Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Evelyne Sanchez

Paulo Roberto Cimó Queiroz

Este trabalho aborda o tema das comunicações da província de Mato Grosso com o Atlântico por meio do território da província do Paraná, utilizando como fontes, preferencialmente, os relatórios dos presidentes das duas províncias e tendo como pano de fundo as preocupações do Estado nacional brasileiro em razão da condição remota e fronteiriça de Mato Grosso. Mostra-se que as vias buscadas eram inicialmente terrestre-fluviais e, mais tarde, férreo-fluviais, e que os dirigentes paranaenses tinham maior interesse em tais comunicações que seus congêneres mato-grossenses. Além de vislumbrarem a possibilidade de o Paraná tornar-se o “empório” do comércio mato-grossense, aqueles dirigentes buscavam também os benefícios trazidos a sua província pelos investimentos do governo central em vias dirigidas a Mato Grosso.

Alejandra Torres León, Norma Jurado Campusano

El Centro de Actualización del Magisterio (CAM) en el estado de Chihuahua tiene una larga historia. Data de la década de 1940, cuando el gobierno federal instaura nuevas políticas para la modernización de la educación. El CAM inicia como una instancia de formación de profesores de Educación Básica en servicio. Posteriormente pasa a ser una instancia para la actualización de docentes. Estos momentos estuvieron atravesados por las políticas educativas propias de cada época. Actualmente, el CAM cuenta con una Licenciatura en Educación Inicial; se encarga además de diseñar e impartir cursos de actualización para docentes en servicio y también para quienes aspiran a obtener una plaza en el Sistema Educativo Mexicano.

Alejandro Herrero

Laurence Cros

This article intends to offer an update on what the current debate on the Canada-United States Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) reveals about Canadian policy regarding asylum seekers who enter the country at its only land border, and how this policy is consistent with Canadian values. This article will borrow from the approach of liberal realism to understand the disconnect that exists between a discourse that emphasizes the values ​​of welcome and compassion, and a diplomatic and migratory practice that seems to favor the limitation of asylum requests at Canada’s only land border.

Sandro Dutra e Silva, Marina Miraglia, Eunice Nodari et al.

Justicia Ambiental: Historias de Opresión, Injusticia y Resistencia desde América Latina

Livia Gaby Costa, Cybelle Salvador Miranda

A arquitetura, na história da humanidade, apresenta-se vinculada à trajetória de vida dos seres humanos. A tipologia arquitetônica das instituições assistenciais, representam, nesse viés, documentos, testemunhos materiais dos convívios sociais de culturas e épocas distintas, cujo apagamento conduz ao silenciamento de importantes  testemunhos. No caso dos hospitais de isolamento, sua destruição enterra também as vozes nunca ouvidas, que poderiam narrar as experiências de dor vividas nestes locais. Este é o caso do Sanatório Domingos Freire, primeiro sanatório da cidade de Belém, inaugurado em 1901 e demolido em 1959. Testemunho material silenciado, o espaço de “morte certa” representou, não só um ambiente de separação, como a disposição higienista entre “limpo e sujo”, carregando em seu traçado arquitetônico, importantes fontes de compreensão da arquitetura assistencial. Neste estudo, busca-se trazer à tona os documentos escritos e iconográfi cos que proporcionem o entendimento de seus funcionamentos e o papel deste para a assistência às epidemias na cidade de Belém.

Josiana Ayala Ledur, Tuany Defaveri Begossi

O presente estudo objetivou investigar como transcorreu a prática do Gateball na colônia japonesa de Ivoti, no Rio Grande do Sul, entre as décadas de 1980 e 2010. Para tanto, a narrativa historiográfica foi construída apoiando-se nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da História Cultural. A coleta de informações ocorreu em fontes documentais, as quais foram submetidas à técnica de análise documental. Ao abordar as representações da prática corporal do Gateball na Colônia Japonesa de Ivoti, procurou-se decifrar como foram renegociadas no acenado espaço social. Assim, elencaram-se elementos culturais presentes no Gateball. É provável que a cultura deste grupo de nipo-brasileiros tenha enfrentado dificuldades nos primeiros momentos de seu estabelecimento. Contudo, tais conhecimentos não submergiram com o movimento migratório. Antes disto, este grupo, por meio do cultivo de práticas corporais, como o Gateball, procurou distinguir-se frente a diferentes grupos étnicos que compunham a sociedade em que estavam inseridos.

Mónica Alcántara Navarro

En enero de 1979, a unos meses de iniciado el pontificado de Juan Pablo II, jóvenes universitarios identificados con el catolicismo intransigente y vinculados a organizaciones transnacionales de derechas, fundaron en la Ciudad de México el Consejo Hispanoamericano de Estudiantes (CHE). La organización estableció una agenda regional común y se propuso coordinar las actividades de los jóvenes en sus diferentes países. Un año después, en medio de las celebraciones en Argentina por el año Mariano, los integrantes del consejo se reunieron en la ciudad de Córdoba para dar continuidad a sus objetivos. En las actividades llevadas a cabo, contaron con la asistencia de autoridades eclesiásticas y destacados intelectuales católicos.  Este artículo se propone demostrar la presencia y protagonismo juvenil entre los grupos de católicos laicos integristas y de la fortaleza de las alianzas transnacionales católicas en un contexto de intensificación del anticomunismo durante la Guerra Fría.  La reconstrucción y análisis de los congresos ha sido posible a partir de la revisión hemerográfica y de archivos de inteligencia de Argentina y México. Estas fuentes han sido contrastadas con el testimonio de un militante inactivo de las organizaciones católicas mexicanas. Su narración ofreció numerosos elementos para repensar el papel de los jóvenes católicos en el periodo, además, expone las tensiones y disputas en torno a los significados y disputas sobre la juventud y la definición de los jóvenes en la sociedad.

Israel Silva Aquino, Fábio Kuhn

This article investigates the formation of compadrazgo networks in the parish of Viamão in the 18th century. It focuses on how they reproduced dynamics of differentiation, hierarchy and interdependence constituted by individuals from families of the region. According to João Fragoso, the society constituted in Brazil from the colonial period was marked by a "customary social hierarchy", constituted by intricate relationships among individuals from different social strata. This article was divided in three parts: in the first, we will present the method adopted; next, is a brief review of studies on compadrazgo in Brazil. Finally, the mapping of these networks was carried out, through the systematization of baptismal records of the Viamão region from 1747 to 1759, and using the tools of the Social Network Analysis methodology to perform the analysis of the results.

I. Imaz-Iglesia, L. G. Miguel, L. Ayala-Morillas et al.

Although Spain is the European country with the highest Chagas disease burden, the country does not have a national control program of the disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of several strategies for Chagas disease screening among Latin American residents living in Spain. The following screening strategies were evaluated: (1) non-screening; (2) screening of the Latin American pregnant women and their newborns; (3) screening also the relatives of the positive pregnant women; (4) screening also the relatives of the negative pregnant women. A cost-utility analysis was carried out to compare the four strategies from two perspectives, the societal and the Spanish National Health System (SNHS). A decision tree representing the clinical evolution of Chagas disease throughout patient's life was built. The strategies were compared through the incremental cost-utility ratio, using euros as cost measurement and quality-adjusted life years as utility measurement. A sensitivity analysis was performed to test the model parameters and their influence on the results. We found the "Non-screening" as the most expensive and less effective of the evaluated strategies, from both the societal and the SNHS perspectives. Among the screening evaluated strategies the most efficient was, from both perspectives, to extent the antenatal screening of the Latin American pregnant women and their newborns up to the relatives of the positive women. Several parameters influenced significantly on the sensitivity analyses, particularly the chronic treatment efficacy or the prevalence of Chagas disease. In conclusion, for the general Latin American immigrants living in Spain the most efficient would be to screen the Latin American mothers, their newborns and the close relatives of the mothers with a positive serology. However for higher prevalence immigrant population the most efficient intervention would be to extend the program to the close relatives of the negative mothers.

JANE H. Hill, Kenneth C. Hill

João Kogawa

O professor Carlos Henrique de Escobar é um filósofo, historiador, teatrólogo e semiólogo que se encontra, hoje, obscurecido no panorama intelectual brasileiro. Ele viveu o período dos "anos de chumbo" no Brasil e, nesta entrevista, conta um pouco de sua trajetória pessoal e intelectual durante os anos 1960/70, no Brasil. Este autor, que sofreu com os abusos do poder ditatorial - sofrendo, inclusive, tortura, como nos conta aqui - é um dos precursores, no Brasil, do campo denominado hoje como análise do discurso de linha francesa. Com efeito, ele foi um dos principais articuladores - e também um dos primeiros a fazê-lo no Brasil - de uma teoria do discurso que envolve o tripé marxismo, linguística e psicanálise, tal como o propunham, na França, Michel Pêcheux e seu grupo. É também um dos principais leitores de Althusser em um momento em que ler esse autor era mal visto tanto pela esquerda militante, quanto pela direita brasileira. Atualmente, o professor Escobar vive em Aveiro - Portugal - e nos cedeu, muito gentilmente, esta entrevista por e-mail.

Barry Eichengreen, Naeun Jung, S. Moch et al.

Terri J. Ballard, A. W. Kepple, C. Cafiero et al.

Sir Ian Sinclair

M. Belhassen-García, J. Pardo-Lledías, L. Pérez del Villar et al.

AbstractImmigrants from undeveloped countries are a growing problem in Europe. Spain has become a frequent destination for immigrants (20% of whom are children) because of its geographic location and its historic and cultural links with Africa and Latin America. Eosinophilia is frequent in adult immigrants, travelers and expatriates coming from tropical areas. However, there are few studies that focus on the incidence and causes of tropical eosinophilia and hyper-IgE in immigrant children.We evaluated, prospectively, the prevalence and causes of eosinophilia and hyper-immunoglobulin E (IgE) in 362 immigrant children coming from Sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa and Latin America to Salamanca, Spain, between January 2007 and December 2011.Absolute eosinophilia and hyper-IgE were present in 22.9% and 56.8% of the analyzed children, respectively. The most frequent causes of absolute eosinophilia were filariasis (52.6%), strongyloidiasis (46.8%) and schistosomiasis (28.9%). Filariasis (41.9%), strongyloidiasis (29.6%) and schistosomiasis (22.2%) were the most frequent causes of increased levels of IgE. The area under the ROC curve showed similar values between eosinophil count and IgE levels in the diagnosis of helminthiasis (69% [95% confidence interval (CI) 63%–74%] vs 67% [95% CI 60%–72%], P = 0.24). Eosinophilia and hyper-IgE have a high value as biomarkers of helminthiasis in children coming from tropical and subtropical areas.

M. Habib

F. Salvador, I. Molina, E. Sulleiro et al.

M. Navarro, Bárbara Navaza, A. Guionnet et al.

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic from Latin America and is considered a neglected tropical disease (NTD). An estimated 8 million people worldwide are infected, the country with the highest disease burden being Bolivia. Chagas disease has overcome borders, and it is no longer restricted to endemic countries. Nowadays, it can be found in the Unites States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Australia, mainly due to mobility of population. Spain ranks second only to the United States in the list of countries receiving migrants from Latin America, and it is the European country with the highest prevalence of Chagas disease, therefore posing a challenge in terms of public health [1]. T. cruzi transmission is feasible in vector-free world regions. The main nonvectorial routes are congenital transmission, blood transfusion, and solid organ transplant. In fact, in Europe as well as in other nonendemic areas, there have been several cases of vertical transmission of T. cruzi and also transmission through infected tissue or blood products. Many nonendemic countries have not yet established official guidelines to avoid these routes [1], [2]. Mandatory screening of blood donors at risk for T. cruzi infection has been implemented since October 2005 in Spain targeting donors born in endemic areas, those whose mothers were born in endemic areas, and people who received blood transfusions in endemic areas [3]. Although not included in the Royal Decree, many blood banks also screen individuals who have resided in endemic areas for more than 2 months. In Spain, there is a national law that regulates the activity of tissue banks; moreover, the Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health has published a document in order to establish the guidelines to be followed in case a potential donor or a tissue or organ recipient could be affected by Chagas disease [4]. According to the recommendations of the WHO experts on the control and management of congenital Chagas disease, screening should be carried out during pregnancy to detect mothers who carry the infection and are at risk of transmitting the infection to their offspring. Furthermore, the WHO states that cases of congenital T. cruzi infection should be treated as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed using benznidazole or nifurtimox [5]. In Spain, systematic detection of congenital infection is not performed at the national level [1]; only two regions (Autonomous Community of Valencia and Catalonia) have a specific protocol. Currently, several scientific groups have drafted a clinical guide, which will be published shortly, about diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment of pregnant women and children with Chagas disease. Regarding treatment of infected newborns, the WHO recommendations are followed [5], using benznidazole as the first-line treatment option for Chagas disease in children and adults in Spain. Stocks of this drug ran out at the end of last year, which will result in Chagas disease becoming a NTD also in developed countries [6]. Until March 2012, this drug was only produced by the Brazilian state-owned laboratory LAFEPE. At that moment, the drug started to be produced also in Argentina through a private-public partnership led by Fundacion Mundo Sano. Benznidazole is available in Spain for all patients from the second half of November 2012. Estimating the burden of Chagas disease in nonendemic countries is crucial in order to plan preventive measures and to determine the resources for screening and treatment. Estimates are normally calculated according to the number of Latin Americans registered in each country and to the infection rates in their countries of origin. Thus, it is assumed that the prevalence of the infection in the host country is the same as that in the country of origin, this being the main limitation for achieving accurate estimations. In the past recent years, estimates on the expected number of migrants with T. cruzi infection have been carried out in Spain. The last one yields a figure of 48,000–86,000 cases, based on the Bolivians' infection rates of three studies performed only in two regions of Spain [7]. Being aware of the heterogeneous distribution of immigration, studies performed in different geographical regions of Spain were taken into account in this article in order to reach a comprehensive approach.