Szegedtől dél-délkeleti irányban, a Tisza és a Maros folyó találkozásától az Aranka (Harangod) vonaláig bezárt „háromszögben” terül el a Kárpát-medence egyik kevésbé ismert középtája, a Marosszög. A Marosszög természetföldrajzi értelemben az Alsó-Tisza vidékének — s egyben a Bánságnak mint történeti földrajzi régiónak — mintegy 1500 km2-nyi kiterjedésű mezorégiója, amely Trianon óta Szerbia, Románia és Magyarország határ menti perifériája. A régió szerepét a Kárpát-medence földrajzi munkamegosztásában évszázadokon keresztül stratégiai helyzete határozta meg. E tekintetben kiemelkedett a Maros folyó nagy régiókat összekötő tranzit szerepe és a Szeged–Temesvár közötti kapcsolatokat realizáló — a régión áthaladó — szárazföldi úthálózat jelentősége.
Teesid: Kas meie igapäevane raamistik vaimunähtuste tähistamiseks ehk rahvapsühholoogia rakendub ajaliste piiranguteta? Või ei rakendu rahvapsühholoogia mikroskaalal (millisekunditest kuni sadade millisekunditeni). Käesolev artikkel vaeb seda küsimust ja uurib, et mis järeldub sellest vaimsete nähtuste olemuse kohta, kui rahvapsühholoogia mikroskaalal ei rakendu. Vaatluse alla tuleb eeldus, mille kohaselt vaimseid seisundeid individueeritakse rahvapsühholoogia kaudu. Toon välja mitmesuguseid võimalusi käsitada rahvapsühholoogia, mikroskaala ja mentaalse omavahelist seost.
It has been claimed that familiar psychological categories do not apply at a very short time scale. The conceptual framework that collects our everyday psychological notions is called ‘folk psychology’. This paper explores the following question: is there a limited time scale in which folk psychology is applicable, and if that is the case, then what does this tell us about the nature of mental phenomena? In particular, the question concerns the applicability of folk psychology at the microscale (ranging from milliseconds up to hundreds of milliseconds). I outline several options concerning the relationship between folk psychology, the microscale and the mental.
Why does this matter? First, this is important since if folk psychology applies only within certain temporal limits, this is an obstacle to developing models of micro-scale time consciousness in folk-psychological terms. Second, ‘folk psychology’ can be understood as just another name for a set of mental terms. This is not an innocent assumption. If this assumption holds, then the folk conception tacitly settles which properties are mental. We can call this assumption the ‘Principle of Folk Individuation’ (FIP): mental states are individuated only through folk psychology.
If folk psychology is limited to a macroscale, and the FIP holds, then processes happening outside this scale at the millisecond range are not mental. This presumes that the mental is recognition-dependent: a property is mental only if it has a specification in mental (folk) terms; if it lacks it, there is no reason to classify it as mental. On the other hand, if folk psychology is limited to the macroscale, but there are good reasons to think that the mind is not, then this tells against the Folk Individuation Principle.
Some reasons for considering certain events at the microscale as mental, albeit not part of folk psychology, could be found in research in psychology, where scientists have ascertained certain modality-dependent thresholds for distinguishing stimuli. The lowest threshold is for auditory stimuli (only a two-ms interval between stimuli suffices to detect them as separate). The ordering of stimuli requires intervals between stimuli of at least 20 ms. Are these discriminations mental? Prima facie, they must be, for these are conscious events. Therefore, they provide a counterexample to the FIP. This would lead to the position that the microscale processes are mental.
At this point, someone who would like to keep the FIP might argue that considerations based on temporal thresholds do not show that the microscale events are mental but not folk-psychological. First, one could hold that these short-lived conscious experiences are neural states and that the brain has better temporal resolution than the mind/folk psychology. However, this reply might cause difficulties in giving a full picture of how neural consciousness relates to mental events. If microscale conscious events are merely neural, one is faced with the task of explaining at what point a conscious event becomes properly mental. The second option is to point out that ‘conscious experience’ is a folk-psychological term, too. Hence, considerations from temporal thresholds do not tell against the FIP. However, one may ask if the term ‘experience’ applies without problems to these discriminatory states. For instance, how can we tell that these states are perceptual experiences, not recent memories?
There is another option. There is no need to construe folk psychology narrowly as a theory of beliefs, desires, memories and thoughts. In principle, folk psychology can be extended and developed: it could also include reference to events that take place at the microscale. We would need a new vocabulary to characterise those states, but this new vocabulary could still be part of an extended folk psychology—folk psychology 2.0. In this way, we could keep the FIP by updating it to state that mental states are individuated only through folk psychology 2.0 (which includes folk psychology and more). Then, one could say that although folk psychology, as traditionally conceived, applies only at the macroscale, folk psychology 2.0 also spans the microscale.
Abstract Background Following the increased presence of the Right-to-Die Movement, improved end-of-life options, and the political and legal status of aid-in-dying around the globe, suicide tourism has become a promising alternative for individuals who wish to end their lives. Yet, little is known about this from the perspective of those who engage in the phenomenon. Methods This study applied the qualitative research approach, following the grounded theory tradition. It includes 11 in-depth semi-structured interviews with Israeli members of the Swiss non-profit Dignitas who contemplated traveling to Switzerland for aid-in-dying. Results Seven themes emerged from the data analysis, including health and functioning; feelings regarding survivorship and existence; interacting with the health sector; attitudes regarding death and dying; suicide; choosing death; and choosing suicide tourism. A significant portion of the participants had experienced suicidal thoughts and had even previously attempted suicide, some more than once. Most of them referred to chronic illnesses, functional disability, and social isolation. They understand suffering within the subjective dimension, namely only by the person who is actually subjected to the disease, ailments, and disability. Participants regarded aid-in-dying in Switzerland as positive thanks to its guaranteed outcome: "beautiful death", compared to "disadvantaged dying" which places a burden on the participants' loved ones throughout the prolonged dying. Most of them do not necessarily want to have their loved ones beside them when they die, and they see no significant meaning in dying in a foreign country to which they have no emotional or civil attachment. Conclusion The desirable approval or tragic refusal by Dignitas to participants' requests for suicide tourism enhances the paradox between the perception of aid-in-dying as a mechanism for fulfilling controlled death and its bureaucratic and materialistic characteristics specifically reflected in a paid, formalized approach to aid-in-dying that cultivate dependency and collaboration.
Ángel F. García-Fernández, Yuxuan Xia, Lennart Svensson
This paper shows that the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) density is a multi-target conjugate prior for general target-generated measurement distributions and arbitrary clutter distributions. That is, for this multi-target measurement model and the standard multi-target dynamic model with Poisson birth model, the predicted and filtering densities are PMBMs. We derive the corresponding PMBM filtering recursion. Based on this result, we implement a PMBM filter for point-target measurement models and negative binomial clutter density in which data association hypotheses with high weights are chosen via Gibbs sampling. We also implement an extended target PMBM filter with clutter that is the union of Poisson-distributed clutter and a finite number of independent clutter sources. Simulation results show the benefits of the proposed filters to deal with non-standard clutter.
Felicitas Engel, Sabrina Berens, Sabrina Berens
et al.
Aims: Is there evidence for increased psychological distress and alterations in personality functioning in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to healthy controls (HCs)?Background: In patients with CD and UC, perceived stress is closely associated with changes in disease activity. The stress response is influenced by psychological burden and personality functioning, but only little is known about these factors in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).Study: A total of 62 patients with an endoscopic ensured CD/UC without remission (n = 31 per group) and 31 HC were included. Patients with an active CD/UC and HC were individually matched (n = 93, 31 per group) for age, sex, education, and disease activity. Depression and anxiety were assessed to evaluate the effect of psychological burden (Patient Health Questionnaire-9/PHQ-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7/GAD-7). Personality functioning was measured by validated questionnaires for psychodynamic structural characteristics, mentalization, and attachment (Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis-Structure Questionnaire/OPD-SQ, Mentalization Questionnaire/MZQ, and Experiences in Close Relationships scale/ECR-RD 12).Results: Levels of depression and anxiety were higher in CD/UC patients than in HC with large effect sizes. Comparing personality functioning in CD/UC with HC, psychodynamic structural characteristics differed between CD/UC and HC with medium effect sizes, with structural differences occurring primarily in the domain of self-perception and regulation. Only minor differences were found regarding mentalization and attachment. CD and UC differed only with small effect sizes.Conclusion: Our data show that compared to HC, patients with CD/UC are characterized by a higher level of psychological burden and structural alterations in the domain of self.
The genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae – brewer’s or baker’s yeast – was the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced in 1996. The identity of that yeast genome has been not just a product of sequencing, but also of its use after sequencing and particularly of its mobilization in scientific literature. We ask “what is the yeast genome?” as an empirical question by investigating “the yeast genome” as a discursive entity. Analyzing publications that followed sequencing points to several “yeast genomes” existing side-by-side: genomes as physical molecules, digital texts, and a historic event. Resolving this unified-yet-multiple “genome” helps make sense of contemporary developments in yeast genomics such as the synthetic yeast project, in which apparently “the same” genome occupies multiple roles and locations, and points to the utility of examining specific non-human genomes independent of the Human Genome Project.
Šuvakovic Uroš V., Petrović Jasmina S., Pavlović Milorad D.
[Projects of the Serbian Ministry of
Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 47023: Kosovo
and Metohija between national identity and Euro-integrations and Grant no.
OI 179013: Identity sustainability of Serbs and national minorities in border
municipalities of East and South-East Serbia]
In the following article we will analyze the notions of anxiety and despair developed by Sören Kierkegaard in The Concept of Anxiety and in the Treaty of Despair in order to highlight their importance for this Danish author and, in turn, we will glimpse his determinant role in the concrete relations with the others described by Jean-Paul Sartre in the Being and the Nothingness. Our working hypothesis states that Sartre follows the Kierkergaardian structure for despair and therefore he condemns to failure the relations with the others. We consider that notions of anxiety and despair of Kierkegaard analyzed in this article are the core of the problem for the French author, because, only by studying them, it will be possible to discuss and intervene the concept of bad faith in Sartre that determines the failure of concrete relationships with the others in Being and Nothingness.
Jose Beltrán Jiménez, Lavinia Heisenberg, Damianos Iosifidis
et al.
In this Letter we consider a general quadratic parity-preserving theory for a general flat connection. Imposing a local symmetry under the general linear group singles out the general teleparallel equivalent of General Relativity carrying both torsion and non-metricity. We provide a detailed discussion on the teleparallel equivalents of General Relativity and how the two known equivalents, formulated on Weitzenböck and symmetric teleparallel geometries respectively, can be interpreted as two gauge-fixed versions of the general teleparallel equivalent. We then explore the viability of the general quadratic theory by studying the spectrum around Minkowski. The linear theory generally contains two symmetric rank-2 fields plus a 2-form and, consequently, extra gauge symmetries are required to obtain potentially viable theories.
Carl Dunlea, General Fusion Team, Chijin Xiao
et al.
A description of an edge-biasing experiment conducted on the SPECTOR (Spherical Compact Toroid) plasma injector is presented, along with initial results. The insertion of a disc-shaped molybdenum electrode (probe), biased at up to +100V, into the edge of the CT (Compact Torus), resulted in up to 1kA radial current being drawn. Core electron temperature, as measured with a Thomson-scattering diagnostic, was found to increase by a factor of up to 2.4 in the optimal configuration tested. H_alpha intensity was observed to decrease, and CT lifetimes increased by a factor of up to 2.3. A significant reduction in electron density was observed; this is thought to be due to the effect of a transport barrier impeding CT fueling, where, as verified by MHD simulation, the fueling source is neutral gas that remains concentrated around the gas valves after CT formation.
Znaczna część filozoficznych dowodów na istnienie Boga oraz innych prób mówienia
o Nim stara się sprostać jedynie kanonom racjonalności, tym samym raczej wyklucza
dojście do takiego obrazu Boga, który może być Bogiem religii. Zubiri stara się przedstawić
taką filozoficzną drogę do Boga, w wyniku której otrzymany obraz Boga będzie
jednocześnie Bogiem religii. Wymaga to jednak częściowego odejścia od racjonalności
na rzecz rozumności, gdzie rozumność to zgodność z życiem człowieka.
Kantian philosophy of space, time and gravity is significantly affected in three ways by particle physics. First, particle physics deflects Schlick's General Relativity-based critique of synthetic a priori knowledge. Schlick argued that since geometry was not synthetic a priori, nothing was---a key step toward logical empiricism. Particle physics suggests a Kant-friendlier theory of space-time and gravity presumably approximating General Relativity arbitrarily well, massive spin-2 gravity, while retaining a flat space-time geometry that is_indirectly_ observable at large distances. The theory's roots include Seeliger and Neumann in the 1890s and Einstein in 1917 as well as 1920s-30s physics. Such theories have seen renewed scientific attention since 2000 and especially since 2010 due to breakthroughs addressing early 1970s technical difficulties. Second, particle physics casts additional doubt on Friedman's constitutive \emph{a priori} role for the principle of equivalence. Massive spin-2 gravity presumably should have nearly the same empirical content as General Relativity while differing radically on foundational issues. Empirical content even in General Relativity resides in partial differential equations, not in an additional principle identifying gravity and inertia. Third, Kant's apparent claim that Newton's results could be known a priori is undermined by an alternate gravitational equation. The modified theory has a smaller (Galilean) symmetry group than does Newton's. What Kant wanted from Newton's gravity is impossible due its large symmetry group, but is closer to achievable given the alternative theory.
Purpose. In order to consistently distinguish between violence, which is always primarily a destructive force, and the civilized use of force that involves constructive, creative goals, one should explore the main possible philosophical approaches to understand the nature of violence and try to give it a systematic outline. Methodology. This study uses a systematic approach to identify the internal relationship between different forms of violence and, accordingly, the counteraction against violence. Also, the author uses an axiology to identify the values that are the basis for distinguishing violence from its prototypes, as well as for the distinction between violence and coercion, as well as different types of coercion. Originality. This article presents significant clarifications on the classification of types of violence, in particular, it is clearly established that certain types of violence can not have ethical relevance, since they belong to the sphere of biology (expansion, aggression) or social anthropology (cultural, institutional coercion). Actually violence or violence in the narrow sense implies the existence of will, consciousness and destructive purpose. Accordingly, counteraction against violence should include the formation of a certain non-violent type of will, non-violent culture and creative, constructive goals. This requires both personal effort and institutional support and the availability of appropriate moral traditions. Ethical theory is intended to clarify and systematize these efforts. In this sense, ethics is the core of practical philosophy. To the extent that the influence of ethics on changes in human culture and sociality in the counterfactual regime is increasing, one should also speak of the anthropological significance of ethics. Conclusions. From the socio-philosophical point of view, it is necessary to specify exactly which social institutions and in which constellation generate violence. The ethical aspect of the study of violence involves categorizing the problem in terms of good and evil: violence is evil, as opposed to coercion, which can be justified, legitimated - but always from the point of view of promoting the development of society and the individual, encouraging the disclosure of his creative potential. Counterfactuality acts as an important ethical category, which reveals the transformation mechanism applied by human relative to himself and society while focusing on the values of goodness and other constructive and creative values.
María E. Urrea-Solano, María J. Hernández-Amorós, Lucía Granados Alós
et al.
Making citizens more respectful of and sensitive to diversity means recognizing the sexist, stereotypical beliefs that still exist in our society today. With this in mind, the present paper aims to identify the presence of gender stereotypes among students on vocational training courses. It will also look for the existence of possible differences according to sex and the level of training course studied (general or higher degree). The instrument used for this purpose is the Gender Role Attitudes Scale, with a sample of 135 students on training courses at a public integrated vocational training centre in the province of Alicante. A Student’s t-test confirmed the existence of significant differences according to sex and training level studied. As far as sex is concerned, female students had significantly higher average scores when arguing for gender equality in a family setting and for joint responsibility in carrying out household tasks. Male students, however, had significantly higher average scores as regards sexism within the family, believing in a different way of bringing up children under the responsibility of the mother. Meanwhile it was students on higher training courses that had higher averages as regards the equitable distribution of household tasks. These results lead one to believe that gender equality awareness-raising measures should be introduced in the area of vocational training as a successful strategy for attending to diversity.
The concept of homology is the most solid theoretical basis elaborated by the morphological thinking during its history. The enucleation of some general criteria for the interpretation of homology is today a fundamental tool for life sciences, and for restoring their own opening to the question of qualitative innovation that arose so powerfully in the original Darwinian project. The aim of this paper is to verify the possible uses of the concept of compositional homology in order to provide of an adequate understanding of the dynamics of creative thinking.
Types are an important part of any modern programming language, but we often forget that the concept of type we understand nowadays is not the same it was perceived in the sixties. Moreover, we conflate the concept of "type" in programming languages with the concept of the same name in mathematical logic, an identification that is only the result of the convergence of two different paths, which started apart with different aims. The paper will present several remarks (some historical, some of more conceptual character) on the subject, as a basis for a further investigation. The thesis we will argue is that there are three different characters at play in programming languages, all of them now called types: the technical concept used in language design to guide implementation; the general abstraction mechanism used as a modelling tool; the classifying tool inherited from mathematical logic. We will suggest three possible dates ad quem for their presence in the programming language literature, suggesting that the emergence of the concept of type in computer science is relatively independent from the logical tradition, until the Curry-Howard isomorphism will make an explicit bridge between them.