Hasil untuk "Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases"

Soojin Park, Seohyun Kim, Sang Ho Park et al.

Abstract Background Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, underscoring the need for effective weight management strategies for its prevention and control. We evaluated the association between body weight time in target range (TTR) and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity. Methods Using the 2010–2022 Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we included 248,367 adults with obesity with no history of diabetes. Body weight TTR was defined as the proportion of time maintaining a ≥ 3% reduction from baseline body weight. Participants were categorized into body weight TTR groups: 0%, > 0–50%, and > 50–100%. The primary outcome was the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards models were used. Results Over a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 46,737 participants (18.8%) developed type 2 diabetes. Individuals with body weight TTR > 0–50% and > 50–100% had significantly lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared with individuals with body weight TTR = 0%, with adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of 0.86 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84–0.88) and 0.66 (95% CI: 0.64–0.67), respectively. Each 10% increase in body weight TTR was significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (aHR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.95–0.96). Five-year absolute risks declined across body weight TTR groups: 12.82%, 11.10%, and 8.62%. Conclusion Among adults with obesity, a higher body weight TTR was significantly associated with a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes, highlighting the importance of sustained weight management in diabetes prevention.

Sergej M Ostojic, Nikola Todorovic, Sonja Baltic et al.

Ayesha Imtiaz, Zia ulHaq, Suhail A. R. Doi et al.

Abstract A community‐based, cluster non‐randomized controlled trial was conducted in Kurram district, Pakistan between January 2018 to December 2020. Age‐appropriate lipid‐based nutrient supplements and health education (sessions conducted in the households) were given to pregnant women and their born children (6–23 months) in the intervention arm (n = 40 clusters) versus health education only in the control arm (n = 40 clusters) to evaluate its effect on child development. The first and second developmental assessments were completed at ~24 months (n = 689) and ~32 months (n = 608), respectively, using the Caregiver‐Reported Early Development Instrument Long form. The overall and domain‐specific (motor, language, cognitive and socio‐emotional) scores were computed with higher scores indicating better child development. Higher development scores, including overall (β = 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14, 0.65; p = 0.002), cognitive (β = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.45; p = 0.002), motor (β = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.56; p < 0.001) and language (β = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.51; p = 0.001) were reported for children who received the intervention compared to the control arm at first developmental assessment. However, the effect was not sustained after the discontinuation of the intervention. The LNS received by the mothers (during pregnancy and first 6 months after delivery) and by children during 6–23 months of age was beneficial for the children. The trial is registered in the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry (ID: ISRCTN94319790) on December 11, 2017.

María Eugenia Andrés, Mabel Ferraro, Nuria Grimberg et al.

Introducción: la pandemia provocada por el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha sido devastadora, especialmente para grupos vulnerables, por este motivo es importante conocer cómo afectó la pandemia a los niños que tuvieron su debut de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DDT1) y aquellos con diagnóstico previo (DPDT1). Objetivos: evaluar las características clínicas y metabólicas asociadas de los pacientes con DDT1 y las causas de internación por descompensación aguda en aquellos con DPDT1 en el período de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el Hospital y relacionarlo con el período prepandémico. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes menores a 19 años con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), internados en el Hospital en prepandemia (marzo de 2018 a agosto de 2019) y en pandemia (marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021). Resultados: se analizaron 231 internaciones de pacientes con diagnóstico de DM1, 135 en prepandemia y 96 en pandemia. El 57,6% era del sexo femenino, la edad media de 10,8±3,9 años y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 19±4,7. El motivo de internación (MI) más frecuente en prepandemia fue la cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) en DPDT1 con el 38,5% del total de ingresos versus un 28,1% en pandemia. El MI más frecuente en pandemia fue la CAD en DDT1 con el 40,6% del total de casos versus un 20,7% en prepandemia. Al analizar todos los MI por DDT1 versus DPDT, se observó un aumento de los primeros en pandemia 57/96 versus 53/135 (OR 2,3 IC 95% 1,3-3,8; p=0,003). Al considerar solo los MI por CAD, 39/67 DDT1 en pandemia versus 27/79 de DPDT1, esto se mantuvo (OR 2,6 IC 95% 1,3-5,2; p=0,006). Conclusiones: la pandemia afectó la prevalencia de CAD como forma de comienzo de la DM1 en pacientes pediátricos. Los pacientes con DPDT1 presentaron mejor control glucémico y menor riesgo de internaciones. Se deben hacer esfuerzos para crear mayor conciencia acerca de la DM1 en los niños y sus familias, así como la importancia de buscar orientación médica oportuna.

Richmond Owusu Ateko, Adrian David Marais, Dirk Jacobus Blom et al.

Abstract Background Dysbetalipoproteinaemia (dysβ) is a genetic lipid disorder characterised by accumulated remnant lipoproteins, leading to mixed hyperlipidaemia and increased cardiovascular risk. It is primarily associated with apolipoprotein E (apoE) ε2/ε2 homozygosity, although variants, such as arginine 145 cysteine (R145C), may also contribute. In sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana, dysβ remains underdiagnosed due to limited awareness and access to diagnostic testing. This study assessed the prevalence of the dysβ phenotype in adult Ghanaians and its association with the apo ε2/ε2 genotype and R145C variant. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,032 Ghanaian adults, comprising healthy controls (n = 702), diabetic patients (n = 268), and patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (n = 62). Anthropometry, blood pressure, and lipid profiles were assessed. LDL particle size and remnant lipoproteins were visualised using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE), while polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism were used for apoE genotyping. Group comparisons were conducted using chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results The prevalence of dysβ was 1.6%; 4.8% in IHD patients, 1.5% in diabetics and 1.3% in healthy controls (p = 0.80). The ε2/ε2 genotype was identified in 2.6% of participants, with 52% exhibiting the dysβ phenotype. The R145C variant was found in 4.0% of the participants: 6.0% in IHD patients, 5.9% in diabetics, and 2.5% in healthy controls, but none of these carriers developed dysβ. Among healthy controls with ε2/ε2 who had the dysβ phenotype, BMI, WHR, total cholesterol [4.10, IQR (3.27–4.75), and triglycerides [1.08, IQR (0.98–1.54), and lower HDL-C, were statistically comparable to those who did not have the dysβ phenotype. Conclusion This is the first report of dysβ prevalence in Ghana. Although the phenotype was generally mild, the findings highlight the need for further research into lipid disorders and the role of genetic screening in cardiovascular risk assessment in African nations.

Deborah O Omachi, Thaniyath Shahnaz, Brandon Gines et al.

Yongbing Sun, Xinbei Lin, Zhi Zou et al.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasingly diagnosed in individuals with normal body weight, and visceral fat emerges as a significant risk factor. However, the relationship between visceral fat area (VFA) and MetS within this population remains inadequately explored, and the diagnostic threshold for MetS in normal-weight individuals is yet to be established. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design combined with longitudinal cohort analysis. Data were collected from 5,944 normal-weight participants who underwent health screenings at Henan Provincial People’s Hospital of China between October 2018 and October 2024. VFA was measured via multislice computed tomography scanning, and VFA-based tertile categorization was applied among the participants. The relationship between VFA and MetS was examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Nonlinear relationship was investigated by restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling, and diagnostic accuracy was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Furthermore, data from individuals who completed three or more screenings were used to construct Kaplan–Meier survival curves for MetS events, with significance tested using the log-rank method. Results Among the individuals with a normal BMI, elevated VFA was associated with a high incidence of MetS. After the adjustment for confounders, VFA was significantly associated with MetS risk [odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–1.25]. The subjects in the highest VFA tertile showed significantly elevated MetS risk (OR = 30.33; 95% CI: 19.00–48.43, P < 0.001) versus those in the lowest tertile. The RCS model demonstrated a nonlinear, positive association between VFA and MetS risk (P for nonlinearity < 0.001), with risk escalation slowing down when the VFA exceeded 100 cm². ROC analysis showed that VFA had the highest diagnostic accuracy for MetS compared with other abdominal fat measures (AUC = 0.844, sensitivity = 0.839, specificity = 0.793, and accuracy = 0.785). In a longitudinal subset of 398 normal-weight participants followed for 6 years, 106 MetS cases occurred, with cumulative incidence rising as VFA increased (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Conclusion VFA shows an independent, nonlinear, positive association with MetS risk among normal-weight individuals, with a threshold effect at 100 cm². VFA = 162.85 cm² may serve as an accurate and effective predictor for MetS in this population.

Sharon L. Unger, Deborah L. O'Connor

Abstract Mother's/parent milk is the optimal way to feed infants and when unavailable, supplemental donor human milk is preferred. A safe supply of donor human milk should be available for all low birthweight infants for whom it has been shown to reduce morbidity. Human milk banking has been in existence for more than a century, although largely shut down during the 1980s, primarily due to fears of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. With renewed security in milk banking, has come an exponential growth in human donor milk use. Guidelines for milk banking have been published in many countries including Australia, France, India, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the nonprofit organization PATH. The European Milk Bank Association and the Human Milk Banking Association of North America have also published recommendations for milk banks throughout Europe and North America, respectively. Although there is variability among these guidelines, there is general consensus on quality control measures required to provide a supply of safe donor milk. These measures include effective donor screening, safe collection, transport and storage of milk, standardized pasteurization and bacteriological testing. Operational considerations are also critical, such as appropriate training for staff, equipment maintenance and cleaning, protocol and record keeping and inspection and accreditation. Clearly delineating these key quality control measures provides an excellent foundation for establishing international guidelines. Acceptable modifications must be established for low‐ and middle‐income countries that do not have sufficient resources; overly burdensome guidelines may make establishing a milk bank unnecessarily prohibitive. This review presents a summary of current best practices for human milk banking.

Bai Li, Selene Valerino-Perea, Weiwen Zhou et al.

Abstract Background Regulatory actions are increasingly used to tackle issues such as excessive alcohol or sugar intake, but such actions to reduce sedentary behaviour remain scarce. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on sedentary behaviour call for system-wide policies. The Chinese government introduced the world’s first nation-wide multi-setting regulation on multiple types of sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents in July 2021. This regulation restricts when (and for how long) online gaming businesses can provide access to pupils; the amount of homework teachers can assign to pupils according to their year groups; and when tutoring businesses can provide lessons to pupils. We evaluated the effect of this regulation on sedentary behaviour safeguarding pupils. Methods With a natural experiment evaluation design, we used representative surveillance data from 9- to 18-year-old pupils before and after the introduction of the regulation, for longitudinal (n = 7,054, matched individuals, primary analysis) and repeated cross-sectional (n = 99,947, exploratory analysis) analyses. We analysed pre-post differences for self-reported sedentary behaviour outcomes (total sedentary behaviour time, screen viewing time, electronic device use time, homework time, and out-of-campus learning time) using multilevel models, and explored differences by sex, education stage, residency, and baseline weight status. Results Longitudinal analyses indicated that pupils had reduced their mean total daily sedentary behaviour time by 13.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -15.9 to -11.7%, approximately 46 min) and were 1.20 times as likely to meet international daily screen time recommendations (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.32) one month after the introduction of the regulation compared to the reference group (before its introduction). They were on average 2.79 times as likely to meet the regulatory requirement on homework time (95% CI: 2.47 to 3.14) than the reference group and reduced their daily total screen-viewing time by 6.4% (95% CI: -9.6 to -3.3%, approximately 10 min). The positive effects were more pronounced among high-risk groups (secondary school and urban pupils who generally spend more time in sedentary behaviour) than in low-risk groups (primary school and rural pupils who generally spend less time in sedentary behaviour). The exploratory analyses showed comparable findings. Conclusions This regulatory intervention has been effective in reducing total and specific types of sedentary behaviour among Chinese children and adolescents, with the potential to reduce health inequalities. International researchers and policy makers may explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing regulatory interventions on sedentary behaviour elsewhere.

Tai L. Guo, Jarissa Navarro, Maria Isabel Luna et al.

Dietary supplements are products taken orally, and they contain an ingredient intended to augment the diet. Many studies demonstrate clear alterations in microbe abundances and the production of microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, following dietary changes. This review comprehensively explores the possible interactions among gut microbiota, lemon extracts, glycerin, and their mixture products. Lemon extracts/components are associated with a vast array of health benefits, including anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-atherosclerotic, and anti-diabetic effects. They are also associated with increased memory and decreased depression. Glycerin can reduce serum free fatty acids and mimic caloric restriction; its metabolites can function as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Additionally, glycerin has a dehydrating effect on the central nervous system and can reduce focal cerebral edema and improve performance by expanding plasma volume. However, it may also have side effects, such as hyperglycemia. Therefore, combined consumption of lemon extracts and glycerin may, in part, mitigate each other’s side effects while exerting their benefits. There is growing evidence that both lemon components and glycerin are metabolized by the gut microbiota and may modulate the intestinal microbiome composition. Therefore, gut microbiome alterations are also explored as an important mechanism in the gut–brain axis regulating various effects of these dietary supplements and their application in various noncommunicable neurological disorders.

Jessica C.G. Bak, Erik H. Serné, Rolf H.H. Groenwold et al.

Abstract Aims The COVID-19 pandemic impacted diabetes care by reducing diabetes outpatient visits and diabetes-related screening due to allocation of healthcare resources. Yet the impact of COVID-19 on diabetes outpatients has not been extensively evaluated. This study aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on diagnostics and intermediate outcomes of outpatient diabetes care pre- and during COVID. Methods This observational cohort study included 8,442 diabetes patients in the Dutch Pediatric and Adult Registry of Diabetes (DPARD) visiting diabetes outpatient clinics in 2019 and 2021. A mixed-effects regression analysis was used to examine differences in target achievement of HbA1c, BMI, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, eGFR, and the difference in mean HbA1c between 2019 and 2020 among n = 1,426 outpatients who visited in both years. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. Results A 22.7% (21.6–23.8%, p < 0.001) decline in outpatient volume was observed during the pandemic (2020). BMI, lipid spectrum, kidney function, and HbA1c were assessed less frequently in 2020 than in 2019. In 2020, compared to 2019, the median HbA1c level increased by 2.2% (1.0 mmol/mol, p = 0.035) and the percentages of patients with known HbA1C meeting targets below 10, 8, 7% (86, 64, and 53 mmol/mol) decreased by 0.5%, 1.7% and 1.4%, respectively. Target blood pressure ≤ 130/80 mmHg was achieved more often in 2020 (15.0% versus 18.3%, p = 0.018), while HbA1c ≤ 86 mmol/mol was achieved less (89.3% versus 87.1%, p = 0.001), among diabetes outpatients seen in both 2019 and 2020. In patients visiting both years, HbA1c was 2.3% (1.9 mmol/l, 95% CI 1.2–2.5, p < 0.001) lower during the pandemic than in the prepandemic (2019). Conclusions The COVID pandemic was associated with a marked reduction in patient volume in diabetes outpatient care among five hospitals. Among patients who received outpatient care both before and during the pandemic period, HbA1c control and blood pressure control enhanced during the pandemic. Re-evaluation of current diabetes outpatient care organization is warranted to ensure optimal diabetes care in future times.

S. T. Magerramova, A. S. Odarchenko, Y. A. El-Taravi et al.

The condition known today as diabetes mellitus was described as early as 1550 B.C. in the papyrus of Ebers, when Ayurvedic physicians noted the sweet taste of urine in patients with polyuria. This fact allows diabetes to be considered as one of the most well-known antiquity diseases. During all these thousands of years scientists have been trying to «unravel» this «mysterious» condition, and to find the cause and ways to cure the disease. Therefore, the long history of the diabetes existence is rich in discoveries, which often had a tremendous impact on all medicine. Insulin discover and investigation has become a key moment in diabetes history. A lot of scientists who have worked on the study of the insulin structure and developed new methods have been honored with the Nobel Prize. In our opinion, this review highlights the most important works of the 20th century, which played a key role in the discovery of a drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus patients.

Robert Thomas, Madeleine Williams, Jeffrey Aldous et al.

Natural phytochemicals (PCs) are responsible for the taste, colour, and aroma of many edible plants. Cohort studies have linked higher intake to a reduced risk of chronic degenerative diseases and premature ageing. The ability of foods rich in PCs, such as phytanthocyanins, apigenin, flavonols, flavonoids, bioflavonoids, gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, and ellagitannins, to support physical activity has also been highlighted in a number of published pre-clinical and prospective clinical studies. This literature mostly emphasises the ability of PCs to enhance the adaptive upregulation of antioxidant enzymes (AEs), which reduces exercise-associated oxidative stress, but there are several other mechanisms of benefit that this narrative review addresses. These mechanisms include; protecting joints and tendons from physical trauma during exercise; mitigating delayed-onset muscle symptoms (DOMS) and muscle damage; improving muscle and tissue oxygenation during training; cultivating a healthy gut microbiome hence lowering excess inflammation; cutting the incidence of upper respiratory tract viral infections which disrupt training programmes; and helping to restore circadian rhythm which improves sleep recovery and reduces daytime fatigue, which in turn elevates mood and motivation to train.

Jacob Selhub, Laura C Bagley, Joshua W. Miller et al.

Emilee R. Wilhelm-Leen, Y. Hall, Manjula K Tamura et al.

L. Sobotka, S. Schneider, Y. Berner et al.

Shimi Sharief, S. Jariwala, Juhi Kumar et al.

Kristin E. Morrill, Benjamin Aceves, Luis A. Valdez et al.

Abstract Background In the U.S., Hispanics have among the highest rates of overweight and obesity when compared to other racial/ethnic groups placing them at a greater risk for obesity-related disease. Identifying intervention strategies to reduce caloric intake and/or improve cardiometabolic health in Hispanics is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality among this large and growing population. Evidence exists to support diet-specific behavioral interventions, including beverage modifications, in reducing obesity-related health risks. However, the acceptability and feasibility of a beverage intervention in obese Hispanic adults has not been robustly evaluated. Methods The objective of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a randomized, controlled beverage intervention in 50 obese Hispanic adults ages 18–64 over 8-weeks. Eligible participants were obese (30–50.0 kg/m2), between the ages 18–64, self-identified as Hispanic, and were able to speak, read, and write in either English and/or Spanish. Study recruitment was completed August 2017. Upon the completion of baseline assessments, participants will be randomized to either Mediterranean lemonade, Green Tea, or flavored water control. After completing a 2-week washout period, participants will be asked to consume 32 oz. per day of study beverage for 6-weeks while avoiding all other sources of tea, lemonade, citrus, juice, and other sweetened beverages; water is permissible. Primary outcomes will be recruitment, retention, and acceptability of the intervention strategies. Our study will also evaluate participant-reported tolerance and as an exploratory aim, assess safety/toxicity-related to renal and/or liver function. Fasting blood samples will be collected at baseline and 8-weeks to assess the primary efficacy outcomes: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Secondary outcomes include fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Discussion This pilot study will provide important feasibility, safety, and early efficacy data necessary to design a larger, adequately-powered randomized controlled trial. Trial registration NCT02911753 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Registered September 19, 2016. Last updated November 1, 2017.

José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Isabel Sospedra, Aurora Norte et al.

II Congreso de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética. Avances en Nutrición y Dietética Clínica: Prevención, Tratamiento y Gestión - Rol del Dietista-Nutricionista