$ \Delta \ge \frac{c}{6} $$. The same is true of three-dimensional quantum gravity; therefore our results provide simple necessary and sufficient criteria for 2d CFTs to behave holographically in terms of the leading spectrum and thermodynamics. We also discuss several applications to CFT and gravity, including operator dimension bounds derived from the modular bootstrap, universality in symmetric orbifolds, and the role of non-universal ‘enigma’ saddlepoints in the thermodynamics of 3d gravity.