As a concept imported from the West, ‘public’ did not show up in Japanese society until Meiji. This results in a lack of typical public space typologies in Japan's city center, such as square and plaza. However, researchers argue concepts rooted in premodern ideas and related materialized informal open spaces, such as urban commons in Edo, to be the indigenous ‘public’ space in Japan for public gatherings and interactions. As Western ideas of clear public-private division for the protection of private property enter into legislation, the once popular ‘common’ space between public and private, and according shikii (threshold) concept behind it, are threatened to be disappearing. This paper focuses on one social housing project, Shinonome Canal Court in Tokyo, designed by Riken Yamamoto, who is the laureate of 2024 Pritzker Prize for his dedication to public space and community cultivation through shikii. Through case study, the research explains how the shikii concept is interpreted in Shinonome Canal Court, and how the ‘public’ space and its ‘public’ meaning related to ‘common’ are constructed and explained under shikii. Based on the archive documents provided by UR, related reports and research in literature, observation of activities and events, interviews with the designer Riken Yamamoto, the representative of the project's private management company, Tokyu Housing Lease, and local residents, the paper underscores the lost ‘grey’ character behind shikii in defining Japanese ‘public’ (‘kōkyō’). It concludes that shikii in the project is represented not only in the physical form of different types of open spaces but also in the cooperation and negotiation between different public and private groups in deciding how the open spaces are designed, operated, and managed. ‘Public’ meaning is constructed by ‘common’; ‘Public’ space and ‘common’ space are interchangeable in Shinonome Canal Court, depending on time-based activities and events of users within.
Urbanization. City and country, Political institutions and public administration (General)
ABSTRACT Our study contributes to the representative bureaucracy theory literature by testing the significance of majority identity, masculinity, and partisanship on responsiveness to social unrest. This study analyzes the responsiveness of police chiefs within the first week of the U.S. Capitol attack in Washington, D.C., on January 6th, 2021. Data are retrieved from social media accounts of police chiefs within local jurisdictions with at least 200,000 residents. An event history analysis is used to understand why some officials responded faster than others or not at all. Findings reveal that White male police chiefs and those with a Republican mayor were less responsive, while White male police chiefs were more responsive in localities with larger White populations due to the presence of minoritized mayors. The study adds to the literature by expanding representative bureaucracy theory to include the role of whiteness and masculinity, as well as mayoral identity, in shaping bureaucratic responsiveness.
Este estudio busca cuantificar la participación de mujeres en espacios de decisión en las Universidades estatales chilenas las cuales forman parte de la administración del Estado. Estas instituciones tienen múltiples funciones orientadas en construir y compartir conocimientos, contribuyendo en el fortalecimiento de la democracia y el desarrollo de la sociedad. No obstante, como instituciones no están exentas de dinámicas estereotipadas en los ámbitos disciplinares y organizacionales, dejando en una posición de subrepresentación a las mujeres en espacios de toma de decisiones, por lo que las funciones desarrolladas por las Universidades, se efectúan desde un solo punto de vista.
Por lo anterior, se desarrolla un recorrido por la historia reciente de las Universidades, marcadas por la movilización feminista del año 2018, así como un marco teórico-referencial que permite la comprensión de las dinámicas de subordinación de las mujeres en las Universidades. Se utiliza una estrategia de análisis es de carácter extensivo para este estudio descriptivo, el cual muestra las proporciones de las mujeres en las rectorías, juntas directivas/consejos superiores, decanaturas y autoridades superiores permitiendo cuantificar la participación de las mujeres en espacios de decisión de las Universidades del CUECH.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political science (General)
In many developing countries, comprehensive and structured planning strategies for pedestrians compared to users of other modes are grossly absent. This poses a challenge for planning agencies and local government authorities in the proper utilization of the fund. The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive list of factors that would help in the decision-making process for the improvement of pedestrian facilities in urban areas. A preliminary list of 57 factors that influence the improvement of pedestrian facilities in the urban area was discovered through a literature survey and expert intervention. The compilation was done based on the frequency of citations in previous studies. The factors were then grouped into five major categories that characterize the pedestrian facilities such as (1) Infrastructure; (2) Location (3) Ambience/Liveability, (4) Safety and Security, and (5) Mobility. A Delphi survey was conducted among 24 selected experts. After 4 rounds of the survey, 33 factors were identified as significant for the improvement of pedestrian facilities in an urban area. The study also identified some significant factors that failed to get attention in the past. The consolidated list would serve as a guide for planners, authorities, and government officials to adopt significant factors according to their requirements, and can be used as a reference for other developing countries.
Urbanization. City and country, Political institutions and public administration (General)
Az 1953-ban útjára indult, immáron hetvenéves Belügyi Szemle tudományos folyóirat jubileumi „70 év, 70 gondolat” című kiadványában megjelent tanulmány olvasható a felkért szerzőktől.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Andrei A. Bazarov, Marina V. Ayusheeva, Svetlana V. Vasilieva
Introduction. The paper examines collections of rare Mongolian-language Christian editions housed at depositories of Zabaykalsky Krai and Buryatia. Goals. The study attempts a socioarchaeographic analysis of the mentioned collections at the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies (SB RAS) and the Kuznetsov Zabaykalsky Krai Museum of Local History and Lore. Materials and methods. In terms of methodology, the work rests on ‘cognitive history’ and some aspects of historical phenomenology. The paper assumes a content analysis of the collections be instrumental both in identifying Christian Buryat readers’ queries throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and in revealing specificities of missionary activity among Mongolic peoples in pre-revolutionary Russia. Conclusions. The content analysis of the two collections shows Transbaikalia was witnessing a specific cooperation between Protestant and Orthodox Christian missions. Personal libraries of Buryat Christians were largely compiled from Mongolian translations of the Bible funded mainly by the Protestant missions. The study attests to that the most promising missionary activity among Buryats (and Mongols at large) — dissemination of Christianity via primary education — was not supported by representatives of the missions. Our insights into the history of the collections show that results of Christian missionary translation activities aroused interest of Buryat Buddhists, and the latter tended to include such biblical translations into their libraries. Due to linguistic and historical circumstances, the Russian collections of Mongolian-language Christian publications have remained virtually unattended — both in terms of bibliographic description and scholarly research — for a long time. However, territorial, manufacturing and historical circumstances make the examined editions essentially unique. Our content analysis confirms there is a need for such investigations to reveal a coherent agenda of religious publications once used for the development of Christianity within Mongolian culture.
History of Asia, Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)
The article explores the content of the ‘information society’ concept. The concept of a political and administrative management system has been studied. The structure and features of the political and administrative system have been determined. The main threats to managing modern political and administrative systems have been identified. The essence of the interaction between public administration and communications media in the conditions of requirement to ensiring national information security has been defined. The problems of public administration in the information field of Ukraine have been highlighted.
Irina Gorelova, Diana Dmitrieva, Mariya Dedova
et al.
The nature of entrepreneurship and its developmental paths in the urban environment are extensively studied in the scientific literature. With a rising interest of scholars in the smart city phenomenon, the role entrepreneurship plays in the development of smart cities became a central topic in academia. However, there is a lack of discussion concerning the specific settings and characteristics of digital entrepreneurship in the smart city scenario. Nowadays, the concept of digital entrepreneurship is considered as a part of the digital entrepreneurial ecosystems (DEE) that provides an environment for effective entrepreneurial activities. Hence, the investigation on how DEE is interconnected with smart cities and how they both can contribute to their mutual development appears both timely and necessary. To reach this research objective, the authors, after giving a clear definition of each component of DEE based on an extensive literature review, consider its interconnection with the smart city model. The connection between the dimensions of a smart city and the structural constituents of DEE is also tracked, highlighting the contribution of each element to the development of a smart city. Through the creation of a comprehensive framework, the results of the paper show clearly that DEE is an inevitable part of a smart city environment. The research also covers the model of DEE engagement in smart city architecture.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Eleida da Silva Arce Adamiski, Marcos Antônio Bessa-Oliveira
Considerando a crise sanitária mundial causada pela pandemia da COVID-19 e, como as medidas de enfrentamento a doença vem atingindo diretamente a educação, este estudo pretende refletir e discutir, por meio da epistemologia do pensamento descolonial, a situação vigente da educação básica de Mato Grosso do Sul, mais especificamente a atuação do professor da rede estadual nas aulas não presenciais. Para tanto, temas como a organização de aulas remotas, a exclusão escolar de estudantes inviabilizados pelo não acesso à escola e a equipamentos tecnológicos, a falta de domínio para uso de novos recursos eletrônicos por parte dos professores, o excesso de atividades em frente a computadores que faz com que os corpos sejam diretamente atingidos e o iminente risco a saúde mental dos envolvidos com processos educacionais, nos fazem refletir na educação que precisamos ter no pós-pandemia.
The Department of National Defence made some progress in procurement in 2016 despite obstacles that included a continued drop in spending, the advent of a new federal Liberal government and uncertainty over the outcome of the Defence Policy Review. Four trends affected defence acquisitions in 2016. These include an ongoing slippage in recapitalizing the Canadian Armed Forces, some encouraging moves made on the shipbuilding and fighter jet files, mixed progress on implementing the 2014 Defence Procurement Strategy, and uncertainty over the Defence Policy Review. It is also too early to tell how the Trudeau government’s Policy on Results, known as the “deliverology” approach, will play out for defence procurement. However, Budget 2016’s major focus was not on defence, and it shifted some funding for capital equipment to a new endpoint of 2045. This suggests that delay in the overall defence procurement program continues. While the Liberals kept their pledge to make investment in the Royal Canadian Navy a priority, they also made good last year on a negative promise – not to purchase the F-35 stealth fighter bomber. However, further slowing things is the Liberals’ refusal to launch a competition to replace it until the Defence Policy Review is published. The government has made this situation more fraught with its intention to buy 18 Boeing Super Hornet fighter jets as interim aircraft, since Liberal policy requires the Royal Canadian Air Force to be capable of meeting both NORAD’s and NATO’s operational needs simultaneously. Prior to the release of the new defence policy, both the interim and permanent fighter aircraft projects lacked adequate funding. They were among several large projects that have been approved, but have not yet moved to the contract stage, and whose budgets were inadequate to move forward. Adding to this mix is the fact that a government-wide effort initiated in 2014 to streamline the defence procurement process made no progress in 2016, and a significant number of other prospective projects were not included in the DND investment plan. The subsequent Defence Policy Review has addressed the funding issues, but they were problematic throughout 2016. Not all is gloom and doom, however. A contract for 16 fixed-wing search and rescue aircraft was awarded, modernization of all of the Halifax-class frigates was completed last year, the number of light armoured vehicles deployed in the field rose from 64 to 262, 10 maritime helicopters were added to the fleet in December, and the new medium-to-heavy lift helicopters carried out their first mission by responding to the Fort McMurray wildfires.
Political institutions and public administration (General)
Purpose: A fundamental salubrious feature of western liberal democratic system of government is political parties which compete for power. Parties in western liberal democracies are crucial in that the political systems are divided into different bipartisan, single-party, and multiparty categories according to criteria as number of parties, role and special functions, and interactions among parties. The sheer diversity of the parties and ideological rift, which are closely related, indicates the health and vitality of the democratic system. With this in mind, it is argued that political behavior and competition in elections are interpreted in a framework informed by a single most important entity, i.e., political party. In the third millennium, with party system and political success and stability of states tightly associated, a question looming around relates the new mechanizations of democracy and party system. This is the major focus of the present article. Design/Methodology/Approach: To achieve the major focus of the present article which is an attempt to provide some answers to the above questions through bringing into the light issues as democracy and party system, the place and role of parties in legislative process in western democracies, power transition between parties, and typology of political parties, in a qualitative undertaking. Findings: In West, political parties are formed due to democratization and liberalization processes of the societies; and formation of party system is an essential stage in political development trend. It is believed that in liberal-democratic systems, political pluralism is abridged in political partisanship and peaceful competition among parties for gaining power. If, nowadays partisanship is an inseparable element of western political life, however it has not completely responded towards requirements and could be problem in democracy, their presence could be also considered as a barrier against political pluralism; because today, political pluralism is limited to competition of certain state parties which are not able to provide real democracy due to burdening their political will on national and nation’s will. Actually, state parties foreclose equality of opportunities and parity of facilities and accordingly, chance of any kind of power from other political groups and biases and thus prevent continues and real flow of power by concentrating power in their own hands. If partisanship has been dual of liberal-democratic system at first, however, according to enhancement of role and power of political parties and their internalization, democracy or ruling of people on people is gradually replaced by ruling of parties. Originality/Value: The main logic of the present research is laid on the hypothesis that “increasing governmental political parties” and “partisanship of western governments” has caused the establishment of “partitocratic state (party oriented state)” and challenging “democracy” by “partitocracy”. In present era, individual and plural thoughts are replaced by party reasoning; and national and public will is turned to party will. Therefore, today, national politics and policy of the nation are prescribed by political parties which are turned to part of governments, and those governments which are abridged in political parties. This process is called as foundation of “partitocratic state (party oriented state)” in western communities.
Political institutions and public administration (General), Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)